Cambay Shale Formation

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Cambay Shale Formation
Stratigraphic range: Eocene
~56–48  Ma
Type Geological formation
Location
Region Gujarat
CountryFlag of India.svg  India
India relief location map.jpg
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Cambay Shale Formation (India)
Gujarat relief map.svg
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Cambay Shale Formation (Gujarat)

The Cambay Shale Formation is geologic formation in the Cambay Basin, India. It is of lower Eocene age. It varies in thickness from a few meters on the margins of the basin to more than 2,500m in the depressions. It directly overlies the Olpad Formation and is, in turn, overlain by the Anklesvar Formation in the southern part of the basin and by Kalol Formation in the northern part of the basin. Further north, the Cambay Shale, in its lower part, is gradually replaced by tongues of paralic-deltaic Kadi Formation and finally by Tharad Formation.


Source: Perroleum Geology of the Cambay Basin, India by LR Chowdhary, Indian Petroleum publishes, Dehradun, India.

Paleobiota

Plants

Plants from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Pterospermoxylon P. suratensisAn angiosperm.
Anthocephalophyllum A. vastanicumAn angiosperm.
Ebenoxylon E. cambayenseAn angiosperm.
Gardeniophyllum G. cambayumAn angiosperm.
Calophyllaceophyllum C. eocenicumAn angiosperm.
Carallioipollenites C. integerrimoidesAn angiosperm known from fossilised pollen.
Gynocardia G. eocenicaAn angiosperm.

Mammals [1]

Anthracobunians from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Cambaytherium C. thewissi
C. gracilis
C. bidens
A cambaytheriid.
Kalitherium K. marinus Another cambaytheriid.
Indobune I. vastanensis A possible anthracobunid.
Primates [2] from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Asiadapis A. cambayensis
A. tapiensis
An Asiadapine.
Marcgodinotius M. indicus Another Asiadapine.
Vastanomys V. gracilis
V. major
A omomyid.
Hyaenodonts from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Indohyaenodon I.raoiA hyaenodont.
Dichobunids from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Diacodexis D.indica
D.pakistanensis
D.parvus
A Diacodexeine.
Diacodexis pakistanensis e.jpg
Tapiromorphs from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Cambaylophus [3] C. vastanensisA tapiromorph.
Vastanolophus [4] V. holbrookiA tapiromorph.
Cimolestans from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Suratilestes S. gingerichiA cimolestan.
Anthraconyx A. hypsomylusA esthonychid
Bats from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Archaeonycteris A. storchiA bat.
Protonycteris P. gunnelliA bat.
Cambaya C. complexusA bat.
Hassianycteris H. kumariA bat.
Icaronycteris I. sigeiA bat.
Jaegeria J. cambayensisA bat.
Microchiropteryx M. folieaeA bat.
Other mammals from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Frugivastodon F. cristatusA apatemyid.
Indolestes I. kalamensisAn adapisoriculid.
Indodelphis I. luoiA opossum.
Meldimys [5] M. musakA rodent.
Indonyctia [6] I. cambayensisA nyctitheriid.

Reptiles

Birds from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Vastanavis V.eocaenaA parrot.
Lizards from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Indiagama I. gujarataA iguanian.
Suratagama S. neeraaeA iguanian.
Tinosaurus T. indicusA iguanian.
Vastanagama V. susanaeA iguanian.
Heterodontagama H. borsukaeA priscagamid iguanian.
Snakes from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Platyspondylophis P. tadkeshwarensisA Madtsoiid.
Russellophis R. crassusA russelophiid.
Procerophis P. sahniiA snake.
Thaumastophis T. missiaeniA snake.
Palaeophis P. vastaniensisA paleophiid snake.

Amphibians

Amphibians from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Eobarbourula E. delfinoiA toad.
Indorana I.prasadiA frog.

Arthropods

Crabs

Crabs from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Philyra P. karkataA leucosiid crab.

Insects

Beetles from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Protoclaviger [7] P.trichodensA Beetle.
Cambaltica C. paleoindicaA Flea Beetle.
Paleosorius P. cambayensisA Rove Beetle.
Hemipterans [8] from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Heteromargarodes H. hukamsinghi
H. americanus
A sand pearl.
Normarkicoccus N. cambayaeA diaspidid scale insect.
Neuropterans from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Spiloconis [9] S. sexguttata
S. glaesaria
S. oediloma
S. eominuta
A Aleuropterygine Coniopterygid.
Bees from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Melikertes [10] M. (Paramelikertes) gujaratensis
M. (Melikertes) kamboja
A bee.
Wasps from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Trichelyon T. tadkeshwarenseA braconid wasp.
Termites [11] from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Nanotermes N. isaacaeA termitid termite.
ZooKeys-148-105-g001 Nanotermes isaacae.jpg
Prostylotermes P. kambojaA Stylotermitid termite.
ZooKeys-148-105-g002 Prostylotermes kamboja a.jpg
Parastylotermes P. krishnaiA Stylotermitid termite.
ZooKeys-148-105-g001 Parastylotermes krishnai.jpg
Zophotermes Z. ashokiA Rhinotermitid termite
ZooKeys-148-105-g001 Zophotermes ashoki.jpg
Flies from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Sycorax [12] S. longistylaA moth fly.
Phlebotoiella P. eoindianensis A moth fly of unceritian affinities.
Dicranomyia D. (Dicranomyia) indica The oldest known Crane fly and tipulomorph. [13]
Stempellina S.pollex
S.stebneri
A non-biting midge
Tanytarsus T.forfex
T.ramus
A non-biting midge
Camptopterohelea C. odoraA non-biting midge
Eohelea E. indicaA biting midge
Gedanohelea G. gerdesorumA biting midge
Indorrhina I.sahniiA biting midge
Lygistorrhina L. indicaA biting midge
Meunierohelea M. borkentiA biting midge
Meunierohelea M. cambayanaA biting midge
Meunierohelea M. orientalisA biting midge
Palaeognoriste P. orientaleA biting midge
Webspinners from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Kumarembia K. hurleyiOne of the few fossil Webspinners known.

Arachnids

Whip spiders from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Paracharonopsis [14] P. cambayensisA Paracharontid.

Fish

Whip spiders from the Cambay Shale formation
GenusSpeciesStratigraphic positionNotesImages
Avitoplectus [14] A. molarisA bony fish.
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

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References

  1. "Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, India".
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  3. Kapur, Vivesh V.; Bajpai, Sunil (December 31, 2015). "Oldest South Asian tapiromorph (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Cambay Shale Formation, western India, with comments on its phylogenetic position and biogeographic implications". Journal of Palaeosciences. 64 ((1-2)): 95–103. doi: 10.54991/jop.2015.104 . S2CID   252301155 via jpsonline.co.in.
  4. https://palaeovertebrata.com/articles/view/344
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  6. Das, Debasis P.; Carolin, Nora; Bajpai, Sunil (July 3, 2022). "A nyctitheriid insectivore (Eulipotyphla, Mammalia) of Asian affinity from the early Eocene of India". Historical Biology. 34 (7): 1157–1165. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1966002. S2CID   238735010 via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
  7. "Specialized Myrmecophily at the Ecological Dawn of Modern Ants: Current Biology".
  8. Vea, Isabelle M.; Grimaldi, David A. (2015). "Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea". American Museum Novitates (3823): 1–15. doi:10.1206/3823.1. S2CID   73702369.
  9. Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S.; Nascimbene, Paul c.; Singh, Hukam (2013). "Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera: Aleuropteryginae) in Amber from the Eocene of India and the Miocene of Hispaniola". American Museum Novitates (3770): 20–39. doi:10.1206/3770.2. S2CID   56567508.
  10. Engel, Michael S.; Ortega-Blanco, Jaime; Nascimbene, Paul C.; Singh, Hukam (December 17, 2013). "The bees of Early Eocene Cambay amber (Hymenoptera: Apidae)". Journal of Melittology (25): 1–12. doi:10.17161/jom.v0i25.4659. hdl: 1808/14444 via journals.ku.edu.
  11. Engel, Michael; Grimaldi, David; Nascimbene, Paul; Singh, Hukam (November 21, 2011). "The termites of Early Eocene Cambay amber, with the earliest record of the Termitidae (Isoptera)". ZooKeys (148): 105–123. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.148.1797 . PMC   3264413 . PMID   22287892 via zookeys.pensoft.net.
  12. Wagner, Rüdiger; Agnihotri, Priya; Singh, Hukam (August 25, 2022). "A new species of Sycorax (Sycoracinae: Psychodidae) from the Lower Eocene amber of Tadkeshwar, Gujarat, India". Palaeoentomology. 5 (4): 319–326. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.4.4. S2CID   251861581 via mapress.com.
  13. Kania, Iwona; Krzemiński, Wiesław; Stebner, Frauke; Singh, Hukam (June 11, 2016). "The first representative of Tipulomorpha (Diptera) from Early Eocene Cambay amber (India)". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 263–269. doi:10.1017/S1755691017000433. S2CID   134226776 via Cambridge University Press.
  14. 1 2 Engel, Michael S.; Grimaldi, David A. (August 6, 2014). "Whipspiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi) in amber from the Early Eocene and mid-Cretaceous, including maternal care". Novitates Paleoentomologicae (9): 1–17. doi: 10.17161/np.v0i9.4765 . hdl: 1808/15287 via journals.ku.edu.