David Duke 1988 presidential campaign

Last updated

David Duke For President Committee
David Duke 1988 presidential campaign logo.png
Campaign 1988 United States presidential election (Democratic primaries)
Candidate David Duke
Floyd Parker
Affiliation Populist Party (after March 1988)
Democratic Party (before March 1988)
StatusAnnounced: June 8, 1987
Won nomination: March 13, 1988
Lost election: November 8, 1988
Key peopleRalph Forbes (campaign manager) [1]
Pauline Mackey (treasurer) [2]
Receipts US$575,035.00 [3] (1988-12-31)

In 1988, David Duke unsuccessfully ran for the presidency of the United States. Duke, a perennial Democratic candidate and Grand Wizard in the Ku Klux Klan announced his intention to seek Democratic nomination for 1988 presidential election on June 8, 1987.

Contents

Duke faced opposition from the Democratic Party and appeared on the primary ballot only in a few states. Duke was excluded from the primary debates and lost multiple lawsuits regarding his debate inclusion. His best performance in the Democratic primaries was 3.74% of the popular vote in the Louisiana primary although he did win the New Hampshire vice-presidential primary, but he had mistakenly filed for the vice-presidential primary believing that it had binding delegates.

Duke switched parties and became the presidential candidate for the Populist Party after former Representative George V. Hansen had rejected the party's nomination. Bo Gritz was initially selected to serve as his vice-presidential running mate, but withdrew as he had been told that Representative James Traficant was given the presidential nomination not Duke. Floyd Parker was selected to replace Gritz as Duke's running mate. Duke received 47,047 votes in the general election worth 0.05% of the popular vote.

After his presidential campaign Duke joined the Republican Party and was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives. He ran for United States Senate as a Republican in 1990, 1996, and 2016. He also ran in the 1991 gubernatorial election and in the 1999 special election in Louisiana's 1st congressional district. Duke later stood as Republican presidential candidate in 1992.

Campaign

Background

David Duke became the Grand Wizard of the white supremacist Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in 1974 and held the position until 1980. He ran for a seat in the Louisiana State Senate in 1975 and 1979, but lost both times. He left the Ku Klux Klan in 1980, after he was accused of trying to sell the organization's mailing list for $35,000. He founded the National Association for the Advancement of White People and served as its president after leaving the Klan. [4] [5]

He ran for the Democratic presidential nomination during the 1980 presidential election. Despite being six years younger than the required 35 years of age to run for president, Duke attempted to place his name onto the ballot in twelve states stating that he wanted to be a power broker who could "select issues and form a platform representing the majority of this country" at the Democratic National Convention. [6] [7]

Announcement

On June 8, 1987, Duke, standing beside around thirty supporters, announced on the steps of the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, Georgia, that he would run for the Democratic nomination for president. [8] [9] Duke had attempted to announce his campaign at two Atlanta hotels, but his reservation at both were cancelled as the hotel management stated that his appearance posed a threat to their safety. [10] His candidacy was attacked with Paul G. Kirk, the Democratic National Committee chairman, stating that Duke's attempt at the party's nomination was "fraud on the process and the public", and that they would attempt to prevent him from gaining primary ballot access. Kirk compared Duke's candidacy to that of Lyndon LaRouche's many attempts at the Democratic nomination and how the Democratic Party had fought against LaRouche during his presidential campaigns as well. [11] [12]

Democratic primaries

Duke yelled at Republican presidential candidate Jack Kemp after he filed to run in the New Hampshire presidential primary. Jack Kemp official portrait.jpg
Duke yelled at Republican presidential candidate Jack Kemp after he filed to run in the New Hampshire presidential primary.

Shortly after his announcement Duke appeared on an Atlanta WSGT radio station which caused multiple protests around the station and call-ins meant to disrupt the radio station. [13] A week later he pleaded no contest to a misdemeanor charge of obstruction of a roadway from when he was involved in an incident during a civil rights march in Forsyth County in January. [14]

Duke and Representative Pat Schroeder were excluded from a primary debate hosted on Firing Line and sponsored by PBS. [15] He filed a lawsuit in US district court claiming that he was unfairly excluded from the debate, but it was rejected by Judge Gabrielle Kirk McDonald who stated that Duke had failed to pursue his lawsuit after filing it. [16] [17] When he was excluded from a debate hosted at Tulane University, he filed a lawsuit, but lost in two federal court cases and the 5th US Circuit Court of Appeals refused to stop the debate until Duke pressed his lawsuit further. [18] He filed another lawsuit against the Democratic Party for not allowing him to participate at the debate at Tulane University stating that his right to freedom of speech was violated which was worth $100 million due to his demands of $10,000 for every registered Democratic voter in Louisiana, $1 million for his presidential committee, and $10,000 for each day he was denied "his candidacy equal rights". However, it was dismissed by a New Orleans federal judge in March 1988. [19] [20]

When Duke registered to appear on the New Hampshire presidential primary ballot, he attempted to hold two press conferences at the New Hampshire State House, but both failed due to a lack of media coverage. Republican presidential candidate Jack Kemp registered to appear on the ballot, becoming the first major candidate to do so, and held a press conference. Duke yelled "What are you going to do to end the massive racial discrimination against white people in America? When are you going to end affirmative action, which is a racial program discriminating against white people?" at Kemp while he was attempting to leave the room. Kemp told Duke that "I'm not a racist and I don't appreciate you asking!". Afterwards Duke held another press conference which received media coverage. [21] [22]

Duke attempted to speak before the Oklahoma Senate, but Senate President Pro Tempore Robert V. Cullison stated that Duke needed to be a bona fide candidate, which Cullison stated he was, have a senator sponsor him, and receive unanimous consent to speak. Senator Vicki Miles-LaGrange, one of two black members of the Oklahoma Senate, stated that Duke could probably find a sponsor in the Senate, but would not receive unanimous consent. Another presidential candidate, Stephen Koczak, attempted to speak before the Oklahoma Senate, but did not receive unanimous consent as multiple senators mistook Koczak for Duke. Koczak later spoke before the Oklahoma House of Representatives. [23] [24]

He appeared on the Democratic primary ballot in Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, Texas, and West Virginia. [25] Duke appeared on the ballot in both the New Hampshire presidential and vice-presidential primaries which he paid $2,000 for. He placed twelfth in the presidential primary with 264 votes, behind Michael Dukakis' winning 44,112 votes, but won the vice-presidential primary with 10,531 votes for 99.69% of the popular vote. [26] [27] He had been the only candidate to file for the vice-presidential primary and did so by mistake as he believed the vice-presidential primary had binding delegates. [28]

Duke did not appear on the ballot in Florida due to the Presidential selection Committee and Charles Whitehead, the chair of the Florida Democratic Party, stating that he was a frivolous candidate. [29] His campaign manager Ralph Forbes attempted to pay the $2,000 filing fee for Duke to appear on the Alabama primary ballot, but arrived at the Alabama Democratic Party's headquarters at 5:15 p.m. which was fifteen minutes after the deadline. [30]

Duke, a white supremacist, opposed civil rights activist Jesse Jackson and led a Sunshine Coalition in opposition to Jackson's Rainbow Coalition. [31] Duke lost in his home state of Louisiana to Jackson where he only received 4% of the vote. [32] Jackson stated that "it would be devastating for the United States if he became president." [33]

Populist Party

On March 7, 1987, Duke gave a speech at the Populist Party National Committee in Sewickly, Pennsylvania, in which he said "This was the largest pro-white demonstration I've ever seen," in regards to the 3,000 people there and "There are going to be tremendous opportunities to take this country back for the founding majority". [34] On September 6, 1987, twenty-five state delegations met at the Populist Party's national convention and selected former Representative George V. Hansen, who was serving a prison sentence until October 1987, to serve as their presidential nominee and Hubert Patty to serve as their vice-presidential nominee. However, Hansen stated on August 31, that he would not accept the nomination. He stated that he wouldn't seek the presidency outside of the major parties and that there was no honor in running "some kind of abortive effort". [35] Hansen rejected the party's presidential nomination on November 11. [36]

On March 13, Duke won the presidential nomination of the Populist Party and the party gave its vice-presidential nomination to Bo Gritz. [37] However, Gritz would later withdraw on March 31, stating that he had been told that Representative James Traficant had been given the presidential nomination. Gritz was replaced as the vice-presidential nominee by Floyd Parker. [38] [39] Duke had managed to take the nomination due to the Populist Party's financial and organizational failures at the time which caused him to run unopposed after all of his opponents had already withdrawn from the race. [34]

Arkansas initially refused to allow Duke onto the general election ballot due to sore loser laws as he had run in the Arkansas Democratic primary, but later allowed him onto the ballot. [40] On September 27, 1988, he was removed from a Paramus restaurant by its owner after making an unannounced campaign event where he was to debate a Libertarian Party member at it after another restaurant cancelled his event after learning about him. [41]

Platform

Economics

The platform of the Populist Party called for the repealing of the income tax and the abolition of the Federal Reserve. Duke supported mandatory birth control for welfare recipients as it would give them incentive to have less children. [42] He supported the creation of a flat tax of 10% and supported the abolition of the Internal Revenue Service. [43]

Foreign policy

Duke supported apartheid in South Africa stating that "even the blacks there have infinitely more rights than the blacks on the rest of the African continent" and that he believed that apartheid was the only system in that could be used in South Africa for the country to "still operate, to function, to survive". He also wanted to end all sanctions against South Africa. [33] [44] Duke believed that the United States should be neutral towards Israel, asserting that the United States' alliance with Israel had "damaged our country terribly" and that the alliance had "pushed the Arabs into the arms of the communists". [43] Duke supported the blockade to Nicaragua and the aid to the Contras. He also supported the Strategic Defense Initiative. [44]

Racism and equality

Duke opposed affirmative action stating that "white people face the most intensive racial discrimination literally in the last 100 years". He also opposed desegregation busing stating that "we have white children sent to these crime-filled, racist, drug-laden environments". Duke stated about racism that "if you define a racist as a person who simply loves his own people and wants to preserve his own heritage and his own values, then I would say that I was one". [33] Duke also stated that desegregation busing and affirmative action caused a "terrible decline" in America's educational system. [42]

The platform of the Populist Party called for the rejection of the Equal Rights Amendment and opposed rights for gay people. The platform also called for repealing the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. [42] Duke stated that illegal immigrants brought 40-60% of illegal drugs to the United States. [43] Duke stated that "the homosexual lobby is preventing a frank discussion of AIDS and appropriate steps to suppress the epidemic". [44]

Aftermath

On December 5, 1988, Duke changed his political affiliation to Republican and ran in a special election for a seat in the Louisiana House of Representatives, which he won on February 18, 1989. [45] Duke later ran for United States Senate as a Republican in Louisiana in the 1990, 1996, and 2016 elections. [46] [47] [48] He also ran in the 1991 Louisiana gubernatorial election and in the 1999 special election in Louisiana's 1st congressional district to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Representative Bob Livingston. [31] [49]

On December 4, 1991, Duke announced that he would seek the Republican presidential nomination against incumbent President George H. W. Bush during the 1992 presidential election. [50] He initially considered launching an independent third-party presidential campaign using the Republican primary as a springboard, but chose not to continue his campaign after he dropped out of the Republican primaries on April 19, 1992, stating that "Perot's candidacy would preclude other third-party candidacies". [51] During the primary campaign he had won 119,115 votes worth 0.94% of the popular vote. [52]

Campaign finance

CandidateCampaign committee
RaisedTotal contrib.Ind. contrib.Pres. pub. fundsCom. trans.LoansTotal off. to exp.SpentCOHOwed ByOwed To
David Duke [3] $575,035.00$989,894.00$518,942.00$610,850.00$31,884.00$39,550$270,792.00$573,437.00$1,598.00$3,849,567.07$39,160.00

Results

Duke received 47,047 votes from twenty states with his best results coming from the southern states. He came third in place in states like Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Mississippi. [53]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 United States presidential election</span> American election

The 1992 United States presidential election was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1992. Democratic governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas defeated incumbent Republican president George H. W. Bush and independent businessman Ross Perot of Texas. The election marked the beginning of a period of Democratic dominance and the end of a period of Republican dominance in American presidential politics that began in 1968, and also marked the end of 12 years of Republican rule of the White House, as well as the end of the Greatest Generation's 32-year American rule and the beginning of the baby boomers' decades-long dominance lasting through the present day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1988 United States presidential election</span> American election

The 1988 United States presidential election was the 51st quadrennial presidential election held on Tuesday, November 8, 1988. In what was the third consecutive landslide election for the Republican Party, their ticket of incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush and Indiana senator Dan Quayle defeated the Democratic ticket of Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis and Texas senator Lloyd Bentsen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1904 United States presidential election</span>

The 1904 United States presidential election was the 30th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1904. Incumbent Republican President Theodore Roosevelt defeated the conservative Democratic nominee, Alton B. Parker. Roosevelt's victory made him the first president who ascended to the presidency upon the death of his predecessor to win a full term in his own right. This was also the second presidential election in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state; the others have been in 1860, 1920, 1940, 1944, and 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1908 United States presidential election</span>

The 1908 United States presidential election was the 31st quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1908. Republican Party nominee William Howard Taft defeated threetime Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan. Incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt honored his promise not to seek a third term, and persuaded his close friend, Taft, to become his successor. With Roosevelt's support, Taft won the presidential nomination at the 1908 Republican National Convention on the first ballot. The Democratic Party nominated Bryan, who had been defeated twice previously, in 1896 and 1900, by Republican William McKinley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fielding L. Wright</span> American politician (1895–1956)

Fielding Lewis Wright was an American politician who served as the 19th lieutenant governor and 49th and 50th governor of Mississippi. During the 1948 presidential election he served as the vice presidential nominee of the States' Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrats) alongside presidential nominee Strom Thurmond. During his political career he fought to maintain racial segregation, fighting with President Harry S. Truman over civil rights legislation, and holding other racist views.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Independent Party</span> Political party in the United States

The American Independent Party (AIP) is an American political party that was established in 1967. The American Independent Party is best known for its nomination of Democratic then-former Governor George Wallace of Alabama, who carried five states in the 1968 presidential election running against Richard Nixon and Hubert Humphrey on a populist, hard-line anti-Communist, pro-"law and order" platform, appealing to working-class white voters. Wallace was best known for his staunch segregationist stances. In 1976, the party split into the modern American Independent Party and the American Party. From 1992 until 2008, the party was the California affiliate of the national Constitution Party. Its exit from the Constitution Party led to a leadership dispute during the 2008 election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andre Marrou</span> American politician (born 1938)

Andrew Verne Marrou is an American politician who served in the Alaska House of Representatives from the 5th district as a member of the Libertarian Party from 1985 to 1987. He was the Libertarian vice-presidential nominee in the 1988 election and presidential nominee in the 1992 election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Duke</span> American white supremacist (born 1950)

David Ernest Duke is an American politician, neo-Nazi, conspiracy theorist, and former grand wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. From 1989 to 1992, he was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for the Republican Party. His politics and writings are largely devoted to promoting conspiracy theories about Jews, such as Holocaust denial and Jewish control of academia, the press, and the financial system. In 2013, the Anti-Defamation League called Duke "perhaps America's most well-known racist and anti-Semite".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buddy Roemer</span> American politician (1943–2021)

Charles Elson "Buddy" Roemer III was an American politician, investor, and banker who served as the 52nd governor of Louisiana from 1988 to 1992, and as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 1988. In March 1991, while serving as governor, Roemer switched affiliation from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party.

Earl Farwell Dodge Jr. was an American politician who served as the Prohibition Party's chairman and presidential candidate from the 1984 to 2000 presidential elections and later ran with the nomination of his own faction during the 2004 presidential election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ralph Nader 2004 presidential campaign</span> American political campaign

The 2004 presidential campaign of Ralph Nader, political activist, author, lecturer and attorney began on February 23, 2004. This was Nader's third presidential campaign, having run in 1996 and 2000 campaign as the candidate for the Green Party; in 2004 he ran as an independent candidate. Nader won the 2002 endorsement of the Reform Party USA, and thus appeared on the ballot as the Reform Party candidate in several states. In some states, Nader was on the ballot as an independent candidate, while in other states, Nader was deemed not to have met the requirements for ballot access.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas Applegate</span> American politician (1928–2021)

Douglas Earl Applegate was an American politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from Ohio's 18th congressional district from 1977 to 1995, as a member of the Democratic Party. Prior to his tenure in the United States House of Representatives he served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1961 to 1968, and in the Ohio Senate from 1969 to 1974.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Libertarian Party of New Hampshire</span> State affiliate of the Libertarian Party

The Libertarian Party of New Hampshire (LPNH) is the New Hampshire affiliate of the national Libertarian Party (LP). Active since its foundation in 1972, it is the third-largest political party in the state having had multiple members elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives as well as being ballot-qualified multiple times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 Republican Party presidential primaries</span> Selection of Republican US presidential candidate

Presidential primaries and caucuses of the Republican Party took place within all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia between February 18 to June 9, 1992. The contests chose the 2,277 delegates sent to the national convention in Houston, Texas from August 17 to August 20, 1992, who selected the Republican Party's nominees for president and vice president in the 1992 United States presidential election and approved the party's platform. President George H. W. Bush was again selected as the nominee. The Republican ticket of President Bush and Vice President Dan Quayle went on to lose the general election to the Democratic ticket of Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton and Tennessee Senator Al Gore.

Bill Clinton served as the 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001) and as the 40th and 42nd governor of Arkansas. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton first ran for a public office in 1974, competing in the congressional election for Arkansas's 3rd congressional district. After narrowly losing to incumbent representative John Paul Hammerschmidt, he ran for the office of Arkansas Attorney General in 1976. He won the Democratic primary comfortably, receiving over 55% of the popular vote. Witnessing his strong support during the primaries, Republicans did not nominate a candidate to run against him. Clinton won the general election unopposed. His experience as the attorney general was considered a natural "stepping-stone" to the governorship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arizona Libertarian Party</span> State affiliate of the Libertarian Party

The Arizona Libertarian Party (AZLP) is the Arizona affiliate of the national Libertarian Party (LP) and has been active since its foundation on October 7, 1972.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alaska Libertarian Party</span> State affiliate of the Libertarian Party

The Libertarian Party of Alaska is the affiliate of the Libertarian Party (LP) in Alaska, headquartered in Anchorage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont</span>

The 1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont was held on November 8, 1988. Republican nominee Peter Plympton Smith defeated Independent candidate Bernie Sanders and Democratic nominee Paul N. Poirier.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Duke 1992 presidential campaign</span> American presidential campaign

The 1992 presidential campaign of David Duke, a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives who had unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1980 presidential election and 1988 presidential election, was formally launched on December 4, 1991, as Duke announced his intention to seek the Republican Party nomination for the presidency of the United States in the 1992 presidential election.

References

  1. ↑ "Republican Party Invaded Again" (PDF). Ballot Access News . June 26, 1990. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2021.
  2. ↑ "David Duke treasurer". The Daily Advertiser . March 5, 1988. p. 27. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. 1 2 "Duke, David". Federal Election Commission . January 1983. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  4. ↑ "Duke: The Ex-Nazi Who Would Be Governor". The New York Times . November 10, 1991. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021.
  5. ↑ "From Klan: Rival Says Duke's Resignation Forced". The Daily Advertiser . July 24, 1980. p. 1. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ↑ "Duke to run". The Times . May 21, 1979. p. 10. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ↑ "Ku Klux Klansman egged on Alexandria street". The Times . June 23, 1979. p. 4. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ↑ "Former KKK leader running for president". The Morning Call . June 10, 1987. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ↑ "Ex-Klan leader moves campaign kickoff to Atlanta". Alabama Journal . June 9, 1987. p. 6. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ↑ "Ex-Klan leader seeking presidency". The Greenville News . June 9, 1987. p. 10. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ↑ "Democratic chairman attacks Duke bid; Former Klansman runs for president". Bennington Banner . June 10, 1987. p. 14. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ "David Duke" (PDF). Ballot Access News . June 13, 1987. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2020.
  13. ↑ "Democratic Klandidate". The Atlanta Voice . June 20, 1987. p. 12. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ↑ "Duke pleads no contest to Forsyth charge". The Atlanta Constitution . June 23, 1987. p. 34. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ↑ "Exclusion from debate upsets lawmaker, writer". Fort Worth Star-Telegram . July 1, 1987. p. 38. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ↑ "David Duke files suit". Shreveport Journal . July 2, 1987. p. 17. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ↑ "Judge throws out suit by former Klan leader". Fort Worth Star-Telegram . December 6, 1987. p. 27. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ↑ "Democratic hopefuls favor minimum wage rise". Asbury Park Press . November 3, 1987. p. 8. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ↑ "Supremacist sues to be in debate of Democrats". Tampa Bay Times . November 1, 1987. p. 5. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ↑ "Suit by David Duke dismissed". Abbeville Meridional. March 11, 1988. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ↑ "Kemp, fringe candidate clash over racism". Springfield News-Leader . December 5, 1987. p. 3. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ↑ "Minor New Hampshire candidates are mostly looking for legitimacy". Lebanon Daily News . December 27, 1987. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ↑ "Ex-KKK leader seeks Senate time". Sapulpa Daily Herald . February 26, 1988. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ↑ "KKK Activist Seeks Senate Floor". The Daily Oklahoman . February 27, 1988. p. 7. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ↑ "Democratic Outsiders" (PDF). Ballot Access News . February 24, 1988. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2021.
  26. 1 2 "1988 New Hampshire Democratic Presidential Primary". New Hampshire Public Radio . Archived from the original on May 19, 2021.
  27. ↑ "1988 New Hampshire Democratic Vice-Presidential Primary". New Hampshire Public Radio . Archived from the original on May 20, 2021.
  28. ↑ "VP Contestants Vie In No-Win Contest". Lebanon Daily News . February 15, 1988. p. 6. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ↑ "Florida Selection Committee Calls Some Minor Candidates Frivolous". The Daily Review . January 6, 1988. p. 16. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ↑ "Ex-Klan leader misses qualifying deadline". The Anniston Star . January 17, 1988. p. 28. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. 1 2 "David Duke". Southern Poverty Law Center . Archived from the original on May 15, 2021.
  32. ↑ "David Duke is No Wizard at Politics". Roll Call . July 13, 2016. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021.
  33. 1 2 3 "Ex-KKK leader now a candidate". Kenosha News . July 9, 1987. p. 25. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. 1 2 Zeskind, Leonard (May 12, 2009). Blood and Politics Beginning of Chapter 15. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN   978-1-4299-5933-9.
  35. ↑ "Populist Party" (PDF). Ballot Access News . September 21, 1987. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2021.
  36. ↑ "Hansen Says No" (PDF). Ballot Access News . November 19, 1987. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2021.
  37. ↑ "Populist Party" (PDF). Ballot Access News . March 23, 1988. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2021.
  38. ↑ "Populists for President". The Brattleboro Reformer . March 30, 1988. p. 4. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. ↑ "Populist Party" (PDF). Ballot Access News . April 19, 1988. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2021.
  40. ↑ "Populist Party Wins Precedent" (PDF). Ballot Access News . August 1, 1988. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2021.
  41. ↑ "Extremist candidate ousted from restaurant". The Record . September 28, 1988. p. 13. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. 1 2 3 "Whites' rights pitch of Populist Party's presidential bidder". Home News Tribune . June 5, 1988. p. 22. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  43. 1 2 3 "White activist enters race for presidency". Pensacola News Journal . May 26, 1988. p. 22. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. 1 2 3 "David Duke's policies". St. Louis Post-Dispatch . March 6, 1988. p. 144. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ↑ "Duke Victory" (PDF). Ballot Access News . February 27, 1989. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2021.
  46. ↑ "David Duke sets sights on Senate". Daily World . December 5, 1989. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  47. ↑ "Rivals unconcerned about David Duke". The Daily Advertiser . September 9, 1995. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  48. ↑ "David Duke, Ex-K.K.K. Leader, to Seek Senate Seat in Louisiana". The New York Times . July 26, 2016. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021.
  49. ↑ "David Duke Misses Louisiana Runoff but Has Strong Showing". The New York Times . May 3, 1999. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021.
  50. ↑ "David Duke takes aim at presidency La. legislator unveils GOP primary bid". The Baltimore Sun . December 5, 1991. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021.
  51. ↑ "Duke Ends Presidential Bid, Blames Hostile GOP". Los Angeles Times . April 23, 1992. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021.
  52. ↑ "David Duke on a Presidential Bid: 'Yes, I Am Considering It'". The Atlantic . July 5, 2011. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "1988 presidential results by state" (PDF). Federal Election Commission . June 1, 1989. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2021.
  54. ↑ "1988 Arkansas election results" (PDF). Secretary of State of Arkansas . p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 19, 2020.
  55. ↑ "1988 Louisiana election results". Secretary of State of Louisiana . Archived from the original on May 21, 2021.
  56. ↑ "Primary Tops '84 Count". The Houston Herald. April 14, 1988. p. 19. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  57. ↑ "1988 New Jersey election results" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 31, 2020.
  58. ↑ "1988 Oklahoma election results" (PDF). Oklahoma Secretary of State . Archived (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2021.
  59. ↑ "1988 Texas election results". Texas Almanac . Archived (PDF) from the original on April 23, 2021.
  60. ↑ "1988 West Virginia election results" (PDF). Secretary of State of West Virginia . Archived from the original on May 22, 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.