Cambay Shale Formation

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Cambay Shale Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early Eocene
~55–54  Ma
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Type Geological formation
Location
Region Gujarat
Country India
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Cambay Shale Formation (India)
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Cambay Shale Formation (Gujarat)

The Cambay Shale Formation is an Early Eocene-aged geologic formation in the Cambay Basin, India. It varies in thickness from a few meters on the margins of the basin to more than 2,500m in the depressions. It directly overlies the Olpad Formation and is, in turn, overlain by the Anklesvar Formation in the southern part of the basin and by Kalol Formation in the northern part of the basin. Further north, the Cambay Shale, in its lower part, is gradually replaced by tongues of paralic-deltaic Kadi Formation and finally by Tharad Formation. [1]

Contents

Paleobiota

Vertebrates

Mammals

Source: [2]

Anthracobunians from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Cambaytherium C. thewissi
C. gracilis
C. bidens
A cambaytheriid.
Kalitherium K. marinus Another cambaytheriid.
Indobune I. vastanensis A possible anthracobunid.
Primates [3] from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Asiadapis A. cambayensis
A. tapiensis
An Asiadapine.
Marcgodinotius M. indicus Another Asiadapine.
Vastanomys V. gracilis
V. major
A omomyid.
Hyaenodonts from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Indohyaenodon I.raoiA hyaenodont.
Dichobunids from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Gujaratia G.indica
G.pakistanensis
A Diacodexeid.
Diacodexis pakistanensis e.jpg
Tapiromorphs from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Cambaylophus [4] C. vastanensisA tapiromorph.
Vastanolophus [5] V. holbrookiA tapiromorph.
Cimolestans from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Suratilestes S. gingerichiA cimolestan.
Anthraconyx A. hypsomylusA esthonychid
Bats from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Archaeonycteris A. storchiA bat.
Protonycteris P. gunnelliA bat.
Cambaya C. complexusA bat.
Hassianycteris H. kumariA bat.
Icaronycteris I. sigeiA bat.
Jaegeria J. cambayensisA bat.
Microchiropteryx M. folieaeA bat.
Other mammals from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Frugivastodon F. cristatusA apatemyid.
Indolestes I. kalamensisAn adapisoriculid.
Indodelphis I. luoiA opossum.
Meldimys [6] M. musakA rodent.
Indonyctia [7] I. cambayensisA nyctitheriid.
Pahelia P. mysteriosaA herbivorous mammal of uncertain affinities. [8]

Birds

Birds from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Vastanavis V.eocaenaA parrot.

Reptiles

Lizards from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Indiagama I. gujarataA iguanian.
Suratagama S. neeraaeA iguanian.
Tinosaurus T. indicusA iguanian.
Vastanagama V. susanaeA iguanian.
Heterodontagama H. borsukaeA priscagamid iguanian.
Snakes from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Platyspondylophis P. tadkeshwarensisA Madtsoiid.
Russellophis R. crassusA russelophiid.
Procerophis P. sahniiA snake.
Thaumastophis T. missiaeniA snake.
Palaeophis P. vastaniensisA paleophiid snake.

Amphibians

Amphibians from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Eobarbourula E. delfinoiA toad.
Indorana I.prasadiA frog.

Ray-finned fish

Ray-finned fish from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Avitoplectus A. molarisLower jawA bizarre tetraodontiform. [9]
Diodon D. sp.TeethA porcupinefish. [10]
Egertonia E. sp.TeethA phyllodontid elopomorph. [10]
? Enchodus ?E. sp.TeethAn enchodontid aulopiform. Among the latest known remains of this otherwise Cretaceous genus, [10] but may potentially represent reworked material from lower layers. [11]
Eotrigonodon E. indicusTeethA pycnodont. [10]
Eutrichiurides E. sp.TeethA cutlassfish. [10]
Osteoglossidae indet.Teeth, scalesA bonytongue. [10]
Sphyraena S. sp.TeethA barracuda. [10]
Stephanodus S. lybicusTeethA pycnodont. [10]

Arthropods

Crabs

Crabs from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Philyra P. karkataA leucosiid crab.

Insects

Beetles from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Protoclaviger [12] P.trichodensA Beetle.
Cambaltica C. paleoindicaA Flea Beetle.
Paleosorius P. cambayensisA Rove Beetle.
Hemipterans [13] from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Heteromargarodes H. hukamsinghi
H. americanus
A sand pearl.
Normarkicoccus N. cambayaeA diaspidid scale insect.
Neuropterans from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Spiloconis [14] S. sexguttata
S. glaesaria
S. oediloma
S. eominuta
A Aleuropterygine Coniopterygid.
Bees from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Melikertes [15] M. (Paramelikertes) gujaratensis
M. (Melikertes) kamboja
A bee.
Wasps from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Trichelyon T. tadkeshwarenseA braconid wasp.
Termites [16] from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Nanotermes N. isaacaeA termitid termite.
ZooKeys-148-105-g001 Nanotermes isaacae.jpg
Prostylotermes P. kambojaA Stylotermitid termite.
ZooKeys-148-105-g002 Prostylotermes kamboja a.jpg
Parastylotermes P. krishnaiA Stylotermitid termite.
ZooKeys-148-105-g001 Parastylotermes krishnai.jpg
Zophotermes Z. ashokiA Rhinotermitid termite
ZooKeys-148-105-g001 Zophotermes ashoki.jpg
Flies from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Sycorax [17] S. longistylaA moth fly.
Phlebotoiella P. eoindianensis A moth fly of unceritian affinities.
Dicranomyia D. (Dicranomyia) indica The oldest known Crane fly and tipulomorph. [18]
Stempellina S.pollex
S.stebneri
A non-biting midge
Tanytarsus T.forfex
T.ramus
A non-biting midge
Camptopterohelea C. odoraA non-biting midge
Eohelea E. indicaA biting midge
Gedanohelea G. gerdesorumA biting midge
Indorrhina I.sahniiA biting midge
Lygistorrhina L. indicaA biting midge
Meunierohelea M. borkentiA biting midge
Meunierohelea M. cambayanaA biting midge
Meunierohelea M. orientalisA biting midge
Palaeognoriste P. orientaleA biting midge
Webspinners from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Kumarembia K. hurleyiOne of the few fossil Webspinners known.

Arachnids

Whip spiders from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Paracharonopsis [19] P. cambayensisA Paracharontid.

Plants

Plants from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Pterospermoxylon P. suratensisAn angiosperm.
Anthocephalophyllum A. vastanicumAn angiosperm.
Ebenoxylon E. cambayenseAn angiosperm.
Gardeniophyllum G. cambayumAn angiosperm.
Calophyllaceophyllum C. eocenicumAn angiosperm.
Carallioipollenites C. integerrimoidesAn angiosperm known from fossilised pollen.
Gynocardia G. eocenicaAn angiosperm.


Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

References

  1. Chowdhary, L. R. (2004). Petroleum geology of the Cambay Basin, Gujarat., India. Dehradun: Indian Petroleum Publishers. ISBN   978-81-900361-3-9.
  2. "Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, India".
  3. Rose, Kenneth D.; Rana, Rajendra S.; Sahni, Ashok; Kumar, Kishor; Missiaen, Pieter; Singh, Lachham; Smith, Thierry (April 2009). "Early Eocene Primates from Gujarat, India". Journal of Human Evolution. 56 (4): 366–404. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.008. PMID   19303624.
  4. Kapur, Vivesh V.; Bajpai, Sunil (31 December 2015). "Oldest South Asian tapiromorph (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Cambay Shale Formation, western India, with comments on its phylogenetic position and biogeographic implications". Journal of Palaeosciences. 64 (1–2): 95–103. doi:10.54991/jop.2015.104.
  5. Smith, Thierry; Solé, Floréal; Missiaen, Pieter; Rana, Rajendra; Kumar, Kishor; Sahni, Ashok; Rose, Kenneth (8 September 2015). "First early Eocene tapiroid from India and its implication for the paleobiogeographic origin of perissodactyls". Palaeovertebrata. doi:10.18563/pv.39.2.e5.
  6. Rana, Rajendra S.; Kumar, Kishor; Escarguel, Gilles; Sahni, Ashok; Rose, Kenneth D.; Smith, Thierry; Singh, Hukam; Singh, Lachham (January 2008). "An Ailuravine Rodent from the Lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan, Western India, and Its Palaeobiogeographic Implications". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 53 (1): 1–14. doi: 10.4202/app.2008.0101 .
  7. Das, Debasis P.; Carolin, Nora; Bajpai, Sunil (3 July 2022). "A nyctitheriid insectivore (Eulipotyphla, Mammalia) of Asian affinity from the early Eocene of India". Historical Biology. 34 (7): 1157–1165. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1966002.
  8. Zack, Shawn P.; Rose, Kenneth D.; Holbrook, Luke T.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra S.; Smith, Thierry (2021). "An enigmatic new ungulate-like mammal from the early Eocene of India". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (1): 497–520. doi:10.1002/spp2.1288. ISSN   2056-2802.
  9. Bemis, Katherine E.; Tyler, James C.; Bemis, William E.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra Singh; Smith, Thierry (2017-11-02). "A gymnodont fish jaw with remarkable molariform teeth from the early Eocene of Gujarat, India (Teleostei, Tetraodontiformes)" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (6): e1369422. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1369422. ISSN   0272-4634.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rana, R. S.; Kumar, K.; Singh, H. (2004). "Vertebrate fauna from the subsurface Cambay Shale (Lower Eocene), Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, India". Current Science. 87 (12): 1726–1733. ISSN   0011-3891.
  11. Davis, Matthew P.; Fielitz, Christopher (December 2010). "Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of deep-sea adaptations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1194–1208. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1194D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.003. PMID   20854916.
  12. "Specialized Myrmecophily at the Ecological Dawn of Modern Ants: Current Biology".
  13. Vea, Isabelle M.; Grimaldi, David A. (2015). "Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea". American Museum Novitates (3823): 1–15. doi:10.1206/3823.1. S2CID   73702369.
  14. Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S.; Nascimbene, Paul c.; Singh, Hukam (2013). "Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera: Aleuropteryginae) in Amber from the Eocene of India and the Miocene of Hispaniola". American Museum Novitates (3770): 20–39. doi:10.1206/3770.2. S2CID   56567508.
  15. Engel, Michael S.; Ortega-Blanco, Jaime; Nascimbene, Paul C.; Singh, Hukam (17 December 2013). "The bees of Early Eocene Cambay amber (Hymenoptera: Apidae)". Journal of Melittology (25): 1–12. doi:10.17161/jom.v0i25.4659. hdl: 1808/14444 .
  16. Engel, Michael; Grimaldi, David; Nascimbene, Paul; Singh, Hukam (21 November 2011). "The termites of Early Eocene Cambay amber, with the earliest record of the Termitidae (Isoptera)". ZooKeys (148): 105–123. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.148.1797 . PMC   3264413 . PMID   22287892.
  17. Wagner, RüDiger; Agnihotri, Priya; Singh, Hukam (25 August 2022). "A new species of Sycorax (Sycoracinae: Psychodidae) from the Lower Eocene amber of Tadkeshwar, Gujarat, India". Palaeoentomology. 5 (4). doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.4.4.
  18. Kania, Iwona; Krzemiński, Wiesław; Stebner, Frauke; Singh, Hukam (June 2016). "The first representative of Tipulomorpha (Diptera) from Early Eocene Cambay amber (India)". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 263–269. doi:10.1017/S1755691017000433.
  19. Engel, Michael S.; Grimaldi, David A (6 August 2014). "Whipspiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi) in amber from the Early Eocene and mid-Cretaceous, including maternal care". Novitates Paleoentomologicae (9): 1. doi:10.17161/np.v0i9.4765. hdl: 1808/15287 .