Cambay Shale Formation | |
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Stratigraphic range: Early Eocene ~ | |
Type | Geological formation |
Location | |
Region | Gujarat |
Country | ![]() |
The Cambay Shale Formation is an Early Eocene-aged geologic formation in the Cambay Basin, India. It varies in thickness from a few meters on the margins of the basin to more than 2,500m in the depressions. It directly overlies the Olpad Formation and is, in turn, overlain by the Anklesvar Formation in the southern part of the basin and by Kalol Formation in the northern part of the basin. Further north, the Cambay Shale, in its lower part, is gradually replaced by tongues of paralic-deltaic Kadi Formation and finally by Tharad Formation. [1]
Source: [2]
Anthracobunians from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Cambaytherium | C. thewissi C. gracilis C. bidens | A cambaytheriid. | ||||
Kalitherium | K. marinus | Another cambaytheriid. | ||||
Indobune | I. vastanensis | A possible anthracobunid. |
Primates [3] from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Asiadapis | A. cambayensis A. tapiensis | An Asiadapine. | ||||
Marcgodinotius | M. indicus | Another Asiadapine. | ||||
Vastanomys | V. gracilis V. major | A omomyid. | ||||
Hyaenodonts from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Indohyaenodon | I.raoi | A hyaenodont. | ||||
Dichobunids from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Diacodexis | D.indica D.pakistanensis D.parvus | A Diacodexeine. | ![]() | |||
Tapiromorphs from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Cambaylophus [4] | C. vastanensis | A tapiromorph. | ||||
Vastanolophus [5] | V. holbrooki | A tapiromorph. | ||||
Cimolestans from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Suratilestes | S. gingerichi | A cimolestan. | ||||
Anthraconyx | A. hypsomylus | A esthonychid | ||||
Bats from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Archaeonycteris | A. storchi | A bat. | ||||
Protonycteris | P. gunnelli | A bat. | ||||
Cambaya | C. complexus | A bat. | ||||
Hassianycteris | H. kumari | A bat. | ||||
Icaronycteris | I. sigei | A bat. | ||||
Jaegeria | J. cambayensis | A bat. | ||||
Microchiropteryx | M. folieae | A bat. | ||||
Other mammals from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Frugivastodon | F. cristatus | A apatemyid. | ||||
Indolestes | I. kalamensis | An adapisoriculid. | ||||
Indodelphis | I. luoi | A opossum. | ||||
Meldimys [6] | M. musak | A rodent. | ||||
Indonyctia [7] | I. cambayensis | A nyctitheriid. | ||||
Birds from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Vastanavis | V.eocaena | A parrot. | ||||
Lizards from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Indiagama | I. gujarata | A iguanian. | ||||
Suratagama | S. neeraae | A iguanian. | ||||
Tinosaurus | T. indicus | A iguanian. | ||||
Vastanagama | V. susanae | A iguanian. | ||||
Heterodontagama | H. borsukae | A priscagamid iguanian. | ||||
Snakes from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Platyspondylophis | P. tadkeshwarensis | A Madtsoiid. | ||||
Russellophis | R. crassus | A russelophiid. | ||||
Procerophis | P. sahnii | A snake. | ||||
Thaumastophis | T. missiaeni | A snake. | ||||
Palaeophis | P. vastaniensis | A paleophiid snake. | ||||
Amphibians from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Eobarbourula | E. delfinoi | A toad. | ||||
Indorana | I.prasadi | A frog. | ||||
Ray-finned fish from the Cambay Shale formation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images | ||
Avitoplectus | A. molaris | Lower jaw | A bizarre tetraodontiform. [8] | ||||
Diodon | D. sp. | Teeth | A porcupinefish. [9] | ||||
Egertonia | E. sp. | Teeth | A phyllodontid elopomorph. [9] | ||||
? Enchodus | ?E. sp. | Teeth | An enchodontid aulopiform. Among the latest known remains of this otherwise Cretaceous genus, [9] but may potentially represent reworked material from lower layers. [10] | ||||
Eotrigonodon | E. indicus | Teeth | A pycnodont. [9] | ||||
Eutrichiurides | E. sp. | Teeth | A cutlassfish. [9] | ||||
Osteoglossidae indet. | Teeth, scales | A bonytongue. [9] | |||||
Sphyraena | S. sp. | Teeth | A barracuda. [9] | ||||
Stephanodus | S. lybicus | Teeth | A pycnodont. [9] |
Crabs from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Philyra | P. karkata | A leucosiid crab. | ||||
Beetles from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Protoclaviger [11] | P.trichodens | A Beetle. | ||||
Cambaltica | C. paleoindica | A Flea Beetle. | ||||
Paleosorius | P. cambayensis | A Rove Beetle. | ||||
Hemipterans [12] from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Heteromargarodes | H. hukamsinghi H. americanus | A sand pearl. | ||||
Normarkicoccus | N. cambayae | A diaspidid scale insect. | ||||
Neuropterans from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Spiloconis [13] | S. sexguttata S. glaesaria S. oediloma S. eominuta | A Aleuropterygine Coniopterygid. | ||||
Bees from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Melikertes [14] | M. (Paramelikertes) gujaratensis M. (Melikertes) kamboja | A bee. | ||||
Wasps from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Trichelyon | T. tadkeshwarense | A braconid wasp. | ||||
Termites [15] from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Nanotermes | N. isaacae | A termitid termite. | ![]() | |||
Prostylotermes | P. kamboja | A Stylotermitid termite. | ![]() | |||
Parastylotermes | P. krishnai | A Stylotermitid termite. | ![]() | |||
Zophotermes | Z. ashoki | A Rhinotermitid termite | ![]() | |||
Flies from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Sycorax [16] | S. longistyla | A moth fly. | ||||
Phlebotoiella | P. eoindianensis | A moth fly of unceritian affinities. | ||||
Dicranomyia | D. (Dicranomyia) indica | The oldest known Crane fly and tipulomorph. [17] | ||||
Stempellina | S.pollex S.stebneri | A non-biting midge | ||||
Tanytarsus | T.forfex T.ramus | A non-biting midge | ||||
Camptopterohelea | C. odora | A non-biting midge | ||||
Eohelea | E. indica | A biting midge | ||||
Gedanohelea | G. gerdesorum | A biting midge | ||||
Indorrhina | I.sahnii | A biting midge | ||||
Lygistorrhina | L. indica | A biting midge | ||||
Meunierohelea | M. borkenti | A biting midge | ||||
Meunierohelea | M. cambayana | A biting midge | ||||
Meunierohelea | M. orientalis | A biting midge | ||||
Palaeognoriste | P. orientale | A biting midge | ||||
Webspinners from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Kumarembia | K. hurleyi | One of the few fossil Webspinners known. | ||||
Whip spiders from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Paracharonopsis [18] | P. cambayensis | A Paracharontid. | ||||
Plants from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
Pterospermoxylon | P. suratensis | An angiosperm. | ||||
Anthocephalophyllum | A. vastanicum | An angiosperm. | ||||
Ebenoxylon | E. cambayense | An angiosperm. | ||||
Gardeniophyllum | G. cambayum | An angiosperm. | ||||
Calophyllaceophyllum | C. eocenicum | An angiosperm. | ||||
Carallioipollenites | C. integerrimoides | An angiosperm known from fossilised pollen. | ||||
Gynocardia | G. eocenica | An angiosperm. | ||||
Color key
| Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Birbalomys is an extinct genus of rodent from Asia.
Ailuravus is a genus of prehistoric rodents in the family Ischyromyidae.
Indobune is an extinct genus of ungulate endemic to Asia during the Eocene from 55.8—48.6 Ma, living for approximately 7.2 million years.
Archaeonycteridae is a family of extinct bats. It was originally erected by the Swiss naturalist Pierre Revilliod as Archaeonycterididae to hold the genus Archaeonycteris. It was formerly classified under the superfamily Icaronycteroidea (disused) by Kurten and Anderson in 1980. In 2007, the spelling was corrected to Archaeonycteridae and it was reclassified to the unranked clade Microchiropteramorpha by Smith et al.. The family Palaeochiropterygidae was also merged into Archaeonycteridae by Kurten and Anderson, but modern authorities specializing in bat fossils maintain the distinction between the two.
Eobarbourula delfinoi is an extinct toad which existed in what is now Gujarat, India, during the Middle Ypresian age of the early Eocene. It was described by Annelise Folie, Rajendra S. Rana, Kenneth D. Rose, Ashok Sahni, Kishor Kumar, Lachham Singh and Thierry Smith in 2012, and is the only species in the genus Eobarbourula. The name of the genus is a combination of "Eo", referring to the epoch in which the animal existed, and Barbourula, the generic name of the jungle toads, while the specific epithet refers to Massimo Delfino, an Italian paleontologist.
Indorana is an extinct genus of lissamphibians which existed in what is now India during the Early Eocene. The type and only known species is Indorana prasadi.
Prostylotermes is an extinct genus of termite in the isopteran family Stylotermitidae known from two Eocene fossils found in India. The genus contains a single described species, Prostylotermes kamboja.
Zophotermes is an extinct genus of termite in the Isoptera family Rhinotermitidae known from two Eocene fossils found in India. The genus contains a single described species, Zophotermes ashoki placed in the subfamily Prorhinotermitinae.
Nanotermes is an extinct genus of termites in the Isoptera family Termitidae known from only one Eocene fossil found in amber of the Cambay Basin. The genus contains a single described species, Nanotermes isaacae placed tentatively in the subfamily Termitinae.
Indohyaenodon is an extinct genus of placental mammals from family Indohyaenodontidae within extinct order Hyaenodonta, that lived during the early Eocene in India.
The Willwood Formation is a sedimentary sequence deposited during the late Paleocene to early Eocene, or Clarkforkian, Wasatchian and Bridgerian in the NALMA classification.
Spiloconis is a genus of lacewing.
Cambaytherium is an extinct genus of placental mammals in the family Cambaytheriidae whose fossils were found in an open pit coal mine located in Gujarat, India. The mine was a treasure trove full of teeth and bones, over 200 of which were identified as belonging to Cambaytherium thewissi. The fossils were dated to the Early Eocene, 54.5 million years ago, making them slightly younger than the oldest known fossils belonging to the order Perissodactyla.
Asiadapis is a genus of adapiform primate that lived in India's Cambay Shale Formation during the early Eocene (Ypresian). It has two known species, Asiadapis cambayensis and Asiadapis tapiensis.
Indiagama is an extinct genus of agamid lizard known from the type species Indiagama gujarata from the early Eocene of India. Indiagama was named in 2013 on the basis of a single lower jaw from the Cambay Shale in Gujarat. The rectangular shape of its teeth distinguish it from all other agamids, living and extinct.
Suratagama is an extinct genus of agamid lizard known from the type species Suratagama neeraae from the early Eocene of India. It was named in 2013 on the basis of three isolated jaw bones from the Cambay Shale in Gujarat.
Heterodontagama is an extinct genus of iguanian lizard from the Early Eocene of India. It belongs to the extinct family Priscagamidae, which is otherwise only known from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. The type species Heterodontagama borsukae was named in 2013 from several isolated upper and lower jaws found in an exposure of the Cambay Shale in an open-pit coal mine in Gujarat.
Vastanavis is a genus of parrot-like bird that lived in what is now western India in the Early Eocene. It contains two species, Vastanavis eocaena and Vastanavis cambayensis; both are known from the Cambay Formation. Vastanavis was at least semi-zygodactyl, and most likely arboreal.
Hassianycteris is an extinct genus of Early Eocene (Ypresian) to Middle Eocene (Lutetian) bats from the Hassianycterididae with four or five known species: the type, H. magna, and H. revilliodi, all found in the Messel pit, Germany, H. kumari, found in the Cambay Shale Formation, India, and the possible fifth species "H." joeli, found in the Kortijk Clay Formation, Belgium, which may instead belong to Onychonycteridae. The Messel bats Palaeochiropteryx and Hassianycteris are the first fossil mammals whose colouration has been discovered: both were reddish-brown when alive.
Indohyaenodontidae is an extinct family of placental mammals from extinct order Hyaenodonta. Fossil remains of these mammals are known from early to late Eocene deposits in Asia.