Brown smooth-hound

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Brown smooth-hound
Mustelus henlei SI4.jpg
Mustelus henlei SI3.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: Carcharhiniformes
Family: Triakidae
Genus: Mustelus
Species:
M. henlei
Binomial name
Mustelus henlei
(Gill, 1863)
Mustelus henlei distmap.png
Synonyms [2]
  • Rhinotriacis henlei Gill, 1863
  • Triakis henlei (Gill, 1863)

The brown smooth-hound (Mustelus henlei) is a houndshark of the family Triakidae. The reproduction of this shark is viviparous. [3] The brown smooth-hound reaches a maximum reported size of 95.0 cm and a minimum of 27.6cm amongst males while females can range from 25.7 cm to 100 cm although males reach their asymptotic length sooner than females. [4] The average size of this species is between 50 and 70 cm and is between 19 and 21 cm at birth. [5] Females at maternity are around 67.6 cm long whereas the average length at maturity is 63.6 cm for males and 65.6 cm for females. [6] This species is a ground shark and has a heterocercal caudal fin bearing an elongate upper lobe, triangular and broad dorsal fins, broad pectoral fins, an inferior mouth, and large eyes, and displays a reddish or bronze coloration from above and a silverish coloration on the underside. [7] The shark is additionally slender, long-snouted, and sharp-toothed. [8] The teeth of the brown smooth-hound often bear a narrow primary cusp and one or two accessory cusplets. [9]

Contents

Top view of the brown smooth-hound shark (Shark, B. S. (2020, October 22). Brown Smoothhound Shark - Mustelus henlei. Sharks and Rays | Field Guide and Forum for Sharks across the World. https://www.sharksandrays.com/brown-smoothhound-shark/) Top View of Brown Smooth-hound.png
Top view of the brown smooth-hound shark (Shark, B. S. (2020, October 22). Brown Smoothhound Shark - Mustelus henlei. Sharks and Rays | Field Guide and Forum for Sharks across the World. https://www.sharksandrays.com/brown-smoothhound-shark/)

Distribution

It is found on the continental shelves of the subtropical eastern Pacific, from northern California to the Gulf of California, as well as Ecuador and Peru between latitudes 43° N and 18° S, from the surface to depths of 266 meters and is considered to be endemic to the nearshore shark assemblage in the northeastern Pacific. [10] The shark is generally found in enclosed, shallow, and muddy bays and has the largest distribution in its genus in the eastern Pacific. [11] Although the species is epibenthic, some individuals often foray into the pelagic zone when hunting for prey. The species also engages in seasonal migrations into deeper, coastal waters and although it spends most of its time in the bays, it departs during wintertime as waters cool, [12] [13] migrating out of estuarine waters between November and April specifically and returning in around May. [4] The shark travels an average of 15.3 km per day as part of these migrations and has the ability to cover long distances through continuous swimming. [14] Gene flow and population connectivity investigations have revealed that there are three primary populations of the species, two of which, the Northern Californian population and the Costa Rican population, have genetically diverged greatly from the third, the population at Central-Southern California and Mexico. [15] More specifically, three of the subpopulations of the species are found in the Gulf of California and two are found off the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula. [16]

Geographic distribution of the brown smooth-hound shark (marinespecies.wildlife.ca.gov. (2024). CA Marine Species Portal. Ca.gov. https://marinespecies.wildlife.ca.gov/brown-smoothhound-shark/true/) Geographic Distribution of the Brown Smooth-hound Shark.jpg
Geographic distribution of the brown smooth-hound shark (marinespecies.wildlife.ca.gov. (2024). CA Marine Species Portal. Ca.gov. https://marinespecies.wildlife.ca.gov/brown-smoothhound-shark/true/)

Biology

The brown smooth-hound typically reaches maturity within 2 to 3 years and has a fecundity of around 1 to 20 pups per year, [14] producing 3 to 5 pups per litter but the number can go up to 10 for the sharks at the Californian coast and to 21 for the sharks at the Northern Gulf of California. [5] [16] The shark reproduces annually with a 10-month gestation period. The largest embryos were found in females between late January and mid-March and the largest oocytes were found in March. [16]

This species generally faces predation pressure from other shark species and piscivorous birds. [8] The feeding nature of the brown smooth-hound itself, however, is not fully conclusive as a study of 340 stomachs of both mature and immature individuals off the coast of Costa Rica hinted that it is an opportunistic predator feeding generally on cephalopods, stomatopods, teleosts, and shrimps. Mature sharks fed more often on teleosts whereas immature sharks fed primarily on crustaceans and had a more diverse diet. [17] However, a study of 102 sharks in Baja California Sur displayed that the species mainly consumes the red crab and occasionally on mantis shrimps and sardines, emblematic of a specialist feeder, signifying that the predation behavior of the species can vary by location. [18] A 2017 research study on food resource partitioning habits found that the species almost entirely feeds on Teleostei and that there was significant dietary overlap between juveniles and adults as well as males and females. [19] Sharks found in deep and shallow waters share similar diets, primarily feeding on the pelagic red crab and unidentified organic matter as well as fish like mackerel and mollusks according to diet composition analysis of 166 individuals. [5] Carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 stable isotope analysis of the species’ muscle tissue revealed that it usually hunts in oceanic zones and consumes prey from high trophic levels and further cemented that the two sexes share a similar diet, meaning that there is no sexual segregation in the species. [20]

Dietary composition of immature and mature brown smooth-hound shark individuals (Espinoza, M., T. M. Clarke, F. Villalobos-Rojas, and I. S. Wehrtmann. 2012. Ontogenetic dietary shifts and feeding ecology of the rasptail skateRaja veleziand the brown smoothhound sharkMustelus henleialong the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, Central America. Journal of Fish Biology 81(5):1578-1595.) Dietary composition of immature and mature brown smooth-hound shark individuals.png
Dietary composition of immature and mature brown smooth-hound shark individuals (Espinoza, M., T. M. Clarke, F. Villalobos-Rojas, and I. S. Wehrtmann. 2012. Ontogenetic dietary shifts and feeding ecology of the rasptail skateRaja veleziand the brown smoothhound sharkMustelus henleialong the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, Central America. Journal of Fish Biology 81(5):1578–1595.)

Conservation Status

The brown smooth-hound’s conservation status is least concern as per an assessment in 2014. Despite a minor dip in commercial catches from 2006 to 2013, landings rose to 1.80 tonnes by 2014. There have been no clear signs of population declines on account of the shark being fished in low volumes by recreational anglers and due to the species’ comparatively high fecundity and early maturation age. [11] This species is not heavily pursued by any particular fishery and any accidental commercial catches are sold at low prices. [8] The California Department of Fish and Wildlife monitors the commercial landings of the shark through the Marine Landing Data System which have a minimum size requirement of 18 inches whereas the Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel logs and the California Recreational Fisheries Survey samplers record the recreational landings of the shark. [8] There are very few threats facing this species since it is not caught in large numbers by recreational anglers and since bycatch comprises a majority of its commercial landings. The brown smooth-hound does not enjoy any species-specific conservation measures anywhere across the Americas; however, shark fishing is prohibited in Mexican coastal waters from May to July to minimize shark fishing pressure. [11] The species is caught with gillnets of large mesh sizes off the coast of Baja California Sur, with gillnets of comparatively smaller mesh sizes alongside trawl nets and bottom-set longlines in the Gulf of California, and with trammel nets, otter trawls, and hooks in shallow waters off the coast of California. [6]

The shark derives its ecological and fishing importance from the fact that it is a mesopredator, meaning that it occupies a trophic level in around the middle of the food web. While it lacks any cultural importance, it is the most prominent species in the artisanal fisheries in the Pacific coast of the Baja California Peninsula, comprising 30% of the annual capture of coastal sharks and 24.2% of all elasmobranch captures with gill nets. [20] The shark has comparatively less interest in the American waters north of Mexico. [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dusky smooth-hound</span> Species of shark

The dusky smooth-hound, also called the smooth dogfish or the dog shark, is a species of houndshark in the family Triakidae. This shark is an olive grey or brown in color, and may have shades of yellow or grayish white. Females live to 16 years and males have a lifespan of 10 years. M. canis was the first shark recognised to have viral infections.

The white-margin fin smooth-hound is a smooth-hound from the Gulf of California, off the coast of Mexico. The white-margin fin smooth-hound shark is slender, dark grey-brown in color, and grows up to 1.2 m long.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smooth-hound</span> Genus of sharks

Mustelus, also known as the smooth-hounds, is a genus of sharks in the family Triakidae. The name of the genus comes from the Latin word mustela, meaning weasel. It should not be confused with the genus name Mustela, which is used for weasels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Houndshark</span> Family of sharks

The Triakidae or houndsharks are a family of ground sharks, consisting of about 40 species in nine genera. In some classifications, the family is split into two subfamilies, with the genera Mustelus, Scylliogaleus and Triakis in the subfamily Triakinae, and the remainders in the subfamily Galeorhininae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leopard shark</span> Species of shark

The leopard shark is a species of houndshark, in the family Triakidae. It is found along the Pacific coast of North America, from the U.S. state of Oregon to Mazatlán in Mexico. Typically measuring 1.2–1.5 m (3.9–4.9 ft) long, this slender-bodied shark is immediately identifiable by the striking pattern of black saddle-like markings and large spots over its back, from which it derives its common name. Large schools of leopard sharks are a common sight in bays and estuaries, swimming over sandy or muddy flats or rock-strewn areas near kelp beds and reefs. They are most common near the coast, in water less than 4 m (13 ft) deep.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gummy shark</span> Species of shark

The gummy shark, also known as the Australian smooth hound, flake, sweet william or smooth dog-shark, is a species of ground shark in the genus Mustelus of the family Triakidae. These small to medium-sized bottom-dwelling sharks are found mostly in, but are not limited to, the area around the southern seas of Australia and is commonly baited and fished for cuisine because of its taste and market prices. According to a 2021 paper by White, Arunrugstichai & Naylorn (2021), Mustelus walkeri is the same animal as M. antarcticus. One theory is that M. walkeri is a subpopulation of M. antarcticus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spotted estuary smooth-hound</span> Species of shark

The spotted estuary smooth-hound or rig is a houndshark of the family Triakidae, found on the continental shelves and in estuaries around New Zealand. It is closely related to the gummy shark of Australia. Males can grow up to a length of 125 cm (49 in), while females can reach a length of 151 cm (59 in).

The common smooth-hound is a houndshark of the family Triakidae. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the British Isles to South Africa, and in the Mediterranean Sea, Madeira, and the Canary Islands at depths ranging from 5 to 625 m. While they can grow to 200 cm, their usual maximum size is 150 cm. They commonly grow to 100–120 cm with a birth length around 35 cm. The reproduction of commons smooth-hounds is viviparous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spotted houndshark</span> Species of shark

The spotted houndshark is a houndshark of the family Triakidae found in tropical waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America. It usually grows to a length around 180 centimetres (71 in). The reproduction of this houndshark is ovoviviparous, with a litter of 14 pups being found in one female with a birth size of 30 to 40 centimetres. Their diet is believed to consist mainly of crustaceans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Starry smooth-hound</span> Species of shark

The starry smooth-hound is a houndshark of the family Triakidae. It is found on the continental shelves of the northeast Atlantic, between latitudes 61 and 16° N, from the surface to a depth of 200 m (660 ft).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gray smooth-hound</span> Species of shark

The gray smooth-hound is a houndshark of the family Triakidae. It is spotless and smooth with a narrow head and long blunted snout. This shark is found on continental shelves of the subtropical eastern Pacific. Its range extends from northern California to the Gulf of California, usually residing in waters less than 80 meters deep. Adults are between 0.5 and 1.6 meters long. Furthermore, this shark is viviparous with an egg yolk placenta. Reproduction occurs annually and inland estuaries are common nursery grounds. Although there is little data on the shark’s population trends and catch quantities, the gray smooth-hound is not considered as vulnerable to overfishing. Additionally, there have been three reported sightings of albinism in this species, which is rare for elasmobranchs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sharptooth smooth-hound</span> Species of shark

The sharptooth smooth-hound is a houndshark of the family Triakidae. It is found on the continental shelves of the tropical eastern Pacific from southern Mexico to Peru between latitudes 20°N and 5°S. Its length is up to 64 cm (25 in).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spotless smooth-hound</span> Species of shark

The spotless smooth-hound is a species of houndshark, in the family Triakidae, found on the continental shelves of the northwest Pacific, between latitudes 40° N and 11° N, from the surface to a depth of 300 m. It can grow to a length of up to 1 m.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Starspotted smooth-hound</span> Species of shark

The star-spotted smooth-hound is a houndshark of the family Triakidae. It is a medium-sized shark with irregular white spots across its body. It is found in Northwestern Pacific as well as Kenyan water. This shark mainly inhabits shallow seas and feeds on benthic animals. This shark is ovoviviparous and gives birth to 2-6 larvae per clutch. Currently, due to overfishing, this species is on the edge of extinction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Speckled smooth-hound</span> Species of shark

The speckled smooth-hound is a houndshark of the family Triakidae. It is found on the continental shelf of the eastern Pacific, between latitudes 0° and 54° S, at depths between 16 and 50 m. It can reach a length of 130 cm (51 in). Collectively with certain other species of shark, it is known as "tollo".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dwarf smooth-hound</span> Species of shark

The dwarf smooth-hound is a houndshark of the family Triakidae. It is found on the continental shelves of the tropical western central Atlantic, off the coast of South America between Cabo de la Vela, Colombia and Rio Caribe, Venezuela, at depths between 70 and 180 m. It can grow up to a length of 48 cm (19 in). The reproduction of dwarf smooth-hounds is ovoviviparous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulf smooth-hound</span> Species of shark

The Gulf smooth-hound is a houndshark of the family Triakidae, found on the continental shelves of the tropical western central Atlantic. The reproduction of this houndshark is placental viviparous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Humpback smooth-hound</span> Species of shark

The humpback smooth-hound is a species of houndshark and a part of the family Triakidae. The most noticeable difference between Mustelus whitneyi and its relatives, is the slight curvature, causing a "humpback" appearance located in front of its primary dorsal fin. It is found on the continental shelves of the tropical southeast Pacific, from Peru to southern Chile, between latitudes 3° S and 54° S. These sharks are demersal feeders but range from depths between 15 and 210 metres. Humpback smooth-hound sharks are small sharks, reaching a maximum size of 118 cm (46 in) in total length. Mustelus whitneyi typically feed on teleosts and invertebrates in the benthic and pelagic ecosystems, most important prey being the peruvian anchovy. These humpback smooth-hound sharks are placental viviparious sharks, meaning that the embryo forms inside the mother tethered by the placental cord. The threats currently causing population decline to humpback smooth-hound sharks surround issues with local fisheries and management.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian grey smooth-hound</span> Species of shark

The Australian grey smooth-hound or also known as the grey gummy shark is a species of houndshark classified under the large family Triakidae. It is one of the twenty-eight species belonging to the genus Mustelus, which are often small in length. While members of the genus Mustelus may be found globally in tropical and temperate waters, the grey gummy shark in particular is native to the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean waters surrounding Australia and is particularly widespread in deep coastal waters. The grey gummy shark is known to be a viviparous species and gives birth to live young. With little data available, it is regarded to have a relatively stable population and possesses little threat to humans.

References

  1. ↑ Pérez-Jiménez, J.; Carlisle, A.B.; Chabot, C.L.; Vásquez, V.E.; Ebert, D.A. (2016). "Mustelus henlei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T161648A80672263. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T161648A80672263.en . Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  2. ↑ "Mustelus henlei". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  3. ↑ "Mustelus henlei". CABI Compendium. 2022-01-07. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  4. 1 2 Yudin, Katherine G.; Cailliet, Gregor M. (1990-03-06). "Age and Growth of the Gray Smoothhound, Mustelus californicus, and the Brown Smoothhound, M. henlei, Sharks from Central California". Copeia. 1990 (1): 191. doi:10.2307/1445835. ISSN   0045-8511.
  5. 1 2 3 Rodríguez-Romero, Jesús; Álvarez-Bauman, Efrén; Ochoa-Díaz, María Ruth; López-Martínez, Juana; Maldonado-García, Minerva (2013). "Feeding habits of Mustelus henlei on the western coast of Baja California Sur, México". Revista de biología marina y oceanografía. 48 (2): 261–271. doi:10.4067/s0718-19572013000200006. ISSN   0718-1957.
  6. 1 2 Soto-López, Katherin; Ochoa-Báez, Rosa I; Tovar-Ávila, Javier; Galván-Magaña, Felipe (2018-06-26). "Reproductive biology of the brown smooth-hound shark, Mustelus henlei (Chondrichthyes: Triakidae), off northwestern Mexico based on macroscopic and histological analyses". Ciencias Marinas. 44 (2). doi:10.7773/cm.v44i2.2805. ISSN   2395-9053.
  7. ↑ Byrne, Rosemary J.; Avise, John C. (2011-12-16). "Genetic mating system of the brown smoothhound shark (Mustelus henlei), including a literature review of multiple paternity in other elasmobranch species". Marine Biology. 159 (4): 749–756. doi:10.1007/s00227-011-1851-z. ISSN   0025-3162.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "CA Marine Species Portal". marinespecies.wildlife.ca.gov. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  9. ↑ Heemstra, Phillip C. (1997-07-01). "A Review of the Smooth-Hound Sharks (Genus Mustelus, Family Triakidae) of the Western Atlantic Ocean, with Descriptions of Two New Species and a New Subspecies". Bulletin of Marine Science. 60 (3): 894–928.
  10. ↑ Chabot, Chris L. (2011-06-21). "Characterization of 11 microsatellite loci for the brown smooth-hound shark, Mustelus henlei (Triakidae), discovered with next-generation sequencing". Conservation Genetics Resources. 4 (1): 23–25. doi:10.1007/s12686-011-9464-x. ISSN   1877-7252.
  11. 1 2 3 IUCN (2014-12-03). Mustelus henlei: Pérez-Jiménez, J., Carlisle, A.B., Chabot, C.L., Vásquez, V.E. & Ebert, D.A.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T161648A80672263 (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-2.rlts.t161648a80672263.en.
  12. ↑ Gayford, Joel H.; Godfrey, Hana; Whitehead, Darren A. (2023-06-23). "Ontogenetic morphometry of the brown smoothhound sharkMustelus henleiwith implications for ecology and evolution". Journal of Morphology. 284 (8). doi:10.1002/jmor.21608. ISSN   0362-2525.
  13. ↑ Campos, Brent R.; Fish, Maxfield A.; Jones, Gardner; Riley, Rebecca W.; Allen, Peter J.; Klimley, Peter A.; Cech, Joseph J.; Kelly, John T. (2009-03-04). "Movements of brown smoothhounds, Mustelus henlei, in Tomales Bay, California". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 85 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1007/s10641-009-9462-y. ISSN   0378-1909.
  14. 1 2 Sandoval-Castillo, J; Beheregaray, LB (2015-08-06). "Metapopulation structure informs conservation management in a heavily exploited coastal shark (Mustelus henlei)". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 533: 191–203. doi:10.3354/meps11395. ISSN   0171-8630.
  15. 1 2 Chabot, Chris L.; Espinoza, Mario; Mascareñas‐Osorio, Ismael; Rocha‐Olivares, Axayácatl (2015-03-17). "The effect of biogeographic and phylogeographic barriers on gene flow in the brown smoothhound shark, Mustelus henlei, in the northeastern Pacific". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (8): 1585–1600. doi:10.1002/ece3.1458. ISSN   2045-7758.
  16. 1 2 3 Pérez‐Jiménez, J. C.; Sosa‐Nishizaki, O. (2008). "Reproductive biology of the brown smoothhound shark Mustelus henlei, in the northern Gulf of California, México". Journal of Fish Biology. 73 (4): 782–792. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01939.x. ISSN   0022-1112.
  17. ↑ Espinoza, M.; Clarke, T. M.; Villalobos‐Rojas, F.; Wehrtmann, I. S. (2012-09-20). "Ontogenetic dietary shifts and feeding ecology of the rasptail skate Raja velezi and the brown smoothhound shark Mustelus henlei along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, Central America". Journal of Fish Biology. 81 (5): 1578–1595. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03410.x. ISSN   0022-1112.
  18. ↑ Godoy, Goñi (2017). "Trophic ecology of the brown smooth hound shark "Mustelus henlei" (Gill, 1863) using stable isotopes and stomach content analyses in Bahía Tortugas, Baja California Sur, México". accedaCRIS.
  19. ↑ Amariles, Diego F.; Navia, Andrés F.; Giraldo, Alan (2017-04-13). "Food resource partitioning of the Mustelus lunulatus and Mustelus henlei (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes)". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 100 (6): 717–732. doi:10.1007/s10641-017-0598-x. ISSN   0378-1909.
  20. 1 2 Pantoja-Echevarría, Laura María; Tamburin, Elena; Marmolejo-Rodríguez, Ana Judith; Galván-Magaña, Felipe; Elorriaga-Verplancken, Fernando R.; Delgado-Huertas, Antonio; Tripp-Valdez, Arturo; Arreola-Mendoza, Laura; Lara, Ariagna (2020). "Stable isotopic inferences on trophic ecology and habitat use of brown smooth-hound Mustelus henlei in the west coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico". Regional Studies in Marine Science. 40: 101520. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101520. ISSN   2352-4855.
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