Chondrocladia

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Chondrocladia
Temporal range: Pleistocene(?) to Present day
Chondrocladia lampadiglobus.jpg
The ping-pong tree sponge, Chondrocladia lampadiglobus [1] [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Demospongiae
Order: Poecilosclerida
Family: Cladorhizidae
Genus: Chondrocladia
Thomson, 1873
Species

33; see text

Synonyms
  • CrinorhizaSchmidt, 1880
  • MeliidermaRidley & Dendy, 1887

Chondrocladia is a genus of carnivorous demosponges of the family Cladorhizidae. [3] Neocladia was long considered a junior synonym, but has recently become accepted as a distinct genus. [4]

Contents

33 named species are placed in this genus at present, but at least two additional undescribed ones are known to exist, while some of the described ones are known only from a few specimens or (e.g. the enigmatic Chondrocladia occulta ) just a single one, and their validity and/or placement in Chondrocladia is doubtful. Chondrocladia sponges are stipitate, with a stalk frequently anchored in the substrate by rhizoids and an egg-shaped body, sometimes with branches that end in inflatable spheres. [5] [6]

Fossils assignable to this genus are known since the Pleistocene, [7] less than 2 million years ago. But given its deep sea habitat, Chondrocladia may well have been around for much longer – perhaps since the Mesozoic, as characteristic spicules (termed "microcricorhabds" or "trochirhabds"), almost identical to those of some living Chondrocladia, are known from Early Jurassic rocks almost 200 million years old. [6]

Carnivory

These sponges gained media attention when a new species, a gourd-shaped carnivorous sponge, was featured in reports of finds off the coast of Antarctica. The new Chondrocladia was one of 76[ citation needed ] sponge species identified in the seas off Antarctica by the Antarctic Benthic Deep-Sea Biodiversity Project (ANDEEP) between 2002 and 2005, conducted aboard the German research vessel Polarstern . [8] [9]

Carnivorous sponges, which use hooked spicules to capture small crustaceans, have been known only since 1995, when Asbestopluma hypogea , another genus of the family Cladorhizidae, was identified in Mediterranean sea caves offshore La Ciotat (France) by Jean Vacelet and Nicole Boury-Esnault. [10] Carnivory has since turned out to be common and typical for this sponge family. [11] [4] Unlike their relatives, Chondrocladia still possesses the water flow system and choanocytes typical of sponges, albeit highly modified to inflate balloon-like structures that are used for capturing prey. [4] [6]

Species

The known species of Chondrocladia are: [6] [3]

C. alaskensis and C. pulchra are better placed in Crambe [5] or Monanchora . [3]

C. dura, C. ramosa and C. sessilis are junior synonyms of Iotrochota purpurea . [3]

C. flabelliformis is now in Neocladia . [4] [3]

Related Research Articles

<i>Cladorhiza</i> Genus of sponges

Cladorhiza is a genus of carnivorous sponges, comprising around 40 species found in oceans around the world. Cladorhiza is the type genus of the family Cladorhizidae.

<i>Polymastia</i> (sponge) Genus of sponges

Polymastia is a genus of sea sponges containing about 30 species. These are small to large encrusting or dome-shaped sponges with a smooth surface having many teat-shaped projections (papillae). In areas of strong wave action, this genus does not grow the teat structures, but instead grows in a corrugated form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plakinidae</span> Family of sponges

Plakinidae is a family of marine sponges. It is composed of seven genera:

<i>Auletta</i> (sponge) Genus of sponges

Auletta is a genus of sponges in the family Bubaridae.

Homaxinella is a genus of sea sponges in the family Suberitidae. The type species is Homaxinella balfourensis.

<i>Agelas</i> Genus of sponges

Agelas is a genus of sea sponge in the class Demospongiae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cladorhizidae</span> Family of sponges

Cladorhizidae is a family of carnivorous demosponges found in deep-sea environments worldwide. These sponges are known for their unique feeding structures and predatory behavior, as they capture and consume small animals such as crustaceans.

Cladorhiza caillieti is a carnivorous sponge of the family Cladorhizidae described in 2014 from specimens collected from the Juan de Fuca Ridge off the coast of Vancouver Island. It feeds on small crustaceans such as amphipods and copepods. C. caillieti is an elongate, bottlebrush-shaped sponge with filaments projecting from a main stem, and ranges from 7 to 9 cm in height. The specific epithet honors Dr. Gregor M. Cailliet of the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories.

<i>Chondrocladia concrescens</i> Species of sponge

Chondrocladia concrescens is a species of deep-sea carnivorous sponge in the family Cladorhizidae. It is commonly known as the "ping pong tree sponge" due to its distinctive tree-like shape with multiple branches. The species is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean and can grow up to one meter in height.

Axoniderma is a genus of carnivorous demosponges in the family Cladorhizidae.

Ciocalypta is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.

Jean Vacelet is a French marine biologist who specialises in the underwater fauna of the Mediterranean. After earning his licence at the Faculté des Sciences de Marseille and learning to dive in 1954, he specialised in the study of sponges at the Marine station of Endoume, and there he has stayed faithful to both sponges and place for more than half a century. His research has included all aspects of sponges: taxonomy, habitat, biology, anatomy, their bacterial associations, and their place in the evolution of multi-celled animals. He has studied them not only in the Mediterranean but in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. Exploration of underwater grottoes, together with Jacques Laborel and Jo Hamelin, revealed the existence of sponges dating from very ancient geological periods and the unexpected existence of carnivorous sponges, and surprisingly, the grottoes in some ways mimicked life at much greater depths.

<i>Leucetta</i> Genus of sponges

Leucetta is a genus of sponges in the family Leucettidae, which was first described in 1872 by Ernst Haeckel. The type species is Leucetta primigenia Haeckel, 1872 by subsequent designation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coelosphaeridae</span> Genus of sponges

Coelosphaeridae is a family of sponges belonging to the order Poecilosclerida. Species are found across the globe.

<i>Phakellia</i>

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<i>Phorbas</i> (sponge) Genus of sponges

Phorbas is a genus of demosponges belonging to the family Hymedesmiidae.

<i>Abyssocladia</i> Genus of sponges

Abyssocladia is a genus of the family Cladorhizidae, a family of carnivorous sponges. It is made up of at least 39 species found in oceans all over the world.

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Halicnemia is a genus of sponges belonging to the family Stelligeridae.

References

  1. ↑
    • Vacelet, J. (2006). New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from crewed submersibles in the deep Pacific. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society148: 553–584. Figure 17. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00234.x
  2. ↑ Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury-Esnault, N., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Erpenbeck, D., De Voogd, N. J., Santodomingo, N., Vanhoorne, B., Kelly, M., Hooper, J. N. A. (2011). Global Diversity of Sponges (Porifera). PLoS ONE7(4): e35105. Figure 3 [ permanent dead link ]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035105
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 van Soest, R. (2014). Van Soest RW, Boury-Esnault N, Hooper JN, Rützler K, de Voogd NJ, de Glasby BA, Hajdu E, Pisera AB, Manconi R, Schoenberg C, Janussen D, Tabachnick KR, Klautau M, Picton B, Kelly M, Vacelet J (eds.). "Chondrocladia Thomson, 1873". World Porifera database. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Vacelet, Jean (2008). "A new genus of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Poecilosclerida, Cladorhizidae) from the deep N-E Pacific, and remarks on the genus Neocladia" (PDF). Zootaxa . 1752: 57–65. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1752.1.3.
  5. 1 2 Cristobo, Francisco Javier; Urgorri, Victoriano; Ríos, Pilar (2005). "Three new species of carnivorous deep-sea sponges from the DIVA-1 expedition in the Angola Basin (South Atlantic)". Organisms Diversity & Evolution . 5 (Supplement 1): 203–213. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.11.004.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Vacelet, Jean; Kelly, Michelle (September 25, 2008). "New species from the deep Pacific suggest that carnivorous sponges date back to the Early Jurassic" (PDF). Nature Precedings . doi: 10.1038/npre.2008.2327.1 . hdl:10101/npre.2008.2327.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2011.
  7. ↑ Sepkoski, J. John Jr. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology . 364: 560.
  8. ↑ Brandt, Angelika; Gooday, Andrew J.; Brandão, Simone N.; Brix, Saskia; Brökeland, Wiebke; Cedhagen, Tomas; Choudhury, Madhumita; Cornelius, Nils; Danis, Bruno; De Mesel, Ilse; Diaz, Robert J.; Gillan, David C.; Ebbe, Brigitte; Howe, John A.; Janussen, Dorte; Kaiser, Stefanie; Linse, Katrin; Malyutina, Marina; Pawlowski, Jan; Raupach, Michael; Vanreusel, Ann (17 May 2007). "First insights into the biodiversity and biogeography of the Southern Ocean deep sea". Nature . 447 (7142): 307–311. Bibcode:2007Natur.447..307B. doi:10.1038/nature05827. PMID   17507981. S2CID   4414557.
  9. ↑ Scales, Helen (May 16, 2007). "Bizarre new deep-sea creatures found off Antarctica". National Geographic News . Archived from the original on May 18, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
  10. ↑ Vacelet, Jean; Boury-Esnault, N. (1995). "Carnivorous sponges". Nature . 373 (6512): 333–335. Bibcode:1995Natur.373..333V. doi: 10.1038/373333a0 . S2CID   4320216.
  11. ↑ Watling, Les (2007). "Predation on copepods by an Alaskan cladorhizid sponge". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK . 87 (6): 1721–1726. doi:10.1017/S0025315407058560. S2CID   86588792.
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