Chryseobacterium

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Chryseobacterium
Chryseobacterium oleae DSM25575.jpg
Chryseobacterium oleae DSM25575 bacteria grown on solid LB media
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacteroidota
Class: Flavobacteriia
Order: Flavobacteriales
Family: Weeksellaceae
Genus: Chryseobacterium
Vandamme et al. 1994
Species

See text

Synonyms [1]
  • HalperniaNicholson et al. 2020
  • EpilithonimonasO'Sullivan et al. 2006
  • PlanobacteriumPeng et al 2009
  • SoonwooaJoung et al. 2010
  • KaistellaKim et al. 2004
  • SejongiaYi et al. 2005

Chryseobacterium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. Chryseobacterium species are chemoorganotrophic, rod shape gram-negative bacteria. Chryseobacterium form typical yellow-orange color colonies due to flexirubin-type pigment. The genus contains more than 100 described species from diverse habitats, including freshwater sources, soil, marine fish, and human hosts. [2]

Contents

History

The genus Chryseobacterium was originally created in 1994 by Vandamme et al. [3] for six bacterial taxa that, at that time, were classified as members of the genus Flavobacterium : F. balustinum, F. indologenes, F. gleum, F. meningosepticum, F. indoltheticum, and F. scophthalmum. In 2005 an additional genus, Elizabethkingia , was created for two species within the genus Chryseobacterium; namely, C. meningosepticum and C. miricola. [4] In 2002 standards and guidelines for description of novel taxa in the family of Flavobacteriaceae were published by Bernardet et al. [5] By 2006, the genus Chryseobacterium had expanded to 10 species, by 2014 more than 60 species [6] and currently more than 100.

Ecology

Chryseobacterium spp. were recovered from soils, plant roots, flowers, decaying plant material and maple sap. Some plant-associated Chryseobacterium strains are able to inhibit plant pathogenic fungi. Chryseobacterium spp. were also recovered from freshwater creeks, lakes, their sediments, water cooling systems, drinking water, lactic acid beverages, beer bottling plants, bioreactor sludge, polluted soil, marine sediment and permafrost. [6] Chryseobacterium spp. are associated with a multitude of animals - they have been detected in the midgut of mosquitos, within cockroach guts, millipede feces, and penguin guano, gut homogenates of freshwater copepods, bird feathers, cow's milk, raw meats and chicken. Chryseobacterium spp. were recovered from the mucus of apparently healthy fish, however sometimes they are considered as a spoilage organism. [6] Three novel cold-tolerant species of Chryseobacterium, C. oranimenseC. haifense, and C. bovis, have been detected in raw milk in Israel. [7]

Pathogenesis

The most pathogenic Flavobacterium spp., Chryseobacterium meningosepticum , which caused numerous infections, was reclassified to the genus Elizabethkingia. [4] Chryseobacterium indologenes although ubiquitous in nature, mainly found in soil and water, is an uncommon human pathogen. However, in rare cases it can cause serious infections, particularly among the immunocompromised. [8] Most of the time infections are hospital acquired, often associated with immunosuppression or indwelling catheters. It has been reported as the causative agent in bacteremia, peritonitis, pneumonia, empyema, pyelonephritis, cystitis, meningitis and central venous catheter-associated infections. The numbers of reported C. indologenes infections are increasing. The majority of reported infections have been from Taiwan and only about 10% have been outside of Asia. A few reports have come from Australia, India, Europe and the USA. [8] C. indologenes is also pathogenic to the soft tick, whereas other Chryseobacterium spp. were recovered from diseased turtles, frogs and fish, in particularly C. scophthalmum, C. joostei, C. piscicola, C. chaponense, C. viscerum and C. oncorhynchi, C. aahli, C. hominis, C. shigense as well as C. indologenes which is associated with human diseases. [6]

Certain Chryseobacterium species were reported as having unusual matrix digesting properties, being able to degrade most difficult collagenous matrices, such as feathers or exoskeletons. These properties are likely mediated through the action of specific chitinases and collagenase-like metalloproteases. Some of the species, such as Chryseobacterium nematophagum were shown to be able to infect, kill and ultimately consume all nematode tissues, including the normally highly insoluble cuticular exoskeleton. [9] Chitinase, gelatinase and collagenase metalloprotease activities have been linked to Chryseobacterium gliding motility exerted through type IX secretion systems. Indeed, some of these enzymes possess C-terminal type IX secretion signals. [10] Chryseobacterium themselves have neither collagen nor chitin proteins or structures. Chryseobacterium species belong to the Bacteriodetes phylum, members of which are being increasingly describes as having unusually linked motility and secretory system. [9] [10]

Botulinum neurotoxin-like (BoNT-like) toxins were detected in the genome of Chryseobacterium piperi str. CTM and they present a highly divergent group of BoNT-like toxins. One of the predicted C. piperi BoNT-like toxins induced necrotic cell death in human kidney cells, but was not found to cleave common SNARE substrates of BoNTs. [11]

Antibiotic resistance

Chryseobacterium spp. are inherently resistant to a wide spectrum of antibiotics, including tetracyclines, erythromycin, linezolid, polymyxins, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and many beta-lactams, while also being intermediately sensitive to vancomycin and clindamycin and vary in their sensitivity to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . [6]

Species

Species include: [1]

Related Research Articles

<i>Elizabethkingia meningoseptica</i> Species of bacterium

Elizabethkingia meningoseptica is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium widely distributed in nature. It may be normally present in fish and frogs; it may be isolated from chronic infectious states, as in the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients. In 1959, American bacteriologist Elizabeth O. King was studying unclassified bacteria associated with pediatric meningitis at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, when she isolated an organism that she named Flavobacterium meningosepticum. In 1994, it was reclassified in the genus Chryseobacterium and renamed Chryseobacterium meningosepticum(chryseos = "golden" in Greek, so Chryseobacterium means a golden/yellow rod similar to Flavobacterium). In 2005, a 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree of Chryseobacteria showed that C. meningosepticum along with C. miricola were close to each other but outside the tree of the rest of the Chryseobacteria and were then placed in a new genus Elizabethkingia named after the original discoverer of F. meningosepticum.

<i>Stenotrophomonas</i> Genus of bacteria

Stenotrophomonas is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, comprising at least ten species. The main reservoirs of Stenotrophomonas are soil and plants. Stenotrophomonas species range from common soil organisms to opportunistic human pathogens ; the molecular taxonomy of the genus is still somewhat unclear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flavobacteriia</span> Class of bacteria

The class Flavobacteriia is composed of a single class of environmental bacteria. It contains the family Flavobacteriaceae, which is the largest family in the phylum Bacteroidota. This class is widely distributed in soil, fresh, and seawater habitats. The name is often spelt Flavobacteria, but was officially named Flavobacteriia in 2012.

Myroides odoratimimus is an obligate aerobic, gram negative bacterium. Although it has been isolated from a range of bodily fluids, it is a rare opportunistic pathogen. Myroides species are commonly found in the environment. Infections can occur following contact with contaminated water. In this context, pericardial effusion, pericarditis, pneumonia, soft tissue infection, septic shock, and urinary tract infection were already associated with these microorganisms. However, neurological infections were rarely reported in literature.

Chryseobacterium elymi is an bacterial species found in the rhizospheres of coastal sand dune plants. It is Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile. Its type strain is RHA3-1T.

Chryseobacterium lathyri is an bacterial species found in the rhizospheres of coastal sand dune plants. It is Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile. Its type strain is RBA2-6T.

Chryseobacterium hagamense is an bacterial species found in the rhizospheres of coastal sand dune plants. It is Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile. Its type strain is RHA2-9T.

Elizabethkingia anophelis is a yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium in the Flavobacteriaceae family. Elizabethkingia is isolated from the midgut of Anopheles gambiae G3 mosquitoes reared in captivity. The genus Elizabethkingia, named for former US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) microbiologist Elizabeth O. King, also includes E. meningoseptica which causes neonatal sepsis and infections in immunocompromised persons, E. endophytica, and E. miricola.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth O. King</span> American bacteriologist (1912–1966)

Elizabeth Osborne King was an American microbiologist who discovered and described bacteria of medical importance at the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from the late 1940s through the early 1960s. A 1984 CDC manual dedication referred to King as "internationally known as an authority on a variety of unusual bacteria." The genera Kingella and Elizabethkingia and several species of bacteria are named to honor her for her pioneering work. King died of cancer on April 8, 1966, in Atlanta, where she is interred in Oakland Cemetery.

Elizabethkingia miricola is a species of bacterium isolated from condensation water in Space Station Mir, related to Elizabethkingia anophelis, the cause of the 2016 outbreak of Elizabethkingia anophelis human infections in Wisconsin that began in early November 2015. The genus name Elizabethkingia honors former United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) microbiologist Elizabeth O. King, and the specific epithet is derived from combining the Russian name of the space station from which the bacterium was isolated, "Mir" meaning "peace," and the Latin "incola" meaning "inhabitant," yielding miricola, "inhabitant of the Mir space station."

Elizabethkingia is a genus of bacterium described in 2005, named after Elizabeth O. King, the discoverer of the type species. Before this genus being formed in 2005, many of the species of Elizabethkingia were classified in the Chryseobacterium genus. Elizabethkingia has been found in soil, rivers, and reservoirs worldwide.

Chryseobacterium oranimense is a Gram-negative psychrotolerant, proteolytic, lipolytic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from raw cow’ milk in Israel.

Chryseobacterium taklimakanense is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium.

Chryseobacterium indologenes is a Gram-negative and non-motile bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from a human. Chryseobacterium indologenes is a pathogen of American bullfrogs and humans.

Chryseobacterium scophthalmum is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from the gills of a turbot in Scotland. Chryseobacterium scophthalmum produces flexirubin.

Flavobacterium cucumis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Flavobacterium which has been isolated from greenhouse soil which was cultivated with cucumbers from Sangju in Korea.

Chryseobacterium ginsengiterrae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motile bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field.

Chryseobacterium halperniae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motile bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from raw cow milk in Israel.

Weeksellaceae is a family in the order Flavobacteriales.

Chryseobacterium capnotolerans is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped species of bacteria, which has been isolated primarily from pork sausage packed under CO2-enriched modified atmosphere. It is considered to be a potential food spoilage organism, which grows at elevated levels of CO2 of up to 40 %. Its name derives from Greek kapnos (for “smoke”, used in biology for carbon dioxide) and Latin tolerans (for “tolerating”).

References

  1. 1 2 Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Chryseobacterium". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  2. ↑ Matu A, Lum Nde A, Oosthuizen L, Hitzeroth A, Badenhorst M, Duba L, Gidaga M, Klinck J, Kriek IM, Lekoma PJ, Nel L, Dos Ramos SM, Rossouw J, Salomane N, Segone N, Serobe S, Tiyani T, Hugo CJ, Newman JD (January 2019). "Chryseobacterium Type Strains". Microbiology Resource Announcements. 8 (1): e01518–18. doi:10.1128/MRA.01518-18. PMC   6318376 . PMID   30637405.
  3. ↑ Vandamme P, Bernardet JF, Segers P, Kersters K, Holmes B (1994-10-01). "NOTES: New Perspectives in the Classification of the Flavobacteria: Description of Chryseobacterium gen. nov., Bergeyella gen. nov., and Empedobacter nom. rev". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 44 (4): 827–831. doi: 10.1099/00207713-44-4-827 . ISSN   0020-7713.
  4. 1 2 Kim KK, Kim MK, Lim JH, Park HY, Lee ST (May 2005). "Transfer of Chryseobacterium meningosepticum and Chryseobacterium miricola to Elizabethkingia gen. nov. as Elizabethkingia meningoseptica comb. nov. and Elizabethkingia miricola comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 55 (Pt 3): 1287–93. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.63541-0 . PMID   15879269.
  5. ↑ Bernardet JF, Nakagawa Y, Holmes B, et al. (Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Flavobacterium and Cytophaga-like bacteria of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes) (May 2002). "Proposed minimal standards for describing new taxa of the family Flavobacteriaceae and emended description of the family". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (Pt 3): 1049–70. doi: 10.1099/00207713-52-3-1049 . PMID   12054224.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Loch TP, Faisal M (May 2015). "Emerging flavobacterial infections in fish: A review". Journal of Advanced Research. 6 (3): 283–300. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2014.10.009. PMC   4522593 . PMID   26257926.
  7. ↑ Hantsis-Zacharov E, Shakéd T, Senderovich Y, Halpern M (November 2008). "Chryseobacterium oranimense sp. nov., a psychrotolerant, proteolytic and lipolytic bacterium isolated from raw cow's milk". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 58 (Pt 11): 2635–9. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65819-0 . PMID   18984706.
  8. 1 2 Mukerji R, Kakarala R, Smith SJ, Kusz HG (April 2016). "Chryseobacterium indologenes: an emerging infection in the USA". BMJ Case Reports. 2016: bcr2016214486. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-214486. PMC   4840731 . PMID   27053540.
  9. 1 2 Page AP, Roberts M, Félix MA, Pickard D, Page A, Weir W (February 2019). "The golden death bacillus Chryseobacterium nematophagum is a novel matrix digesting pathogen of nematodes". BMC Biology. 17 (1): 10. doi: 10.1186/s12915-019-0632-x . PMC   6394051 . PMID   30813925.
  10. 1 2 McBride MJ, Zhu Y (January 2013). "Gliding motility and Por secretion system genes are widespread among members of the phylum bacteroidetes". Journal of Bacteriology. 195 (2): 270–8. doi:10.1128/JB.01962-12. PMC   3553832 . PMID   23123910.
  11. ↑ Mansfield MJ, Doxey AC (June 2018). "Genomic insights into the evolution and ecology of botulinum neurotoxins". Pathogens and Disease. 76 (4). doi: 10.1093/femspd/fty040 . PMID   29684130.
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