Cyprus–NATO relations

Last updated

Cyprus – NATO relations
Cyprus NATO Locator Lambert.svg
Flag of NATO.svg
NATO 		Flag of Cyprus.svg
Cyprus
Map of NATO in Europe .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Members of NATO Membership Action Plan Intensified Dialogue Individual Partnership Action Plan Partnership for Peace Aspiring Partnership for Peace members NATO affiliations in Europe.svg
Map of NATO in Europe
NATO member countries Accession protocol signed Countries in the process of accession Countries promised invitations Membership is not the goal Countries have not announced their membership intentions NATO enlargement.svg

Cyprus is one of four European Union (EU) member states which is not a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the only one not to participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) program. [1] [2] [3] The others are Austria, Ireland and Malta.

Contents

Background

1949-1960: Period within NATO as a British crown colony

From the formation of NATO in 1949 until Cyprus gained its independence in 1960, the territory was a crown colony of the United Kingdom and as such the UK's NATO membership also applied to British Cyprus. [4] [5]

1960-2004: Independence and non-alignment

Flag map showing the current division of the island into the Republic of Cyprus, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus and the Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Flag map of Cyprus.png
Flag map showing the current division of the island into the Republic of Cyprus, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus and the Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus remained under British control as a British Overseas Territory following independence. [6] [7] [8] Neighbouring Greece and Turkey competed for influence in the newly independent Cyprus, with intercommunal rivalries and movements for union with Greece or partition and partial union with Turkey. [9] [10] [11] The first President of the independent Republic of Cyprus (1960–1977), Archbishop of Cyprus Makarios III, adopted a policy of non-alignment and took part in the 1961 founding meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement in Belgrade. [12] [13]

The 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus and the subsequent and ongoing dispute, in which Turkey continues to occupy Northern Cyprus, complicates Cyprus' relations with NATO. [14] [15] Any treaty concerning Cyprus' participation in NATO, either as a full member, PfP or Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, would likely be vetoed by Turkey, a full member of NATO, until the dispute is resolved. [16] NATO membership for a reunified Cyprus has been proposed as a solution to the question of security guarantees, given that all three of the current guarantors under the Treaty of Guarantee (1960) (Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom) are already NATO members. [17] [18]

Cyprus has historically followed a non-aligned foreign policy, although it increasingly identifies with the West in its cultural affinities and trade patterns, and maintains close relations with the rest of the European Union (including Greece), as well as Armenia, Lebanon, and Russia. [19] [20] [21]

The prime originator of Cypriot non-alignment was Archbishop of Cyprus Makarios III, the first President (1960–1977) of the independent republic of Cyprus. [22]

Intercommunal rivalries and movements for union with Greece or partial union with Turkey persuaded Makarios to steer clear of close affiliation with either side. In any case Cyprus became a high-profile member of the Non-Aligned Movement and retained its membership until its entry into the European Union in 2004. [23] [24] At the non-governmental level, Cyprus has also been a member of the popular extension of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organisation hosting high-level meetings. [25] [26]

Immediately after the 1974 coup d'état and the Turkish invasion, Makarios secured international recognition of his administration as the legitimate government of the whole island. This was disputed only by Turkey, which currently recognizes only the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, established in 1983. [27] [28]

Since the 1974 invasion, the chief aim of the foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus has been to secure the withdrawal of Turkish forces and the reunification of the island under the most favorable constitutional and territorial settlement possible. [29] [30] This campaign has been pursued primarily through international forums such as the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement, and in recent years through the European Union. [31] [32] [33]

2004-present: European Union membership

Accession of Cyprus to the European Union in 2004 European Union 15 Cyprus Locator (with internal borders).svg
Accession of Cyprus to the European Union in 2004
Map showing European membership of the EU and NATO EU member only NATO member only member of both EU and NATO.svg
Map showing European membership of the EU and NATO
  EU member only
  NATO member only
  member of both
Foreign Ministers of the European Union countries in Limassol during Cyprus Presidency of the EU in 2012 EU Foreign Ministers Gymnich Meeting in Cyprus. 7.-8. September 2012 (7954502290).jpg
Foreign Ministers of the European Union countries in Limassol during Cyprus Presidency of the EU in 2012

One of the requirements of the 2004 enlargement of the European Union was for Cyprus to leave the Non-Aligned Movement. [34]

Cyprus is one out of four European Union (EU) member states outside the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the only one not to participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) program. [35] [1] [36]

Since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, the EU mutual solidarity clause applies to Cyprus along with other EU member states: [37] [38]

If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States. [...]

—  Article 42.7 of the consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union

Article 42.2 specifies however that NATO shall be the main forum for the implementation of collective self-defence for EU member states that are also NATO members. [39] The other EU member states that are outside NATO resort to the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP, which has a much smaller structures and capabilities than NATO's command structure) for the implementation of collective self-defence are Austria, Ireland, and Malta.[ citation needed ]

In May 2022, Cyprus Defence Minister, Charalambos Petrides, confirmed that the country would not apply to NATO despite the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [40]

Attempts to join the Partnership for Peace

The Parliament of Cyprus voted in February 2011 to apply for membership of NATO's Partnership for Peace programme. President Demetris Christofias vetoed the decision however, as it would hamper his attempts to negotiate an end to the Cyprus dispute and demilitarize the island. [41] [42] Turkey, a full member of NATO, is likely to veto any attempt by Cyprus to engage with NATO until the dispute is resolved. [43] The winner of Cyprus' presidential election in February 2013, Nicos Anastasiades, stated that he intended to apply for membership in the PfP program soon after taking over. [44] [45] His foreign minister and successor Nicos Christodoulides dismissed Cypriot membership of NATO or Partnership for Peace, preferring to keep Cyprus’ foreign and defence affairs within the framework of the EU, i.e. the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). [46] [47]

Cyprus's foreign relations with NATO member states

Since NATO member Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey does not recognize the government of the Republic of Cyprus, Cyprus does not have diplomatic relations with Turkey.

See also

NATO relations of other EU member states outside NATO:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NATO</span> Intergovernmental military alliance

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949. NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. The organization's motto is animus in consulendo liber. The organization's strategic concepts include deterrence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyprus problem</span> Dispute between Greek and Turkish Cypriots

The Cyprus problem, also known as the Cyprus conflict, Cyprus issue, Cyprus dispute, or Cyprus question, is an ongoing dispute between the Greek Cypriot community which runs the Republic of Cyprus and the Turkish Cypriot community in the north of the island, where troops of the Republic of Turkey are deployed. This dispute is an example of a protracted social conflict. The Cyprus dispute's causes stem from ethnic Greek nationalist ideology, Greek-Cypriot sentiment, the Megali Idea and Enosis, and some of the ethnic Turkish peoples' desire for the partition of the island of Cyprus through Taksim as a means of protection of their people by what they considered to be the threat of Greek-Cypriots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Makarios III</span> Greek Cypriot politician and archbishop (1913–1977)

Makarios III was a Greek Cypriot archbishop, primate, statesman and politician, who served as the first President of Cyprus between 1960 and 1977. He was also the Archbishop of the autocephalous Church of Cyprus from 1950 to 1977.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Partnership for Peace</span> Intergovernmental organization

The Partnership for Peace is a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) program aimed at creating trust and cooperation between the member states of NATO and other states mostly in Europe, including post-Soviet states; 18 states are members. The program contains 6 areas of cooperation, which aims to build relationships with partners through military-to-military cooperation on training, exercises, disaster planning and response, science and environmental issues, professionalization, policy planning, and relations with civilian government. During policy negotiations in the 1990s, a primary controversy regarding PfP was its ability to be interpreted as a program that is a stepping stone for joining NATO with full Article 5 guarantees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</span> 1974 military conflict in Cyprus

The Turkish invasion of Cyprus began on 20 July 1974 and progressed in two phases over the following month. Taking place upon a background of intercommunal violence between Greek and Turkish Cypriots, and in response to a Greek junta-sponsored Cypriot coup d'état five days earlier, it led to the Turkish capture and occupation of the northern part of the island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georgia–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

Georgia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) enjoy cordial relations. Georgia is not currently a member of NATO, but has been promised by NATO to be admitted in the future.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Balkan Pact (1953)</span> 1953 Greek-Turkish-Yugoslav cooperation treaty

The Balkan Pact of 1953, officially known as the Agreement of Friendship and Cooperation, was a treaty signed by Greece, Turkey and Yugoslavia on 28 February 1953. It was signed in Ankara. The treaty was to act as a deterrence against Soviet expansion in the Balkans and provided for the eventual creation of a joint military staff for the three countries. When the pact was created and signed, Turkey and Greece had been members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) for a year, having both joined on 18 February 1952, while Yugoslavia was a socialist non-aligned state that later became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. The Balkan Pact allowed Yugoslavia to associate itself with NATO indirectly on geopolitical affairs. In October 1954, Israel showed some interest in joining the alliance in expectation that Yugoslavia could mediate in development of the Egypt–Israel relations. However, Israel never ended up joining the alliance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enlargement of NATO</span> Collective geopolitical action by NATO states

NATO is a military alliance of thirty-two European and North American countries that constitutes a system of collective defense. The process of joining the alliance is governed by Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which allows for the invitation of "other European States" only and by subsequent agreements. Countries wishing to join must meet certain requirements and complete a multi-step process involving political dialog and military integration. The accession process is overseen by the North Atlantic Council, NATO's governing body. NATO was formed in 1949 with twelve founding members and has added new members ten times. The first additions were Greece and Turkey in 1952. In May 1955, West Germany joined NATO, which was one of the conditions agreed to as part of the end of the country's occupation by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own collective security alliance later that month. Following the end of the Franco regime, newly democratic Spain chose to join NATO in 1982.

The Akritas plan, was an inside document of the Greek Cypriot secret organisation of EOK that was authored in 1963 and was revealed to the public in 1966. It entailed the weakening of the Turkish Cypriots in the government of Cyprus and then uniting (enosis) Cyprus with Greece. According to Turkish Cypriots, the plan was a "blueprint to genocide", but Greek Cypriots claimed that it was rather a “defensive plan”.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Albania–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

The accession of Albania to NATO took place in 2009. Albania's relationship with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) began in 1992 when it joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. In 1994, it entered NATO's Partnership for Peace, which began Albania's process of accession into the alliance. In 1999, the country received a Membership Action Plan (MAP). The country received an invitation to join at the 2008 Bucharest Summit and became a full member on April 1, 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of NATO</span> Overview of multilateral relations

NATO maintains foreign relations with many non-member countries across the globe. NATO runs a number of programs which provide a framework for the partnerships between itself and these non-member nations, typically based on that country's location. These include the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the Partnership for Peace.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ireland–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

Ireland and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have had a formal relationship since 1999, when Ireland joined as a member of the NATO Partnership for Peace (PfP) program and signed up to NATO's Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). To date, Ireland has not sought to become a member of NATO due to its traditional policy of military neutrality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkey–European Union relations</span> Relations with Turkey and the European Union

Relations between the European Union (EU) and Turkey were established in 1959, and the institutional framework was formalized with the 1963 Ankara Agreement. Albeit not officially part of the European Union, Turkey is one of the EU's main partners and both are members of the European Union–Turkey Customs Union. Turkey borders two EU member states: Bulgaria and Greece.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Withdrawal from NATO</span> Legal process of Article 13 of the North Atlantic Treaty

Withdrawal from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is the legal and political process whereby a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation withdraws from the North Atlantic Treaty, and thus the country in question ceases to be a member of NATO. The formal process is stated in article 13 of the Treaty. This says that any country that wants to leave must send the United States a "notice of denunciation", which the U.S. would then pass on to the other Allies. After a one-year waiting period, the country that wants to leave would be out.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European Union–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

The European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) are two main treaty-based Western organisations for cooperation between member states, both headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. Their natures are different and they operate in different spheres: NATO is a purely intergovernmental organisation functioning as a military alliance, which serves to implement article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty on collective territorial defence. The EU on the other hand is a partly supranational and partly intergovernmental sui generis entity akin to a confederation that entails wider economic and political integration. Unlike NATO, the EU pursues a foreign policy in its own right—based on consensus, and member states have equipped it with tools in the field of defence and crisis management; the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) structure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Armenia–NATO relations</span> Armenias relations with NATO

Armenia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have maintained a formal relationship since 1992, when Armenia joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Armenia officially established bilateral relations with NATO in 1994 when it became a member of NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme. In 2002, Armenia became an Associate Member of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyprus and the Non-Aligned Movement</span>

Mediterranean island country of Cyprus was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement with Makarios III attending the 1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia in 1961, just one year after the Cypriot independence. Membership in the movement was perceived as one of two major foreign-policy alternatives with the first one being formal membership in NATO at least nominally supported by both Greece and Turkey in the initial period after the London and Zürich Agreements and second one being pro-western participation in Non-Aligned Movement where United Kingdom and United States preferred this option at least until 1963.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Austria–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

Austria and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have a close relationship. Austria with Ireland, Cyprus and Malta are the only members of the European Union that are not members of NATO. Austria has had formal relations with NATO since 1995, when it joined the Partnership for Peace programme.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malta–NATO relations</span> Bilateral relations

Malta and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have a close relationship. Malta is one of four members of the European Union that are not members of NATO, the others being Austria, Cyprus and Ireland. Malta has had formal relations with NATO since 1995, when it joined the Partnership for Peace programme. While it withdrew in 1996, it rejoined as a member in 2008.

The New Jersey–Cyprus National Guard Partnership is one of 25 European partnerships that make-up the U.S. European Command State Partnership Program and one of 88 worldwide partnerships that make-up the National Guard State Partnership Program

References

  1. 1 2 "What 6 countries are not in NATO?".[ permanent dead link ]
  2. ↑ Wemer, David (1 April 2019). "NATO membership for Cyprus. Yes, Cyprus". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  3. ↑ Canada, NATO Association of. "Partners for Peace?: Cyprus, NATO and the EU". NAOC. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  4. ↑ "On this day 16th August | Royal Signals Museum" . Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  5. ↑ Smith, Helena (9 May 2022). "Deal allows Cyprus to develop land in British sovereign base areas". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  6. ↑ "Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas". UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  7. ↑ "Αυτοί είναι οι χάρτες των πολεοδομικών ζωνών στις Βάσεις (Pdf)". www.brief.com.cy. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  8. ↑ "Οι βρετανικές βάσεις στην Κύπρο". NGradio.gr (in Greek). 31 July 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  9. ↑ "US. JOINS BRITAIN IN MOVE TO SEND FORCE TO CYPRUS; Turkey Assents and Greece Is Reported Agreeable to NATO Peace Unit". The New York Times. 1 February 1964. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  10. ↑ "Greece Withdrawing Units From NATO to Aid Cyprus". The New York Times. 18 August 1964. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  11. ↑ "55 χρόνια από τους βομβαρδισμούς της Τηλλυρίας". euronews (in Greek). 8 August 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  12. ↑ Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis (2005). "Cyprus at the Crossroads, 1959–63". European History Quarterly . 35 (4): 523–540. doi:10.1177/0265691405056875. S2CID   143884601.
  13. ↑ "Belgrade, The 1961 Non-Aligned Conference | Global South Studies, U.Va". globalsouthstudies.as.virginia.edu. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  14. ↑ "NATO Is Viewed as Weakened by the War on Cyprus". The New York Times. 13 August 1974. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  15. ↑ Sullivan, Jack (28 January 2023). "Only America Can Resolve the Cyprus Question". FDD. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  16. ↑ Dempsey, Judy (24 November 2010). "Between the European Union and NATO, Many Walls". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  17. ↑ "NATO membership for Cyprus. Yes, Cyprus". Atlantic Council. 1 April 2019. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  18. ↑ Wrießnig, Thomas. "Cyprus, Is one of the oldest conflicts about to be resolved?" (PDF).
  19. ↑ "Αναστασιάδης: Δεν θα μπορούσαμε εμείς να είμαστε το στίγμα της Ευρώπης". euronews (in Greek). 19 January 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  20. ↑ Έλλις, Αθανάσιος. "Νίκος Αναστασιάδης στην "Κ": Η Κύπρος, αξιόπιστος εταίρος της Δύσης". www.kathimerini.gr. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  21. ↑ Sigmalive. "ΠτΔ: Στενή η σχέση ανάμεσα σε Κύπρο και Λίβανο | News". www.sigmalive.com. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  22. ↑ Newsroom. "Makarios: Charismatic leader or architect of catastrophe? | eKathimerini.com". www.ekathimerini.com. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  23. ↑ "Cyprus and the EU – High Commission of Cyprus in the UK" . Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  24. ↑ "Cyprus and the EU". University of Nicosia Library. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  25. ↑ "Afro-Asian organisations: The Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation, Executive Committee meeting in Cyprus, 10-12 September 1963".
  26. ↑ Session, Permanent Organization for Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Council (1968). The Eighth Session of the Council of the Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation: 13-16 February 1967 : Nicosia (Cyprus) : a Brief Report.
  27. ↑ "The Moral Grounds for the EU's Obligation to End the Occupation of Northern Cyprus (ARI)". Elcano Royal Institute. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  28. ↑ "Cyprus country profile". BBC News. 1 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  29. ↑ webteam (11 July 2017). ""Δίκαιη και βιώσιμη λύση του Κυπριακού συνεπάγεται κατάργηση εγγυήσεων και αποχώρηση των κατοχικών στρατευμάτων" | Ελληνική Κυβέρνηση" (in Greek). Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  30. ↑ "Επιμονή σε λύση του Κυπριακού χωρίς εγγυήσεις και στρατό κατοχής". www.brief.com.cy. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  31. ↑ "Προεργασίες Χριστοδουλίδη για ενεργό εμπλοκή της ΕΕ στο Κυπριακό". Ant1live.
  32. ↑ "Βλέπει θετικά ο Στιούαρτ την εμπλοκή ΕΕ στο Κυπριακό | Offsite". www.offsite.com.cy. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  33. ↑ "Πολιτικές προσωπικότητες της ΕΕ για εμπλοκή στο Κυπριακό". Stockwatch - Παράθυρο στην Οικονομία (in Greek). 7 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  34. ↑ Ker-Lindsay, James. "Shifting alignments: the external orientation of Cyprus since independence" (PDF). London School of Economics . 22 (2): 68.
  35. ↑ MATSAKIS, Marios. "Parliamentary question | Cyprus and Partnership for Peace (PfP) | E-0571/2009 | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  36. ↑ Tidey, Alice (24 May 2022). "As Sweden and Finland seek to join NATO, just 4 EU states could be left out of the alliance". euronews. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  37. ↑ "Cyprus ratifies Lisbon treaty". POLITICO. 4 July 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  38. ↑ "Understanding the Lisbon Treaty". www.robert-schuman.eu. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  39. ↑ "Mutual defence clause (Article 42.7 TEU)" (PDF).
  40. ↑ "Cyprus will not apply for Nato membership at the moment def minister says". Daily Cyprus. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  41. ↑ "Cypriot parliament votes to join NATO's Partnership for Peace". SETimes. 25 February 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  42. ↑ "Cyprus - Vouli Antiprosopon (House of Representatives)". Inter-Parliamentary Union . Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  43. ↑ Dempsey, Judy (24 November 2012). "Between the European Union and NATO, Many Walls". New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  44. ↑ Kambas, Michele; Babington, Deepa (24 February 2013). "Cypriot conservative romps to presidential victory". Reuters. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  45. ↑ "Cypriots elect Anastasiades to presidency". POLITICO. 27 February 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  46. ↑ "Cyprus dismisses reports on NATO scenarios". KNEWS - Kathimerini Cyprus. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  47. ↑ Solutions, BDigital Web. "Cyprus dismisses reports on NATO scenarios". knews.com.cy. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.