Calico is a heavy plain-woven textile made from unbleached, and often not fully processed, cotton. It may also contain unseparated husk parts. The fabric is far coarser than muslin, but less coarse and thick than canvas or denim. However, it is still very cheap owing to its unfinished and undyed appearance.
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose, and can contain minor percentages of waxes, fats, pectins, and water. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds.
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a general trade embargo on all foreign nations that was enacted by the United States Congress. As a successor or replacement law for the 1806 Non-importation Act and passed as the Napoleonic Wars continued, it represented an escalation of attempts to persuade Britain to stop any impressment of American sailors and to respect American sovereignty and neutrality but also attempted to pressure France and other nations in the pursuit of general diplomatic and economic leverage.
The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialisation of textile manufacturing during the early Industrial Revolution. It was invented in 1764-1765 by James Hargreaves in Stan hill, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire in England.
Cotton Incorporated is a non-profit organization funded by cotton growers in the United States through per-bale assessments on producers and importers levied by the Cotton Board, which reports to the United States Department of Agriculture.
Byssinosis is an occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of cotton or jute dust in inadequately ventilated working environments and can develop over time with repeated exposure. Byssinosis commonly occurs in textile workers who are employed in yarn and fabric manufacture industries. It is now thought that the cotton dust directly causes the disease and some believe that the causative agents are endotoxins that come from the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria that grow on the cotton. Although bacterial endotoxin is a likely cause, the absence of similar symptoms in workers in other industries exposed to endotoxins makes this uncertain. Current smokers are also at risk for developing byssinosis or having complications relating to byssinosis.
The Eady Levy was a tax on box-office receipts in the United Kingdom, intended to support the British film industry. It was introduced in 1950 as a voluntary levy as part of the Eady plan, named after Sir Wilfred Eady, a Treasury official. The levy, paid into the British Film Production Fund, was made compulsory in 1957 and terminated in 1985.
Agrifutures Australia, formerly the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), is an Australian statutory corporation set up by the Australian Government in 1990 to help fund research and development in Australian rural industries.
The Fossil Fuel Levy (FFL) is a levy paid by suppliers of electricity from non-renewable energy sources in the United Kingdom. The costs are shared by the suppliers and consumers, as a proportion of the cost is passed on to consumers in the cost of the electricity supplied. The Fossil Fuel Levy was imposed to fund the Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation.
The Lancashire Cotton Corporation was a company set up by the Bank of England in 1929, to rescue the Lancashire spinning industry by means of horizontal rationalisation. In merged 105 companies, ending up in 1950 with 53 operating mills. It was bought up by Courtaulds in August 1964.
The Economy of Arizona had a total gross state product of $373 billion in 2020. The composition of the state's economy is moderately diverse; although health care, transportation and the government remain the largest sectors.
The Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners and Twiners, also known as the Amalgamation, was a trade union in the United Kingdom which existed between 1870 and 1970. It represented male mule spinners in the cotton industry.
The Cotton Board was an organisation to oversee the organisation, research, marketing and promoting the cotton textile industry mainly based in Lancashire and Glasgow. It existed from 1940, and as a statutory Industrial Development Board from 1948 to 1972, known in its last years as the Textile Council.
The Industrial Organisation and Development Act 1947 enabled the creation of industrial development boards with powers to raise levies from specific industrial sectors in the United Kingdom for co-ordinated action, particularly in research, marketing and industrial re-organisation. These Boards were to report to the Board of Trade and have equal representation from trades unions and employers alongside independent experts.
The Coco Levy Fund Scam was a controversy in the 1970s and 1980s in the Philippines involving former President Ferdinand Marcos and his cronies. It was alleged that Marcos, Danding Cojuangco, Juan Ponce Enrile, and others conspired to tax coconut farmers, promising them the development of the coconut industry and a share of the investments, but on the contrary used the collection fund for personal profit, particularly in the purchase of United Coconut Planters Bank (UCPB) and a majority stake in San Miguel Corporation (SMC), to name two.
Amraiwadi is an area located in Ahmedabad, India. [1] Amraiwadi is located in the eastern segment of the city, which has historically developed as an industrial area; since the beginning of the 20th century, the cotton textile mills were located there, and later the new industrial estates housing small-scale industries. While the cotton textile mills were typical Fordian welfare units, with an organized and well-paid labour force housed in employee housing, the small-scale industrial units were typically unorganized manufacturing. The textile mill housing was referred to as chawls, which are single-room dwelling units laid in a row and provided with standard water and sanitation facilities. East Ahmedabad is marked by such low-income housing units. The workers of the unorganized manufacturing units began to live in informal settlements, either developed as squatter settlements or informally subdivided private lands coming under various reservations of the city's Development Plan (DP) or for acquisition under the Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act (ULCRA),1976. Such settlements developed on a large scale in this segment because of the demand from this industrial working class, who typically desired a house close to their workplace. Such informal and squatter settlements developed on a large scale in the 1980s and 1990s. Amraiwadi lies in the eastern fringes of the city, which has historically developed as an industrial hub due to the emergence of cotton textile mills and other small-scale industries. Workers from unorganized manufacturing units began to live in squatter communities or informally partitioned private property that fell under various reservations of the city's Development Plan. Because of the demand from the industrial working class, who often preferred a house close to their place of employment, such settlements grew on a significant scale in this section. In the 1980s and 1990s, large-scale informal communities arose in Amraiwadi. Another significant phenomenon occurred during the late 1980s and early 1990s; the cotton textile mills went into decline and closed down. Nevertheless, their chawls remained and continued to house the former cotton textile mill workers. The parent unit, the textile mill, has closed down, and the residents of these chawls no longer being employees of the mills. The mill owners were not interested in maintaining such dwellings. Since these chawls were under rent control legislation, the owners could not increase the rent. The owners, therefore, did not renovate the chawls. A few chawl owners offered the occupants to purchase their dwelling units so that the former could get rid of the burden, and such transactions indeed took place in many chawls. From being one of the most crime-prone areas to becoming the industrial hub, Amraiwadi has seen quite a transformation. Amraiwadi is situated in the eastern segment of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Over the years, the industrial changes and formation of many small-scale industrial estates and commercial, residential and infrastructure development have transformed and reshaped Amralwadi. The area has historically developed as an industrial belt due to the emergence of cotton textile mills and other small-scale industries. With the growing developments around the area and the need to accelerate the pace of Industrialization in Gujarat, the Gujarat Industrial Development Act of 1962 came into force, and since then, Amraiwadi has seen a considerable transformation with industrial changes, transport, residential and commercial infrastructure development. The project focuses on the impact of Industrialization and its effects on choices of housing and transport.
The Horserace Betting Levy Board (HBLB), commonly abbreviated to the Levy Board, is a non-departmental public body of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport in the United Kingdom. It is a statutory body established by the Betting Levy Act 1961 and is now operating in accordance with the provisions of the Betting, Gaming and Lotteries Act 1963.
The South African Wool Board was constituted in 1946 as an independent and non-profit making statutory board under the Wool Act in response to the rapid rise synthetic replacements for natural wool fibre. It was wound up in 1997.
Steaming or artificial humidity was the process of injecting steam from boilers into cotton weaving sheds in Lancashire, England, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The intention was to prevent breakages in short-staple Indian Surat cotton which was introduced in 1862 during a blockade of American cotton at the time of the American Civil War. There was considerable concern about the health implications of steaming. Believed to cause ill health, this practice became the subject of much campaigning and investigation from the 1880s to the 1920s. A number of Acts of Parliament imposed modifications.
The Oldham Provincial Card and Blowing Room and Ring Frame Operatives' Association was a trade union representing cotton industry workers in Oldham, Lancashire, in England. Long the largest union in the industry, it played a leading role in establishing a regional federation of cardroom workers.
