Domestication of the cat

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An example of a domesticated, indoor cat. Domesticated indoor cat WI.jpg
An example of a domesticated, indoor cat.
A domestic tabby cat Cat November 2010-1a.jpg
A domestic tabby cat

The domestic cat originated from Near-Eastern and Egyptian populations of the African wildcat, Felis sylvestris lybica. The family Felidae, to which all living feline species belong, arose about ten to eleven million years ago and is divided into eight major phylogenetic lineages. The Felis lineage in particular is the lineage that the domestic cat is a member of. [1] Several investigations have shown that all domestic varieties of cats come from a single species of the Felis lineage, Felis catus. Variations of this lineage are found all over the world, and until recently scientists have had a hard time pinning down exactly which region gave rise to modern domestic cat breeds. Scientists believed that it was not just one incident that led to the domesticated cat but multiple independent incidents at different places that led to these breeds. More complications arose from the fact that wildcat populations as a whole are very widespread and very similar to one another. These variations of wildcats can and will interbreed freely with one another when in close contact, further blurring the lines between taxa. [2] Recent DNA studies, advancement in genetic technologies, and a better understanding of DNA and genetics as a whole has helped make discoveries in the evolutionary history of the domestic cat. [3] Archaeological evidence has documented earlier dates of domestication than formerly believed.

Contents

DNA and phylogenetic evidence

Current taxonomy tends to treat F. silvestris , F. lybica , F. catus , [4] and F. bieti as different species. A 2007 study of feline mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites of approximately 1,000 cats from many different regions (including Africa, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and the Middle East) showed 5 genetic lineages of the wildcat population. [5] These lineages included:

This study showed that African wildcat (F. s. lybica) included domesticated cats and that wild cats from this group are almost indistinguishable from domesticated cats. [5] Along with DNA analysis, phylogenetic studies were also conducted to narrow down the evolutionary history. Phylogenetic trees were generated based on mitochondrial DNA analysis.

A European wildcat, one of the possible ancestors of the modern domestic cat Felis silvestris silvestris.jpg
A European wildcat, one of the possible ancestors of the modern domestic cat

In each study Bayesian, maximum likelihood, and parsimony maximum likelihood trees all produced identical results. They each show that F. s. ornata, F. s. cafra, and F. s. lybica were all very closely related to a common ancestor. It also showed that this group of variations are monophyletic, meaning they share a common ancestor not shared by other groups. The trees also helped show that F. s. lybica gave rise to the domesticated cats of today. F. s. silvestris showed a very early branching away from the other groups, but still shares a very early common ancestor with the rest of the clades. [5]

Domesticated cats originated [11] from near-eastern and Egyptian populations of F. s. lybica. The former gathered around human agricultural colonies themselves, while the latter (~1500 BC) seems mainly attractive in behavioral traits. They started spreading during neolithic times, but did not become widespread in the Old World until classical antiquity. [12] A newer study from 2018 moves the earlier origin to Southwest Asia. [13]

Genetic Technologies

5 week old (left) vs 5 month old (right) Maine Coon Fig the Maine Coon.jpg
5 week old (left) vs 5 month old (right) Maine Coon

Scientists and veterinarians specifically have incorporated an important tool known as race and breed identification panels to learn more about the specific genetics that align with these dominating regions domesticated cat breeds originate from. [14] While the primary lineages are listed above with their respective regions, with this form of genetic technology, it was made possible to simplify and distinguish certain areas of these regions. For example, the Maine Coon breed was predominately from Western Europe, while the Siamese breed dominated in Southeast Asia. [14] Tests showing the DNA markers that are used to distinguish genetic discrepancies in a forensic manner, can also be purchased by an owner for individual use. [15] With this, there are an abundant of accessible sources that incorporate breed identification panels that can be utilized for personal use by breeders and owners to determine the genetic workup of a household domesticated cat. Due to the highly known genetic distinction within the family it is reflected that, "This international cat parentage and identification panel has a power of exclusion comparable to panels used in other species, ranging from 90.08% to 99.79% across breeds and 99.47% to 99.87% in random-bred cat populations." [15] With such a high power of exclusion, it is to say that the possibility of genetic similarities occurring within cat breeds are more uncommon than others.

Traits

A 2014 study compares many cat genomes with tiger and dog genomes. Genomic regions under selection in domestic cats include those involved in neuronal processes (fear and reward behavior) and in homologous recombination (increased recombination frequency). In addition, the KIT mutations responsible for the white-spotted phenotype were identified. [16]

The blotched tabby cat trait (Aminopeptidase Q mutation) arose in the Middle Ages. Wild-type cats have a mackerel pattern. [12]

Archaeological evidence

Scientists also used archaeological and behavioral studies to help further solidify the discovery that F.s. lybica was the common ancestor to domesticated cats. Fragments of teeth and bone found at burial sites across the globe have all been connected by DNA analysis to F.s. lybica, some dating as far back as 7,000–8,000 years ago. Originally the Egyptian populations were credited with the early domestication of cats approximately 3,600 years ago but archaeological evidence also disputed the hypothesis in 2004. [2] Archaeologists working in Cyprus found an even older burial ground, a Neolithic site that is approximately 9,500 years old, of a child buried with a cat. [17] Cats are not native to this area, which means the tribe must have brought the cats with them when they established residence on the island. This finding suggests that people from the Middle Eastern region of the Old World began keeping cats thousands of years earlier than the Egyptians. [2]

Behavioral evidence

Behavioral analysis of F.s. silvestris (the European wildcat), which was thought to also be a common ancestor to domesticated cats, showed that there were significant differences between the two. F.s. silvestris has a tendency to be very timid and aggressive even when they are raised starting as kittens around a human population. This group was also very territorial and showed aggressive behavior within their own species as well. Hybrids between domesticated cats and silvestris showed less aggressive behavior and more docile temperament, leading the scientist to believe that the behavioral difference was genetic and most likely due to a difference in species. [1] This evidence suggests F.s. lybica is likely to be the common ancestor of all domesticated cats today.

Domestic cat breed differentiation

Unlike other domesticated animals, which have been bred for different physical traits to help with tasks, such as food, hunting, or security, modern cat breeds originated mostly within the last 150 years from breeding for physical traits with no differentiation in functionality—just aesthetic differences. [18] Also different from domesticated mammals, domesticated cat breeds have very few genetic differences from their wild counterparts due to constant intermixing, with thousands of years of genetic exchanges in both directions. The few genes that control physical characteristics such as hair color and pattern are what differentiate the modern wildcat population from domesticated cats. [19] Domesticated cat breeds are also unique in the fact that there are only 40–50 genetically distinct breeds while other domesticated animals can have anywhere from 65 to 100 genetically distinct breeds. [18]

Contemporary breeds

A Sphynx cat, one of the cat breeds resulting from human breeding practices during the last century and a half Sphynx - studio portrait photographs of cats.jpg
A Sphynx cat, one of the cat breeds resulting from human breeding practices during the last century and a half

In 1871 only five cat breeds were recognized by an association in London. Today the Cat Fanciers Association (CFA) recognizes 41 breeds [20] and The International Cat Association (TICA) recognizes 57 breeds. [21] Most of these breeds are defined by phenotypic, or visible, characteristics, most of which are single gene traits found at low to moderate levels in the non-pedigree cat. These characteristics are rare and not seen in the common house cat. Unlike most pet dogs, which come from a mixture of purebreed lineages, cats started as a mixture of many wildcat variations and have been selectively bred by humans for certain traits that lead to modern breeds. This has allowed for a large increase in the number of breeds in a shorter amount of time. This is also the reason why associations that classify cat breeds use the word "pedigreed", as domestic cats do not have true purebred forms. [21]

DNA studies have been conducted to connect the pedigree lines to those which freely bred at random. These studies were conducted using the same techniques as mentioned above, mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites were examined to find the common ancestor. All cat breeds were found to have originated in eight different regions and then selectively bred multiple times throughout history and relocated multiple times, leading to the approximately 45 modern breeds. These eight lineages include Europe, Egypt, India, Southeast Asia, Arabian Sea, East Asia, and the Mediterranean. [22]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cat</span> Small domesticated carnivorous mammal

The cat, commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat, is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae. Recent advances in archaeology and genetics have shown that the domestication of the cat occurred in the Near East around 7500 BC. It is commonly kept as a house pet and farm cat, but also ranges freely as a feral cat avoiding human contact. It is valued by humans for companionship and its ability to kill vermin. Its retractable claws are adapted to killing small prey like mice and rats. It has a strong, flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth, and its night vision and sense of smell are well developed. It is a social species, but a solitary hunter and a crepuscular predator. Cat communication includes vocalizations like meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling, and grunting as well as cat body language. It can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by small mammals. It also secretes and perceives pheromones.

<i>Felis</i> Genus of mammals (cats)

Felis is a genus of small and medium-sized cat species native to most of Africa and south of 60° latitude in Europe and Asia to Indochina. The genus includes the domestic cat. The smallest Felis species is the black-footed cat with a head and body length from 38 to 42 cm. The largest is the jungle cat with a head and body length from 62 to 76 cm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildcat</span> Small wild cat

The wildcat is a species complex comprising two small wild cat species: the European wildcat and the African wildcat. The European wildcat inhabits forests in Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus, while the African wildcat inhabits semi-arid landscapes and steppes in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, into western India and western China. The wildcat species differ in fur pattern, tail, and size: the European wildcat has long fur and a bushy tail with a rounded tip; the smaller African wildcat is more faintly striped, has short sandy-gray fur and a tapering tail; the Asiatic wildcat is spotted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese mountain cat</span> Small wild cat

The Chinese mountain cat, also known as Chinese desert cat and Chinese steppe cat, is a small wild Felis species with sand-coloured fur, faint dark stripes on the face and legs and black tipped ears. It is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau of western China, where it lives in grassland above elevations of 2,500 m (8,200 ft). It has been listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Egyptian Mau</span> Breed of cat

The Egyptian Mau is a small to medium-sized short-haired cat breed. They are one of the few naturally spotted breeds of domesticated cat. The spots of the Mau occur on only the tips of the hairs of its coat. It is considered a rare breed.

Purebreds are "cultivated varieties" of an animal species achieved through the process of selective breeding. When the lineage of a purebred animal is recorded, that animal is said to be "pedigreed". Purebreds breed true-to-type which means the progeny of like-to-like purebred parents will carry the same phenotype, or observable characteristics of the parents. A group of purebreds is called a pure-breeding line or strain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Feral cat</span> Unowned or untamed domestic cat in the outdoors

A feral cat or a stray cat is an unowned domestic cat that lives outdoors and avoids human contact; it does not allow itself to be handled or touched, and usually remains hidden from humans. Feral cats may breed over dozens of generations and become an aggressive local apex predator in urban, savannah and bushland environments. Some feral cats may become more comfortable with people who regularly feed them, but even with long-term attempts at socialization, they usually remain aloof and are most active after dusk. Of the 700 million cats in the world, an estimated 480 million are feral.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sokoke</span> Breed of cat

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domestication of vertebrates</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Felid hybrids</span> Hybrid carnivore

A felid hybrid is any of a number of hybrids between various species of the cat family, Felidae. This article deals with hybrids between the species of the subfamily Felinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cretan wildcat</span> Cat hybrid or subspecies

The Cretan wildcat is a member of the genus Felis that inhabits the Greek island of Crete. Its taxonomic status is unclear at present, as some biologists consider it probably introduced, or a European wildcat, or a hybrid between European wildcat and domestic cat. It was previously considered a separate subspecies of wildcat as Felis silvestris cretensis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European wildcat</span> Small wild cat

The European wildcat is a small wildcat species native to continental Europe, Scotland, Turkey and the Caucasus. It inhabits forests from the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Central and Eastern Europe to the Caucasus. Its fur is brownish to grey with stripes on the forehead and on the sides and has a bushy tail with a black tip. It reaches a head-to-body length of up to 65 cm (26 in) with a 34.5 cm (13.6 in) long tail, and weighs up to 7.5 kg (17 lb).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tabby cat</span> Domestic cat with distinctive coat markings

A tabby cat, or simply tabby, is any domestic cat with a distinctive M-shaped marking on their forehead, stripes by their eyes and across their cheeks, along their back, around their legs and tail, and characteristic striped, dotted, lined, flecked, banded, or swirled patterns on the body: neck, shoulders, sides, flanks, chest, and abdomen. The four known distinct patterns, each having a sound genetic explanation, are the mackerel, classic or blotched, ticked, and spotted tabby patterns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">African wildcat</span> Small wild cat

The African wildcat is a small wildcat species with sandy grey fur, pale vertical stripes on the sides and around the face. It is native to Africa, West and Central Asia, and is distributed to Rajasthan in India and Xinjiang in China. It inhabits a broad variety of landscapes ranging from deserts to savannas, shrublands and grasslands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corsican wildcat</span> Species of felid

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cat genetics</span> Study of inheritance in domestic cats

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Small Cat Conservation Alliance</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scottish wildcat</span> Small wild cat

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern African wildcat</span> Subspecies of carnivore

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Highland cat may refer to:

References

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  7. ↑ "Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis bieti) Classification / Taxonomy". Wild Cat Family. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
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  14. 1 2 Lyons, Leslie (December 2012). ""Genetic Testing in Domestic Cats"". National Institutes of Health.
  15. 1 2 Lipinski, M.J. (2007). "An international parentage and identification panel for the domestic cat (Felis catus)" (PDF). National Library of Medicine. et al.
  16. ↑ Montague, M. J.; Li, G.; Gandolfi, B.; Khan, R.; Aken, B. L.; Searle, S. M.; Minx, P.; Hillier, L. W.; Koboldt, D. C.; Davis, B. W.; Driscoll, C. A. (2014). "Comparative analysis of the domestic cat genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (48): 17230–17235. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11117230M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1410083111 . PMC   4260561 . PMID   25385592.
  17. ↑ Wade, Nicholas, Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East , The New York Times, June 29, 2007, archived from the original on 9 May 2015, retrieved 4 October 2012
  18. 1 2 Montague, Michael J.; Li, Gang; Gandolfi, Barbara; Khan, Razib; Aken, Bronwen L.; Searle, Steven M. J.; Minx, Patrick; Hillier, LaDeana W.; Koboldt, Daniel C. (2014-11-10). "Comparative analysis of the domestic cat genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (48): 17230–17235. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11117230M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1410083111 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   4260561 . PMID   25385592.
  19. ↑ Ottoni, Claudio; Van Neer, Wim; De Cupere, Bea; Daligault, Julien; Guimaraes, Silvia; Peters, Joris; Spassov, Nikolai; Prendergast, Mary E.; Boivin, Nicole (2017-06-19). "The palaeogenetics of cat dispersal in the ancient world" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (7): 0139. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0139. ISSN   2397-334X. S2CID   44041769.
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