Brown anole

Last updated

Brown anole
Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei).jpg
Male displaying dewlap
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Dactyloidae
Genus: Anolis
Species:
A. sagrei
Binomial name
Anolis sagrei
Duméril and Bibron, 1837
Synonyms
  • Norops sagrei

The brown anole (Anolis sagrei), also known commonly as the Cuban brown anole, Bahaman anole, or De la Sagra's anole, [3] is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Cuba and the Bahamas. It has been widely introduced elsewhere, via the importation and exportation of plants where the anole would lay eggs in the soil of the pots, and is now found in Florida and other regions of the United States including southern Georgia, Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Hawaii, North Carolina, and Southern California. [4] [5] [6] It has also been introduced to other Caribbean islands, Mexico, and Taiwan.

Contents

This species is highly invasive. They are also much more wary of humans than most other Anole species. [7] [8] In its introduced range, it reaches exceptionally high population densities, is capable of expanding its range very quickly, and both outcompetes and consumes many species of native lizards, like the green anole. [9] [10] [11] [12] The brown anole's introduction into the United States in the early 1970s [13] has altered the behavior and negatively affected populations of the native Carolina anole ( Anolis carolinensis , also known as the green anole), which have since generally been relegated to the treetops. [14]

Etymology

The specific name, sagrei, is in honor of Spanish botanist Ramón de la Sagra. [15]

Description

The brown anole is normally a light brown color with darker brown to black markings on its back, and several tan to light color lines on its sides. Like other anoles, it can change color, in this case a darker brown to black. Its dewlap ranges from yellow to orange-red. [16]

Brown anoles are typically 5.0 to 8.5 inches long. [16] The males can grow as large as their male Carolina anole counterparts, around 17.8–20.3 cm (7.0–8.0 in) long, with some individuals topping 22.9 cm (9.0 in). The females are also around the size of female Carolina anoles, which ranges from 7.6–15 cm (3.0–5.9 in). The male brown anole's head is smaller than that of the male Carolina anole. [17]

The brown anole's tail has a ridge that travels all the way up to behind the head, a feature that the Carolina anole lacks. [17] [18] Female anolis lizards exhibit heritable polymorphism in their dorsal patterning. A study in Gainesville, Florida reported that one-third of A. sagrei females displayed a male-like chevron dorsal pattern, while other females had a striped dorsal pattern with continuous variation. [19]

Removal

In Taiwan, the investigation had discovered that distribution of this foreign species was increasing, posing potential competitive crowding out effect towards the native species such as the Diploderma swinhonis and the Takydromus formosanus in Taiwan. Therefore, the monitoring removal plan was being carried out in 2009. The current removal methods include manual removal, improving the habitat, capturing with traps, biological control, and drug control. The most effective way of capturing the Anolis sagrei is to capture with bare hands at night.

Habitat and distribution

The native range of the brown anole extends over much of the Caribbean, including Jamaica, Cuba, the Cayman Islands, and other countries. [20] Currently, they are considered an invasive species in parts of Florida in the United States, including the Florida Keys, Dade County, Broward County, and Palm Beach County as of 1985. [20] [21] Today, their range has extended as far as Georgia and to parts of Mexico. [22] It is believed that these lizards were unintentionally brought to the area in cargo shipments for the Caribbean, as well as an intentional release of approximately 100 individuals in 1941. [20] The species is also established in parts of Honduras. [23]

The brown anole tends to live on the ground, avoiding trees and preferring to live in smaller plants and shrubs and is found in both urban and suburban areas. [22] When the weather is warm, the brown anole can be found basking. [22] When it is cold, they prefer sheltered areas. [22] Brown anoles are less arboreal than the green anoles which are frequently found living in trees, on the ground, or in low vegetation. [16] [24]

Although the brown anole was initially found in the Caribbean and then introduced to southern Florida, the species is now moving north. Specifically, the species has been found in southern Georgia as well as coastal Georgia. Researchers expect that this trend will continue in the coming years and that the brown anole will continue to migrate to other locations in the north. [16] Due to their invasiveness, they are often the dominant reptile species in a given environment. [22]

Conservation

While the brown anole is an invasive species in the United States, [20] they likely do provide some benefits to their ecosystems. Because they eat predominantly arthropods, they may keep populations of spiders at appropriate levels. [12] Some research suggests that local spider populations depend directly on the population of the brown anole. [12]

In habitats they share with the green anole, the brown anole dominates and shrinks the population of the green anole. [12] They also occasionally eat hatchlings of the green anole, further putting pressure on their populations. [22] No concentrated efforts have been made to mitigate the spread of the brown anole populations in the United States. [25]

Additionally, the brown anole has been shown to be responsible for the transmission of parasites among lizard populations in Hawai'i, which are often deadly for these local populations. [25]

Phylogeny

The brown anole belongs to the family and genus, Datyloidae and Anolis, respectively. [26]

The most closely related species to Anolis sagrei is Anolis nelsoni , also called Nelson's anole. [26] [27]

The brown anole has a shorter snout length than the green anole. [16] The green anole, or Anolis carolinensis, is green or light brown patterned. [16]

Territoriality

Male-male competition

Studies suggest that male brown anoles exhibit territoriality over ground below perches on which they rest. [28] When the male anole spots other males in his ground territory, he is very likely to put on displays to attempt to intimidate the competitor. [28] If, however, the competitor presents himself on the same perch as the male or at roughly the same height, the male is much more likely to attack the competitor. [28] So, the male brown anole is thought to use his perch to survey his territory, but is not likely to leave the perch to fight off competitors, as doing so would be costly. [28] Additionally, research shows that the success of an individual male anole in competition with another is dependent on his size relative to his competitor. [29] The size of a male also correlates with the height of his perch; that is, larger males are more often found on higher perches and smaller males on lower ones. [29] Different specific confrontational behaviors are also exhibited by differently sized males; larger ones more often initiate conflict and smaller ones more often nod their heads towards larger anoles. [29] The loss of a male brown anole's tail has been shown to have little to no effect on the size of the territory he protects or dominance patterns between male brown anoles. [30]

Habitat migration

Under certain circumstances, brown anoles leave their current territory and migrate to a new one. [31] Males migrate to new territories in response to male-male competition, with smaller males being more likely to migrate. [31] The distance that a male migrates is negatively correlated with his size relative to other males; large males travel shorter distances to new territories and small males travel longer distances to new territories. [31] Female brown anoles do not show an association between size and probability of migration or migration distance. [31] Instead, females in territories with a high density of other females are more likely to move to territories with lower densities of other females. [31] Generally, individuals, regardless of sex, prefer to remain in their original territory as migrating poses predation risks and energetic costs. [31]

Diet

Eating a Polydamas swallowtail Brown Anole, George S. Gerber Memorial Park, Coconut Creek, FL, US imported from iNaturalist photo 109416455.jpg
Eating a Polydamas swallowtail

Brown anoles feed on small arthropods such as crickets, moths, ants, grasshoppers, cockroaches, mealworms, beetles, flies, earwigs, butterflies, spiders, waxworms, amphipods, and isopods. [32] [33] Brown anoles also feed on other types of invertebrates such as earthworms and snails. [32] They may also eat other lizards, such as skinks, geckos, curly-tailed lizards, the Carolina anole, lizard eggs and hatchlings (including members of their species), and their own molted skin and detached tails. [33] If near water, they eat aquatic arthropods or small fish – nearly any prey that will fit in their mouths. [17] [18] Occasionally, individuals will also consume figs and plant material; it might be interpreted as a hydration mechanism or accidental ingestion. [33]

Reproduction

In a given habitat, female brown anoles reproduce in the warmer parts of the year. [22] The brood size of a single female brown anole is one egg, which it lays in damp environments. [22] The female lays its eggs roughly 2 weeks apart from each other, [22] resulting in a total of 15 to 18 eggs in a single breeding season. [12] The breeding season of a female extends slightly longer than that of a male, as the female is capable of storing sperm for a short time. [12] When a juvenile anole is born, usually in June, it is completely independent from its parents. [12] Sexual maturation of both males and females occurs within a year of hatching, so an individual can participate in the mating season following its birth. [12]

When a female anole is prepared for mating, it begins by making itself visible to the male whose territory it is in. [12] When mating occurs, the male grabs on to the back on the females neck with its mouth, so prior to mating, a female will bend its neck such that it is more visible and accessible by the male, indicating that it is ready for procreation. [12] If the male decides to reproduce, it will begin mating with the female, which usually lasts from 30 to 60 minutes. [12] Males indicate that they are available for mating by extending their dewlap and bobbing their head. [12]

Mating

Male anoles have a flap that extends below their neck called a "dewlap". [34] Dewlap extension occurs alongside a number of behaviors exhibited by the brown anole, namely during courtship. [34] In an experiment by Richard Tokarz, an experimental group of male brown anoles underwent a surgery that rendered them unable to extend their dewlaps; a control group of male anoles were subject to the same surgery, but without the final step, so they retained the ability to extend their dewlap. Males and females were then put together in an enclosure; the experimental males took more time to begin mating when in the presence of females and mating took longer. Control males were more quick to begin mating and finished mating more quickly. [34]

A separate study suggests that the dominant male in a territory is more influential over the mating partners of a female than female mate choice. [35] During observation, females that mated with multiple males did so because dominance over a territory transferred between males, while the female remained in the same territory. [36] There were no observations of female brown anoles seeking out different males or entering a new territory. [36]

Additionally, female brown anoles are more likely to participate in mating behaviors in the presence of precipitation. [36]

Parental care

An individual egg will hatch four weeks after it was laid. From the moment they are born, the anole is completely independent from its parents. [25] As such, the brown anole displays no reproductive division of labor past the mating event and displays no cooperative brood care. However, female brown anoles have been observed digging holes and positioning eggs within these holes after oviposition. This is thought to allow for additional parental influence on phenotype and offspring survival. The selection of a site to nest by a female and how she lays her eggs within this site is performed in an effort to maximize survival of her offspring. [37] A female will lay one egg at a time and can lay a new egg each week of the reproductive season. [25]

Enemies

Known predators of the brown anole include broad-headed skinks, snakes, birds, and occasionally other species of anoles. [12] More often than not, brown anoles eaten by other anoles are juvenile. Predation by many vertebrates has been observed. Spiders can prey upon young anoles and are one of the few exceptions to this observation. [12]

Antipredator behavior

Camouflage brown anole.jpg
Camouflaged brown anole.jpg
Two examples of Brown Anole camouflage

The coloration of the brown anole allows it to easily blend in with its surroundings, making it difficult for predators to spot. [12] The brown anole has a detachable tail that can be detached if the anole is grabbed by the tail by a predator or used as a distraction, as it twitches after detaching. [12] The tail grows back afterwards, albeit smaller and a duller color. [12] Despite the extensive list of predators, the lizard's alertness and sprint speed make it very difficult for predators to track and capture. [12]

Physiology

Hindlimb length

When raised in terraria with surfaces differing in width (wide or narrow), brown anoles wide-surface terraria grew longer hindlimb than their narrow-surface terraria counterparts. [38] Brown anoles demonstrate phenotypic plasticity in this trait, akin to very rapid evolution. [38]

Toepads

Extreme climate events such as hurricanes can provoke species changes through natural selection. In areas recently affected by hurricanes, anoles with large, strong-gripping toepads were more successful in surviving. In 12 insular populations of Anolis sagrei, and 188 species from across the Neotropics over the past 70 years, the populations that were more frequently affected by hurricanes had proportionately larger toepads. [39]

Dewlap

Nearly all species of anole, including the Anolis sagrei, have a dewlap on their throat. [40] The dewlap can be used as a means of identifying specific species within the Dactyloidae family. [41] This is useful for not only mate selection between male anoles, but also to ensure the female is indeed mating with an individual within their own species. [41] The dewlap of the Anolis sagrei is typically a shade of red or yellow, while the rest of an individual is brown. [41] The extension of the dewlap is controlled by the ceratobranchials II, a bone below the throat. [34] The size and color of a species' dewlap has been shown to vary with the light of their environments and color of their body, respectively; specifically, dimmer environments elicit larger dewlaps and duller body colors elicit brighter dewlap colors. [40] In the brown anole, dewlap color is not dependent on an individual's consumption of lutein and zeaxanthin, pigments typically used as colorants in species that display color on their body. [42] Dewlaps are believed to be involved in mate selection, as well as communication between individual brown anoles. [22]

Shedding

Brown anoles molt in small pieces, unlike some other reptiles, which molt in one large piece. Anoles may consume the molted skin to replenish supplies of calcium. [43] In captivity, the molted skin may stick to the anole if humidity is too low. The unshed layer of skin can build up around the eyes, preventing the lizard from feeding and may lead to starvation. This can be prevented by maintaining high humidity.

Brown anole in Rockport, Texas Brown anole .jpg
Brown anole in Rockport, Texas

Communication

Anoles use visual cues as their primary signaling mode. [44]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dactyloidae</span> Family of reptiles

Dactyloidae are a family of lizards commonly known as anoles and native to warmer parts of the Americas, ranging from southeastern United States to Paraguay. Instead of treating it as a family, some authorities prefer to treat it as a subfamily, Dactyloinae, of the family Iguanidae. In the past they were included in the family Polychrotidae together with Polychrus, but the latter genus is not closely related to the true anoles.

<i>Anolis</i> Genus of lizards

Anolis is a genus of anoles, iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to be moved to other genera, in which case only about 45 Anolis species remain. Previously, it was classified under the family Polychrotidae that contained all the anoles, as well as Polychrus, but recent studies place it in the Dactyloidae.

<i>Anolis carolinensis</i> Species of reptile

Anolis carolinensis or green anole is a tree-dwelling species of anole lizard native to the southeastern United States and introduced to islands in the Pacific and Caribbean. A small to medium-sized lizard, the green anole is a trunk-crown ecomorph and can change its color to several shades from brown to green.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Knight anole</span> Species of lizard

The knight anole is the largest species of anole in the Dactyloidae family. Other common names include Cuban knight anole or Cuban giant anole, highlighting its native country, but it has also been introduced to Florida. In its native Cuba, this large anole is called chupacocote.

<i>Anolis pulchellus</i> Species of reptile

Anolis pulchellus, the Puerto Rican anole, Puerto Rican bush anole, snake anole, or sharp-mouthed lizard, is a small species of anole lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is among the most common lizards in Puerto Rico, and also native to Vieques, Culebra, and the Virgin Islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue anole</span> Species of lizard

The blue anole is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. A. gorgonae falls into the genus Dactyloa, which are all highly arboreal, but differ in size, coloration, and perch preferences. The blue anole specifically occupies higher perches. It is a small species which is "near threatened" and found only on the island of Gorgona, in the Colombian Pacific.

<i>Anolis cristatellus</i> Species of reptile

Anolis cristatellus is a small species of anole, belonging to the Dactyloidae family of reptiles. The species is native to Puerto Rico and the U.S. and British Virgin Islands, with introduced populations in locations around the Caribbean. The males of A. cristatellus are easily recognizable by the fin running down the top of the tail, which is known as a "caudal crest". The females also have this crest, but it is smaller than that of the males. The species is often quite common in many areas on Puerto Rico, where it can be seen during the day passing the time on the lower parts of tree trunks, or on fences and the walls of buildings in urban areas, sometimes venturing down onto the ground in order to lay eggs, have a snack, or do other cursorial activities. Like many anoles, this species displays the characteristic behaviour of doing push-ups as well as inflating a pizza-like flap of coloured skin on its throat, known as a dewlap, in order to show others how dominant it is, and thus attract mates or intimidate rivals.

<i>Anolis garmani</i> Species of lizard

Anolis garmani, also known commonly as the Jamaican giant anole, the Jamaican anole, and the Jamaica giant anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is endemic to Jamaica, but has been introduced to Florida.

<i>Anolis allisoni</i> Species of reptile

Anolis allisoni, also known commonly as Allison's anole or Cuban blue anole is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is endemic to Cuba, the Bay Islands and Cayos Cochinos off the mainland of Honduras, and Half Moon Caye off the mainland of Belize. There is also a single doubtful record from Cozumel, Mexico. Recently, the species has been documented in southern Florida. This diurnal species is commonly seen on palm trunks, and it feeds on invertebrates. It is among the relatively few anole species in which females may lay their eggs together, forming a communal nest.

<i>Anolis bartschi</i> Species of lizard

Anolis bartschi, also known commonly as the Pinar Del Rio cliff anole, western cliff anole, and the west Cuban anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is endemic to Cuba.

<i>Anolis occultus</i> Species of reptile

The Puerto Rican twig anole or dwarf anole is a species of small, arboreal anole endemic to Puerto Rico and primarily inhabiting the Cordillera Central from the Sierra de Cayey range in the Southeast to the central-western ranges of Maricao. A mostly grey to olive-brown bodied lizard, A. occultus is the smallest of the Puerto Rican anoles with a snout to vent length of 34–42 mm. In comparison to other twig anoles, A. occultus is extremely cryptic through its unique sleeping behaviors and mottled pattern. Sleeping behavior including site selection minimizes the probability of predator encounter along with A. occultus' extensive list of antipredator behaviors.

<i>Anolis oculatus</i> Species of reptile

Anolis oculatus, the Dominica anole, Dominican anole, eyed anole or zandoli, is a species of anole lizard. It is endemic to the Caribbean island of Dominica, where it is found in most environments. The species is found in a diverse range of color forms, which one herpetologist once classified as four subspecies, which most other scientists did not recognise because the forms gradually inter-grade with one another. Two later researchers have instead promoted the "ecotypes" concept, hypothesizing the color forms are maintained by the ecological conditions of the surrounding environment, despite being genetically indistinguishable. The morphology of some traits is subject to clinal variation, gradually changing from one side of the island to the other, or from sea level to the hilltops. The ground color ranges from pale tan or yellow to deep green or brown. It also has patterned markings that range from light-colored speckling to complex marbled patterns, and some populations also have large black-ringed "eye" spots on their flanks.

<i>Anolis grahami</i> Species of lizard

Anolis grahami, commonly known as the Jamaican turquoise anole and Graham's anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to the island of Jamaica, and has also been introduced to the territory of Bermuda. It is one of many different species of anole lizards found in Jamaica. There are two recognized subspecies.

<i>Anolis proboscis</i> Species of lizard

Anolis proboscis, commonly known as the horned anole, Ecuadorian horned anole or Pinocchio lizard, is a small anole lizard in the family Dactyloidae. A single male specimen was discovered in 1953 in Ecuador and formally described by Peters and Orces in 1956, but the species then went unreported until its rediscovery in 2004. Its currently known habitat is a small stretch of vegetation along an Ecuadorian highway. It has been classified as Endangered by the IUCN due to its restricted distribution and ongoing habitat loss.

<i>Anolis vermiculatus</i> Species of lizard

Anolis vermiculatus, the Vinales anole or Cuban stream anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae, endemic to Cuba.

<i>Anolis eugenegrahami</i> Species of lizard

Anolis eugenegrahami, the Eugene's anole or the black stream anole, is a critically endangered species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. This semi-aquatic species is endemic to northern Haiti.

<i>Anolis aquaticus</i> Species of reptile

Anolis aquaticus, commonly known as the water anole, is a semi-aquatic species of anole, a lizard in the family Dactyloidae, native to southwestern Costa Rica and far southwestern Panama. The species demonstrates adaptations that allows it to spend periods of time underwater up to approximately a quarter of an hour, forming an air bubble which clings to its head and serves to recycle the animal's air supply while it spends time beneath the surface. Although highly unusual, similar adaptions and behavior are found in other species of semi-aquatic anoles.

<i>Anolis auratus</i> Species of lizard

Anolis auratus, the grass anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, and Brazil.

<i>Anolis evermanni</i> Species of lizard

Anolis evermanni, also known commonly as the emerald anole, Evermann's anole, and the small green anole, is a species of lizard included within the family Dactyloidae. A. evermanni is native to Puerto Rico, where it is mainly found in wet forests. A. evermanni is a medium-sized lizard and bright emerald-green in color. A. evermanni is studied for its behavior as well as the evolution of the family Dactyloidae. The group of lizards which are member species of the family Dactyloidae are known as anoles. Anoles are found throughout the Americas and are related to iguanas.

<i>Anolis gundlachi</i> Species of lizard

Anolis gundlachi, also commonly known as the yellow-chinned anole, Gundlach's anole, and the yellow-beard anole, is an oviparous, sexually dimorphic species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is endemic to Puerto Rico and lives in mountainous forests at high elevations. The diet of A. gundlachi consists mostly of insects. This species is also known for signaling other lizards through a modulated head bob display, with varying bobbing amplitudes and patterns based on an individual's distance from other lizards.

References

  1. ↑ Lee, J.; Mandujano, R.C.; Reynolds, R.G.; Buckner, S.; Fong, A. (2020). "Anolis sagrei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T197443A2484119. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T197443A2484119.en . Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  2. ↑ "Anolis sagrei". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  3. ↑ "Common Name: Anole - Bahaman". The Central Pets Educational Foundation. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  4. ↑ Gary Nafis (2013). "Non-Native Reptiles and Amphibians Established In California". CaliforniaHerps.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  5. ↑ Glorioso, Brad Michael. "Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana".
  6. ↑ Glover, Joel D. "Brown Anole". Outdoor Alabama. Archived from the original on February 25, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
  7. ↑ Kolbe, J.J.; Glor, R.E.; Schettino, L.R.; Lara, A.C.; Larson, A.; Losos, J.B. (2004). "'Genetic variation increases during biological invasion by a Cuban lizard". Nature. 431 (7005): 177–181. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..177K. doi:10.1038/nature02807. PMID   15356629. S2CID   4305654.
  8. ↑ Kolbe, Jason J.; Larson, Allan; Losos, Jonathan B. (April 2007). "Differential admixture shapes morphological variation among invasive populations of the lizard Anolis sagrei: ADMIXTURE DURING INVASION AFFECTS LIZARD MORPHOLOGY". Molecular Ecology. 16 (8): 1579–1591. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03135.x. PMID   17402975. S2CID   24287129.
  9. ↑ Losos, J.B.; Marks, J.C.; Schoener, T. W. (1993). "Habitat use and ecological interactions of an introduced and a native species of Anolis lizard on Grand Cayman, with a review of the outcomes of anole introductions". Oecologia. 95 (4): 525–532. Bibcode:1993Oecol..95..525L. doi:10.1007/bf00317437. PMID   28313293. S2CID   23660581.
  10. ↑ Campbell, T.S. (2000). Analysis of the effects of an exotic lizard (Anolis sagrei) on a native lizard (Anolis carolinensis) in Florida, using islands as experimental units. PhD Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee.
  11. ↑ Gerber, G.P.; Echternacht, A.C. (2000). "Evidence for asymmetrical intraguild predation between native and introduced Anolis lizards". Oecologia. 124 (4): 599–607. Bibcode:2000Oecol.124..599G. doi:10.1007/s004420000414. PMID   28308398. S2CID   11668010.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Casanova, Lauren. "Norops sagrei (Cuban brown anole, Brown anole)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  13. ↑ R.D. and Patti Bartlett (2013). "Choosing a Brown Anole". PetPlace dot com. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  14. ↑ Hargrove, James (July 12, 2019). "Cuban anoles at war with native Carolinians". The Northwest Florida Daily News. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  15. ↑ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN   978-1-4214-0135-5. (Anolis sagrei, p. 231; "De la Sagra", pp. 68–69).
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Species Profile: Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei) | SREL Herpetology". srelherp.uga.edu. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  17. 1 2 3 "Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei)". Savannah River Ecology Laboratory - University of Georgia. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  18. 1 2 Masterson, J. "Anolis sagrei Dumeril and Bibron, 1837". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  19. ↑ Moon, Rachel M; Kamath, Ambika (March 27, 2019). "Re-examining escape behaviour and habitat use as correlates of dorsal pattern variation in female brown anole lizards, Anolis sagrei (Squamata: Dactyloidae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 126 (4): 783–795. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blz006.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Lee, Julian C. (1985). "Anolis sagrei in Florida: Phenetics of a Colonizing Species I. Meristic Characters". Copeia. 1985 (1): 182–194. doi:10.2307/1444808. ISSN   0045-8511. JSTOR   1444808.
  21. ↑ Salzburg, Mark A. (February 1984). "Anolis Sagrei and Anolis Cristatellus in Southern Florida: A Case Study in Interspecific Competition". Ecology. 65 (1): 14–19. Bibcode:1984Ecol...65...14S. doi:10.2307/1939453. JSTOR   1939453.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Species Profile: Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei) | SREL Herpetology". srelherp.uga.edu. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  23. ↑ Antúnez-Fonseca, Cristopher A.; Hofmann, Erich P.; Reyes-Barahona, Andres A.; Ordoñez-Mazier, Diego I.; Dubón, Francisco J.; Reyes, Héctor D.; Townsend, Josiah H. (June 24, 2021). "New records and range expansion of Norops sagrei (Squamata: Dactyloidae) in Honduras highlight the importance of citizen science in documenting non-native species". Caldasia . 44 (2): 325–331. doi: 10.15446/caldasia.v44n2.94568 . JSTOR   48676828 . Retrieved October 3, 2022.
  24. ↑ Wu, Katherine J. (June 5, 2019). "Predators drove a lizard population to extinction without eating them". www.pbs.org. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  25. 1 2 3 4 "details". www.tsusinvasives.org. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  26. 1 2 Poe, Steven; Nieto-montes de oca, Adrián; Torres-carvajal, Omar; De Queiroz, Kevin; Velasco, Julián A.; Truett, Brad; Gray, Levi N.; Ryan, Mason J.; Köhler, Gunther; Ayala-varela, Fernando; Latella, Ian (September 2017). "A Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, and Taxonomic study of all Extant Species of Anolis (Squamata; Iguanidae)". Systematic Biology. 66 (5): 663–697. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syx029 . PMID   28334227.
  27. ↑ "Anolis nelsoni". The Reptile Database. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Calsbeek, Ryan; Marnocha, Erin (2006). "Context Dependent Territory Defense: The Importance of Habitat Structure in Anolis sagrei". Ethology. 112 (6): 537–543. Bibcode:2006Ethol.112..537C. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01194.x. ISSN   1439-0310.
  29. 1 2 3 Tokarz, Richard R. (August 1, 1985). "Body size as a factor determining dominance in staged agonistic encounters between male brown anoles (Anolis sagrei)". Animal Behaviour. 33 (3): 746–753. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(85)80006-3. ISSN   0003-3472. S2CID   53193816.
  30. ↑ Kaiser, Bernard (1994). "Tail Loss and Dominance in Captive Adult Male Anolis sagrei". Journal of Herpetology. 28 (3): 342–346. doi:10.2307/1564533. JSTOR   1564533.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Calsbeek, Ryan (2009). "Sex-Specific Adult Dispersal and Its Selective Consequences in the Brown Anole, anolis sagrei". Journal of Animal Ecology. 78 (3): 617–624. Bibcode:2009JAnEc..78..617C. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01527.x . PMID   19302322.
  32. 1 2 "Norops sagrei (Cuban brown anole, Brown anole)". Animal Diversity Web .
  33. 1 2 3 Rodríguez-Barbosa, Camila (2022). "Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei)". In Arteaga, Alejandro (ed.). Reptiles of Ecuador: Life in the middle of the world. Khamai. doi: 10.47051/mvmg9382 .
  34. 1 2 3 4 Tokarz, Richard (2002). "An Experimental Test of the Importance of the Dewlap in Male Mating Success in the Lizard Anolis Sagrei". Herpetologica. 58: 87–94. doi:10.1655/0018-0831(2002)058[0087:AETOTI]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   85609700.
  35. ↑ Tokarz, Richard (1998). "Mating Pattern in the Lizard Anolis sagrei: Implications for Mate Choice and Sperm Competition". Herpetologica.
  36. 1 2 3 Brown, Kathren (1973). "Stimulation of Reproductive Activity of Female Anolis sagrei by Moisture". Physiological Zoology. 46 (2): 168–172. doi:10.1086/physzool.46.2.30155597. S2CID   87025417.
  37. ↑ Murphy, Kaitlyn (February 24, 2020). "Female Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei) Nesting Behavior in Captivity". Anole Annals. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  38. 1 2 Losos, Jonathan B.; Creer, Douglas A.; Glossip, Danielle; Goellner, Ron; Hampton, Aaron; Roberts, Glenn; Haskell, Norman; Taylor, Peter; Ettling, Jeff (2000). "Evolutionary Implications of Phenotypic Plasticity in the Hindlimb of the Lizard Anolis Sagrei". Evolution. 54 (1): 301–305. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00032.x. ISSN   1558-5646. PMID   10937208. S2CID   22686448.
  39. ↑ Donihue, Colin M.; Kowaleski, Alex M.; Losos, Jonathan B.; Algar, Adam C.; Baeckens, Simon; Buchkowski, Robert W.; Fabre, Anne-Claire; Frank, Hannah K.; Geneva, Anthony J.; Reynolds, R. Graham; Stroud, James T.; Velasco, Julián A.; Kolbe, Jason J.; Mahler, D. Luke; Herrel, Anthony (April 27, 2020). "Hurricane effects on Neotropical lizards span geographic and phylogenetic scales". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (19): 10429–10434. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11710429D. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2000801117 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   7229758 . PMID   32341144.
  40. 1 2 Losos, Jonathan B.; Chu, Ling-ru (1998). "Examination of factors potentially affecting dewlap size in Caribbean anoles". Copeia. 1998 (2): 430–438. doi:10.2307/1447437. JSTOR   1447437.
  41. 1 2 3 Williams, Ernest E.; Rand, A. Stanley (1977). "Species recognition, dewlap function and faunal size". American Zoologist. 17 (1): 261–270. doi: 10.1093/icb/17.1.261 .
  42. ↑ Steffen, John E.; Hill, Geoffrey E.; Guyer, C. (2010). "Carotenoid access, nutritional stress, and the dewlap color of male brown anoles". Copeia. 2010 (2): 239–246. doi:10.1643/CP-09-067. S2CID   86526984.
  43. ↑ "Brown Anole". Animal Spot. July 8, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
  44. ↑ Losos J.B. 2009. Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles. University of California Press, Berkeley.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.