List of domesticated animals

This page gives a list of domesticated animals, ^[1] also including a list of animals which are or may be currently undergoing the process of domestication and animals that have an extensive relationship with humans beyond simple predation. This includes species which are semi-domesticated, undomesticated but captive-bred on a commercial scale, or commonly wild-caught, at least occasionally captive-bred, and tameable. In order to be considered fully domesticated, most species have undergone significant genetic, behavioural and morphological changes from their wild ancestors, while others have changed very little from their wild ancestors despite hundreds or thousands of years of potential selective breeding. A number of factors determine how quickly any changes may occur in a species, but there is not always a desire to improve a species from its wild form. Domestication is a gradual process, so there is no precise moment in the history of a given species when it can be considered to have become fully domesticated.

Zooarchaeology has identified three classes of animal domesticates:

1. Pets (dogs, cats, ferrets, hamsters, etc.)
2. Livestock (cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, etc.)
3. Beasts of burden (horses, camels, donkeys, etc.) ^[2]

Domesticated animals

Species and subspecies	Wild ancestor	Date	Location of origin	Purposes	Image	Changes from wild ancestor/ Notes	Extent in the wild vs. captivity	Taxon group
Domestic dog (Canis familiaris) [3]	Extinct Pleistocene population of the grey wolf (Canis lupus ssp.) [4]	13,000 BCE [5] [6]	China, [7] [8] [9] Europe [6] in different places in Asia	meat, leather, fiber, hunting, herding, guarding, fighting, racing, working, rescuing, guiding, policing, draft, pack, sport, service, therapy, narcotics detection, truffle harvesting, pest control, research, education, show, pets		Tame (with exceptions), [10] significant physical changes, probably significant behavioral changes as well	Domestic and feral dogs both very common, [10] ancestor or nearest wild relative less common, but not rare	1cCarnivora
Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) [3]	Possibly the Armenian mouflon (Ovis gmelini gmelini)	11 000 BCE to 9000 BCE [11] [12]	Anatolia, Iran	meat, milk, fiber, leather, hides, pelts, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, ornamental, show, pets		Some physical changes	Common in captivity, threatened in the wild	1bBovidae
Domestic pig (Sus domesticus)	Anatolian boar (Sus scrofa libycus), [13] Northern Chinese boar (Sus scrofa moupinensis) [14]	9400 BCE [15] [16] [17] [18]	China, Western Asia	meat, leather, tusks, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, truffle harvesting, weed control, research, show, pets		Some physical changes	Common in the wild, much more common in captivity, feral populations common in some areas	1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
European cattle or taurine cattle (Bos taurus) [3] [19] [20]	Eurasian aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius)†	8500 BCE [21] [22]	China, [23] Western Asia	meat, milk, leather, hides, fiber, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, draft, mount, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, weed control, worship, show, pets		Some physical changes	Very common in captivity, wild relatives extinct, feral populations fairly common	1bBovidae
Domestic goat (Capra hircus)	Bezoar ibex (Capra aegagrus aegagrus)	8000 BCE [24] [25] [26]	Iran	milk, meat, fiber, skin, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, clearing land, show, pets		Slight physical changes	Common in captivity, threatened in the wild, feral populations common	1bBovidae
Zebu, Brahman cattle, indicine cattle or humped cattle (Bos indicus) [3]	Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius namadicus)†	8000 BCE	Indian Subcontinent	meat, milk, leather, hides, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, show, pets		Considerable physical changes	Common in captivity, wild relatives extinct	1bBovidae
Domestic cat or house cat (Felis catus) [3]	North African wildcat (Felis lybica lybica) [27]	8000–7500 BCE [27]	the Near East	meat, pelts, pest control, research, show, pets		Tame, slight physical changes	Very abundant in captivity; true wildcat species less abundant, though not rare, feral populations very common	1cCarnivora
Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)	Bangladesh red junglefowl (Gallus gallus murghi) with some contribution from the grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii)	6000 BCE [28]	India and Southeast Asia	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, manure, guarding, alarming, fighting, racing, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets		Some physical changes, considerable reproductive changes	Very common in the wild and in captivity	2bGalliformes
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)	Montane guinea pig (Cavia tschudii)	5000 BCE	Peru	meat, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets		Tame, slight physical changes	Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity	1dRodentia
Domestic donkey, domestic ass or burro (Equus asinus)	African wild ass (Equus africanus), including subspecies Nubian (E. a. africanus) and Somali wild ass (E. a. somaliensis) [29]	5000 BCE [30] [31]	Nubia	meat, milk, manure, working, plowing, guarding, racing, draft, pack, mount, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets		Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity and as feral populations, wild relatives critically endangered	1eOther mammals
Gayal (Bos frontalis) [3]	Gayal (Bos frontalis) with significant introgression from other Bos species [32]	5000 BCE [33]	Southeast Asia, Northeast India	meat, milk, horns, dung		Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity, threatened in the wild	1bBovidae
Domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)	Common mallard (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos)	4000 BCE	China	meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets		Considerable physical changes	Common in captivity, but more abundant in the wild	2aAnseriformes
Domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) [3]	Wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee)	4000 BCE	India, China, the Philippines	meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, mount, lawn mowing, show		Mainly unchanged from the wild animal	Common in captivity, endangered in the wild, feral populations common in parts of Australia and South America [34] [35]	1bBovidae
Dromedary or Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) [36]	Unknown	4000 BCE	Arabia, the Horn of Africa	meat, milk, urine, racing, hunting, pack, mount, show, pets		Tame, few physical changes	Moderately common in captivity, small feral population in original range, significant feral population in Australia, truly wild dromedaries may be extinct	1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) including subspecies German (A. m. mellifera), Italian (A. m. ligustica), Carniolan (A. m. carnica), Caucasian (A. m. caucasia), Greek (A. m. cecropia), Saharan (A. m. sahariensis) and Egyptian honey bees (A. m. lamarckii)	-	4000 BCE (the modern era for A. m. mellifera, the 1880s for A. m. ligustica, uncertain for A. m. carnica, A. m. caucasia, A. m. cecropia, A. m. sahariensis and A. m. lamarckii)	Europe (including Germany, Italy, Greece, Slovenia and the United Kingdom), Georgia, North Africa	honey, wax, propolis, bee brood, royal jelly, venom, pollen, pollination, research		Some physical and behavioral changes, actual domestication status is still a point of contention [37]	Very common in captivity, feral populations common, extent of status in the wild unclear; see Western honey bee for details	6aHymenoptera
Domestic horse (Equus caballus)	Extinct unknown population of the wild horse (Equus ferus), possibly the tarpan or European wild horse (E. f. ferus)† [38]	3500 BCE [39]	Kazakhstan	milk, meat, hair, manure, working, plowing, fighting, racing, servicing, guiding, draft, pack, mount, execution, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets		Tame, some physical changes, mainly in colouration	Common in captivity, very rare in the wild, feral populations common	1eOther mammals
Bali cattle (Bos javanicus domesticus)	Banteng (Bos javanicus) [40]	3500 BCE [40]	Bali, Indonesia	meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, draft, show		Slight physical changes	Common in captivity, endangered in the wild	1bBovidae
Domestic silkmoth (Bombyx mori)	Wild silkmoth (Bombyx mandarina)	3000 BCE	China	silk, animal feed, pets		Tame/held in captivity, some physical changes	Fairly common in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear	6bOther insects
Domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica)	Rock dove (Columba livia)	3000 BCE	the Mediterranean Basin	meat, manure, racing, messenger, ornamental, show, pets		Artificially selected and bred into many varieties including meat breeds, racing/messenger breeds and fancy plumage breeds	Relatively common in captivity, very common in the wild, feral populations extremely abundant	2cColumbiformes
Domestic goose and domestic swan goose (Anser anser domesticus and Anser cygnoides domesticus)	Greylag goose (Anser anser) and swan goose (A. cygnoides)	3000 BCE for A. anser, date uncertain for A. cygnoides [41]	Egypt (A. anser), China (A. cygnoides)	meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, weed control, show, pets		Considerable physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	2aAnseriformes
Domestic yak (Bos grunniens) [3]	Wild yak (Bos mutus)	2500 BCE	Tibet, Nepal	meat, milk, fiber, horns, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, pack, mount, show, pets		Tame, slight physical changes	Fairly common in captivity; threatened in the wild	1bBovidae
Domestic Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)	Wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus)	2500 BCE	Central Asia (Afghanistan)	meat, milk, hair, dung, pack, mount, show, pets		Tame, few physical changes	Moderately common in captivity, critically endangered in the wild	1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
Llama (Lama glama) [3]	Guanaco (Lama guanicoe cacsilensis) [42]	2400 BCE [43]	Peru, Bolivia	meat, fiber, manure, working, guarding, racing, draft, pack, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets		Slight physical changes	Fairly common in the wild and in captivity	1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
Alpaca (Lama pacos) [3]	Vicuña (Lama vicugna mensalis) [42]	2400 BCE [43]	Peru, Bolivia	meat, milk, fiber, manure, guarding, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets		Considerable physical changes	Fairly common in the wild and in captivity	1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
Domestic guineafowl (Numida meleagris domesticus)	West African helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeatus)	2400 BCE [44]	West Africa	meat, eggs, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, show, pets		Mainly unaltered from the wild population	Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity	2bGalliformes
Fuegian dog or Yaghan dog† [45]	Culpeo or Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus)	date uncertain [46]	Argentina, Chile	hunting, guarding, warmth, pets		Tame, slight physical changes	Extinct in captivity, but common in the wild	1cCarnivora
Domestic ferret (Mustela furo)	European polecat (Mustela putorius)	1500 BCE [47]	North Africa	hunting, racing, pest control, show, pets		Tame, slight physical changes	Common in captivity, somewhat common in the wild, feral populations rare	1cCarnivora
Domestic Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata domestica)	Wild Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata sylvestris)	700–600 BCE [43]	South America	meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets		Tame, some physical changes	Common in captivity, feral populations rare	2aAnseriformes
Barbary dove or ringed turtle dove (Streptopelia risoria)	African collared dove (Streptopelia roseogrisea)	500 BCE	North Africa	meat, show, pets		Slight physical changes	Common in both captivity and feral populations	2cColumbiformes
Domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo domesticus)	South Mexican wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo)	180 CE [43]	Mexico	meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets		Considerable physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	2bGalliformes
Goldfish (Carassius auratus)	Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio)	300 CE to 400 CE	China	racing, pest control, ornamental, show, pets		Tame, significant physical changes	Very common and abundant in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear	5aCyprinidae
Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus)	Iberian rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus) [48]	600 CE [49]	Europe	meat, fiber, pelts, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets		Tame, significant physical changes	Common in captivity, rare in native habitat, common in introduced range	1eOther mammals
Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)	Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)	the 11th century CE	Japan	ornamental, show, pets		Tame, considerable physical changes	Fairly common in captivity, threatened in the wild	5aCyprinidae
Japanese quail (C. japonica) or Domesticated quail	Common quail (C. coturnix)	the 11~12th century CE	Japan	meat, eggs, research, pets		considerable physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	2bGalliformes
Domestic canary (Serinus canaria domestica)	Wild canary (Serinus canaria canaria)	the 15th century CE	the Canary Islands, Europe	coal mining, fighting, research, show, pets		Slight physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	2dPasseriformes
Society finch or Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata domestica)	White-rumped munia or striated finch (Lonchura striata swinhoei) with some contribution from the Indian silverbill or white-throated munia (Euodice malabarica)	unknown, may have been introduced to Japan sometime around the early 18th century CE [50]	Japan	pets, show, research		Slight physical changes	Fairly common in captivity; common in the wild	2dPasseriformes
Fancy mouse a.k.a. laboratory mouse (Mus musculus domestica)	Western European house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus)	1100 BCE (China), then the 17th century CE (Europe) [51]	China	animal feed, racing, research, show, pets		Tame, significant physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	1dRodentia
Fancy rat a.k.a. laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus domestica)	Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)	the 19th century CE [52]	the United Kingdom	animal feed, research, show, pets		Tame, some physical and psychological changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	1dRodentia
Domestic mink (Neogale vison domesticus) [53]	American mink (Neogale vison)	the 19th century CE	North America	fur, hunting, pest control, pets		Some physical and psychological changes	Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity	1cCarnivora
Domesticated silver fox (Vulpes vulpes amicus)	American red fox (Vulpes vulpes fulva) [54] [55] [56]	the 1800s and the 1950s	Prince Edward Island; introduced to the Soviet Union (Russia)	fur, pelts, research, pets		Tame, some physical changes	Very small domestic population, wild relatives fairly common	1cCarnivora
Domesticated hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris, A. algirus, Hemiechinus auritus and H. collaris)	Four-toed (Atelerix albiventris), Algerian (A. algirus), long-eared (Hemiechinus auritus), and Indian long-eared hedgehog (H. collaris)	the 1980s	Central and Eastern Africa	pets		Slight physical changes	Common in the wild, somewhat rare in captivity	1eOther mammals

Tame, partially domesticated, and widely captive-bred animals

Due to the somewhat unclear outlines of what precisely constitutes domestication, there are some species that may or may not be fully domesticated. There are also some species that are extensively commercially used by humans, but are not significantly altered from wild-type animals. Many animals on this second table are at least somewhat altered from wild-type animals due to their extensive interactions with humans, albeit not to the point that they are regarded as distinct forms (therefore, no separate wild ancestors are noted) or would be unable to survive if reintroduced to the wild.

Species and subspecies	Date	Location of origin	Purpose	Image	Changes from wild ancestor/ Notes	Extent in the wild vs. captivity	Taxon group
Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) including subspecies Sri Lankan (E. m. maximus), Indian (E. m. indicus), Sumatran (E. m. sumatranus), Bornean (E. m. borneensis) and formerly Syrian elephants (E. m. asurus)† [57] [58] [59]	2000 BCE (uncertain for E. m. maximus, E. m. sumatranus, E. m. borneensis and E. m. asurus)†	India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Nepal, Borneo, China, Indochina, formerly Iran	dung, working, hunting, fighting, racing, transportation, mount, patrol, worship, show		Individuals taken from the wild and tamed on a wide scale	Syrian subspecies extinct in the wild and in captivity; other subspecies somewhat common in captivity, but endangered in the wild [60] [61]	1eOther mammals
Domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus domesticus)	3000 BCE	Fennoscandia, Western Russia (possibly Eastern Russia), [62] China, Mongolia	meat, milk, leather, hides, antlers, transportation, mount, pets				1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
Common (S. camelus) and Somali ostriches (S. molybdophanes)	date uncertain	Africa, Mesopotamia	meat, eggs, feathers, sacrifices				2fPalaeognathae
Scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah)	2320–2150 BCE	Egypt	meat, hides, horns, sacrifices			Small captive population, but nearly extinct in the wild	1bBovidae
Caracal (Caracal caracal) [63]	date uncertain, possibly 200 BCE	Egypt, India, Southern Africa	hunting, pest control, pets				1cCarnivora
Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) including subspecies Southeast African (A. j. jubatus), Northeast African (A. j. soemmeringii) and Asiatic cheetahs (A. j. venaticus) [64] [65]	1500 BCE	Egypt, India, the Middle East, South Africa	hunting, tourism, pets				1cCarnivora
Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus)†	date uncertain	Egypt	meat, hides, horns, sacrifices		Historically farmed	Extinct in the wild and in captivity	1bBovidae
Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata)	pre-modern China (date uncertain)	China	pest control, ornamental, pets				2aAnseriformes
Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus)	date uncertain	Egypt	meat, eggs, feathers, guarding, ornamental, pets			Common in the wild and in captivity, feral populations very common	2aAnseriformes
Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) [66]	5000 BCE	China	pest control, pets				1cCarnivora
Common genet (Genetta genetta) [67]	date uncertain	Africa	pest control, pets				1cCarnivora
Eastern honey bee (Apis cerana) including subspecies Chinese (A. c. cerana), Indian (A. c. indica) and Japanese honey bees (A. c. japonica)	date uncertain	South Asia, Thailand, Japan, China	honey, wax, pollination				6aHymenoptera
European fallow (Dama dama) and Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica) [68]	1000 BCE	the Mediterranean Basin, the Levant	meat, hides, antlers, pets				1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
European medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) [69] [70]	800 BCE	Europe, Asia	bloodletting, surgery, therapy, research, saliva, pets		Captive-bred		7bAnnelida
Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus)	700–500 BCE [43]	Chile, Peru, Mexico	dye			Very common in the wild	6bOther insects
Indian (Pavo cristatus) and green peafowl (P. muticus)	500 BCE (uncertain for P. muticus)	India, Java	meat, feathers, ornamental, guarding, pest control, pets			Fairly common in the wild	2bGalliformes
Common hill myna (Gracula religiosa)	kept in ancient Greece, date of captive breeding uncertain	Greece	pets, talking bird				2dPasseriformes
Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) including subspecies African (P. k. krameri) and Indian rose-ringed parakeets (P. k. manillensis)	classical antiquity (date uncertain)	West Africa, India	pets, talking bird		Captive-bred, plumage colour changes		2ePsittaciformes
Red deer (Cervus elaphus) [71] [72] including subspecies Caspian (C. e. maral), Norwegian (C. e. atlanticus) and Scottish red deer (C. e. scoticus)	~1 CE	China, Russia, Europe (including the United Kingdom), Iran	meat, milk, leather, hides, antlers, velvet, pets		Captive-bred		1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
Roman snail (Helix pomatia)	100 CE	Europe	meat, eggs, shells, slime, pets		Captive-bred		7aMollusca
Stingless bees (Melipona beecheii), (M. scutellaris), (M. bicolor), (M. quadrifasciata) and (M. subnitida)	180 CE	Mexico, the Amazon Basin	honey, wax, propolis, pollination, pets				6aHymenoptera
White (Cacatua alba), sulphur-crested (C. galerita), Salmon-crested (Cacatua moluccensis), blue-eyed (C. ophthalmica), and Red-vented cockatoos (C. haematuropygia); long-billed (C. tenuirostris), western (C. pastinator), little (C. sanguinea) and Tanimbar corellas (C. goffiniana)	the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) (C. alba)	China, Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea	pets, show		Captive-bred		2ePsittaciformes
Great (Phalacrocorax carbo) and Japanese cormorants (P. capillatus)	960 CE	China, Japan	fishing				2gOther birds
Mute swan (Cygnus olor)	1000-1500 CE	Europe (including the United Kingdom)	meat, feathers, ornamental, guarding, pets				2aAnseriformes
House cricket (Acheta domesticus)	the 12th century CE	Southwestern Asia, China, Japan	meat, animal feed, fighting, pets			Somewhat common in captivity, very common in the wild	6bOther insects
Common quail (Coturnix coturnix)	1100–1900 CE	Eurasia	meat, eggs, research, pets				2bGalliformes
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	1200–1500 CE	Europe, Asia	meat, eggs, pets				5aCyprinidae
Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora)	the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 CE)	China	pets		Non-wild coloration pied and fancy colored Java sparrows from long Asian captivity lines are hand tamable	Threatened in the wild	2dPasseriformes
Siamese fighting fish or betta (Betta splendens); Spotted betta (B. picta)	the 19th century CE (uncertain for B. picta)	Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo	fighting, show, pets		Very significant physical and slight behavioral changes	Common in captivity	5bOther fish
Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) including subspecies masked bobwhite (C. v. ridgwayi)	date uncertain	the United States, Sonora	meat, eggs, feathers, pets		Captive-bred, plumage changes		2bGalliformes
European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis)	date uncertain	Europe	pets, singing		Captive-bred		2dPasseriformes
Indian grey mongoose (Urva edwardsii)	date uncertain	India	pest control, fighting, pets				1cCarnivora
Gambian pouched (Cricetomys gambianus) and Emin's pouched rats (C. emini)	at least 1997, [73] but possibly the early 1990s (uncertain for C. emini)	Sub-Saharan Africa	meat, landmine detection, tuberculosis detection, pest control, pets				1dRodentia
Golden (Chrysolophus pictus) and Lady Amherst's pheasants (C. amherstiae)	date uncertain	China	ornamental, pest control, pets				2bGalliformes
Common (Phasianus colchicus) and green pheasants (P. versicolor)	date uncertain	Asia, Japan	meat, eggs, ornamental, pest control, pets				2bGalliformes
Sika deer (Cervus nippon) [74]	date uncertain	China, Taiwan, Japan	meat, hides, antlers, tourism, pets				1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
Common (Taurotragus oryx) and Giant eland (T. derbianus)	date uncertain	Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya	meat, milk, leather, hides, horns				1bBovidae
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) [75]	date uncertain	the southeastern United States	meat, hides, teeth, blood, pets		Captive-bred	Once uncommon in the wild; captive breeding has led to the species both recovering across and repopulating much of its range.	3dOther reptiles
Eurasian elk or moose (Alces alces) [76] including subspecies Alaskan moose (A. a. gigas)	date uncertain	Russia, Finland, Sweden, Alaska	meat, milk, hides, antlers, working, draft, mount, transportation, research, pets				1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)	the 1850s	Australia	pets, show, talking bird		Captive-bred, plumage colour/pattern changes, some breeds are physically larger	Fairly common in the wild and in captivity	2ePsittaciformes
Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)	the 1870s	Australia	pets, show, talking bird		Captive-bred, plumage colour/pattern changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	2ePsittaciformes
Elk or wapiti (Cervus canadensis)	date uncertain	North America, Russia, China	meat, leather, hides, antlers, velvet, pets		Captive-bred		1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
European mink (Mustela lutreola)	the 1800s	Europe, Russia	fur				1cCarnivora
Coypu or nutria (Myocastor coypus)	the late 19th to the early 20th century CE	Argentina	meat, fur, aquatic weed control, pets		Captive-bred		1dRodentia
Guppy (Poecilia reticulata); [77] Cauca (P. caucana), sailfin (P. latipinna), shortfin (P. mexicana), liberty (P. salvatoris), common (P. sphenops), and Yucatán mollies (P. velifera); Endler's livebearer (P. wingei)	date uncertain	Barbados, Brazil, El Salvador, Guyana, Mexico, Venezuela	bait, pest control, research, pets				5bOther fish
Lesser fruit fly, vinegar fly or pomace fly (Drosophila melanogaster)	the 1910s	Australia, South Africa	research, animal feed		Captive-bred		6bOther insects
Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus)	the 1920s	China	research, biotechnology, pets				1dRodentia
Rosy-faced (Agapornis roseicollis), yellow-collared (A. personatus), Fischer's (A. fischeri), black-cheeked (A. nigrigenis), black-winged (A. taranta), and red-headed lovebirds (A. pullarius)	the 1920s (uncertain for A. personatus, A. fischeri, A. nigrigenis, A. taranta and A. pullarius)	Africa, Madagascar	pets		Captive-bred, plumage colour/pattern changes in rosy-faced lovebird		2ePsittaciformes
Rainbowfishes (Melanotaeniidae; various species and subspecies)	the 1920s	northern and eastern Australia, New Guinea, islands in Cenderawasih Bay and the Raja Ampat Islands in Indonesia	pest control, pets				5bOther fish
Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)	the 1930s	Syria, Turkey	pets, research				1dRodentia
Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti)	the 20th century CE	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia, Turkey	pets, research				1dRodentia
Long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)	the 1930s	the Andes	fur, research, pets				1dRodentia
Short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla chinchilla)	the 1930s	the Andes	fur		Raised in captivity	Critically endangered in the wild	1dRodentia
Water flea (Daphnia magna)	the 1930s	North America, Eurasia, Africa	research, animal feed				6cOther arthropods
African (Xenopus laevis) and western clawed frogs (X. tropicalis)	the 1950s (uncertain for X. tropicalis)	Southern Africa, West Africa	research, pets		Captive-bred		4aAnura
Sea-monkey (Artemia nyos)	the 1950s	the United States	pets, research		Captive-bred		6cOther arthropods
Ball (Python regius), Borneo (P. breitensteini), Sumatran short-tailed (P. curtus) and Brongersma's short-tailed pythons (P. brongersmai)	the 1960s (uncertain for P. breitensteini, P. curtus and P. brongersmai)	Africa, Sumatra, Borneo, Malaysia	pets		Captive-bred		3aSerpentes
Burmese python (Python bivittatus) including subspecies dwarf Burmese python (P. b. progschai) [78] [79]	date uncertain	Myanmar, Thailand, Bali, Java, Sulawesi	meat, skins, medicine, pets		Captive-bred		3aSerpentes
Campbell's dwarf (Phodopus campbelli), winter white dwarf (P. sungorus) and Roborovski dwarf hamsters (P. roborovskii)	the 1960s	Mongolia, Russia, China	pets, research				1dRodentia
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum); tiger (A. tigrinum) and barred tiger salamanders (A. mavortium)	the 20th century CE (uncertain for A. tigrinum and A. mavortium)	Mexico, the United States	research, pets		Slight physical changes	A. mexicanum Critically endangered in the wild; A. tigrinum and A. mavortium less threatened	4bOther amphibians
Common leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius)	the 20th century CE (uncertain for E. m. afghanicus)	Pakistan, Afghanistan	pets		Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity	3bLacertilia
American bison (Bison bison) including subspecies wood bison (B. b. athabascae)	the 20th century CE (uncertain for B. b. athabascae)	North America	meat, leather, hides, fiber, horns, guarding, pets				1bBovidae
Companion parrots (Psittaciformes; various species and subspecies) [80] [81]	the 1980s and 1990s	Australia, Africa, Asia, North America, Central America, South America, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji	pets, show, talking bird, ornamental, guarding, education, therapy		Captive-bred, plumage colour changes in some species (e.g. grey parrot, turquoise-fronted amazon, green-cheeked parakeet and others)		2ePsittaciformes
Poison dart frogs (Dendrobatidae spp.)	the mid- to late 20th century CE	Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, French Guiana, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela	pets		Slight physical changes; loss of toxicity		4aAnura
Common (Lampropeltis getula), grey-banded (L. alterna), and Thayer's kingsnakes (L. mexicana thayeri); Milk snake (L. triangulum)	date uncertain	Arizona, Florida, Mexico, California	pets				3aSerpentes
Corn (Pantherophis gutttatus) and western rat snakes (P. obsoletus)	the 1960s (uncertain for P. obsoletus)	the United States	pets		Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity, common in the wild	3aSerpentes
Madagascar hissing (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and wide-horned hissing cockroaches (G. oblongonota)	the 1960s (uncertain for G. oblongonota)	Madagascar	pets		Captive-bred		6bOther insects
Central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) and related species	the 1970s	Australia	pets		Slight physical changes		3bLacertilia
Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) [82]	the 1970s	China	meat, algae control				5aCyprinidae
Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) [83]	the 1980s	Australia	pest control, pets				1eOther mammals
Buff-tailed (Bombus terrestris) and common eastern bumblebees (B. impatiens)	the 1980s (uncertain for B. impatiens)	Europe (including the United Kingdom), North America	wax, pollination				6aHymenoptera
Greater (Rhea americana) and Darwin's rheas (R. pennata) [84]	the 1990s (uncertain for R. pennata)	South America	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, pets				2fPalaeognathae
Australian emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae novaehollandiae)	the 1990s	Australia	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, guarding, pets				2fPalaeognathae
Fringe-eared oryx (Oryx beisa callotis)	date uncertain	Kenya	meat, leather, hides, horns				1bBovidae
Common degu (Octodon degus)	the 1990s	the Chilean Andes	pets, research				1dRodentia
Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus); Persian (M. persicus), Libyan (M. libycus), Shaw's (M. shawi), Tristram's (M. tristrami) and Sundevall's jirds (M. crassus)	the 1990s (uncertain for M. persicus, M. libycus, M. shawi, M. tristrami and M. crassus)	Mongolia, Algeria, Iran, Libya, Turkey, Egypt	pets, research				1dRodentia
Green (Iguana iguana) and Lesser Antillean iguanas (I. delicatissima)	the 1990s (uncertain for I. delicatissima)	South America, the Lesser Antilles	meat, leather, pets		Captive-bred		3bLacertilia
Carpet python (Morelia spilota) including subspecies diamond python (M. s. spilota); eastern (M. s. mcdowelli), Murray Darling (M. s. metcalfei), Torresian (M. s. variegata) and jungle carpet pythons (M. s. cheynei)	date uncertain	Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea	pets		Captive-bred		3aSerpentes
Southern green tree (Morelia viridis), southwestern carpet (M. imbricata), rough-scaled (M. carinata) and Bredl's pythons (M. bredli)	the mid-1990s (uncertain for M. carinata and M. bredli)	Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea	pets		Captive-bred		3aSerpentes
Red-tailed black (Calyptorhynchus banksii), yellow-tailed black (C. funereus) and glossy black cockatoos (C. lathami)	the late 1990s (uncertain for C. funereus and C. lathami)	Australia	pets, education		Captive-bred		2ePsittaciformes
Gouldian finch (Chloebia gouldiae)	the late 1990s	Australia	pets, show				2dPasseriformes
Australian green (Ranoidea caerulea), orange-eyed (R. chloris), leaf green (R. phyllochroa), mountain stream (R. barringtonensis), magnificent (R. splendida), Blue Mountains (R. citropa) and dainty green tree frogs (R. gracilenta); growling grass frog (R. raniformis)	the late 20th century CE (uncertain for R. chloris, R. phyllochroa, R. barringtonensis, R. splendida, R. citropa, R. gracilenta and R. raniformis)	Australia	research, pets		Captive-bred		4aAnura
Argentine (Ceratophrys ornata), Brazilian (C. aurita), Venezuelan (C. calcarata), Surinam (C. cornuta), Caatinga (C. joazeirensis), Pacific (C. stolzmanni) and Cranwell's horned frogs (C. cranwelli)	the late 20th century CE (uncertain for C. aurita, C. calcarata, C. cornuta, C. joazeirensis, C. stolzmanni and C. cranwelli)	Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname, Ecuador	pets		Captive-bred		4aAnura
Crucian (Carassius carassius), Japanese white crucian (C. cuvieri) and Prussian carp (C. gibelio); ginbuna (C. langdorfii) [85]	the 2000s (uncertain for C. cuvieri, C. gibelio and C. langdorfii)	England, Russia, Japan	meat, research, pets				5aCyprinidae
King quail (Synoicus chinensis)	date uncertain	Asia, Australia	pets				2bGalliformes
Common (Corvus corax), white-necked (C. albicollis) and Australian ravens (C. coronoides); carrion (C. corone), hooded (C. cornix), American (C. brachyrhynchos), pied (C. albus) and house crows (C. splendens); rook (C. frugilegus) [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92]	date uncertain	Europe, Africa, India, Australia, North America	pest control, research, show, pets				2dPasseriformes
Oriental darter (Anhinga melanogaster) [93]	date uncertain	India	fishing				2gOther birds
Southern (Chauna torquata) and northern screamers (C. chavaria)	date uncertain	South America	guarding				2aAnseriformes
Horned screamer (Anhima cornuta) [94]	date uncertain	South America	guarding				2aAnseriformes
Red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata)	date uncertain	South America	guarding				2gOther birds
Golden (Aquila chrysaetos), [95] eastern imperial (A. heliaca), Spanish imperial (A. adalberti), wedge-tailed (A. audax), steppe (A. nipalensis), tawny (A. rapax), Bonelli's (A. fasciata) and Verreaux's eagles (A. verreauxii); African hawk-eagle (A. spilogaster)	date uncertain	Europe, North America, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Africa, Australia	falconry, intercepting, pest control, show, pets				2gOther birds
Bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) [96] [97] and white-tailed eagles (H. albicilla); African fish eagle (H. vocifer); white-bellied sea (H. leucogaster) and Steller's sea eagles (H. pelagicus)	date uncertain	North America, Europe, Russia, Africa, Australia	falconry, intercepting, pest control, show, pets				2gOther birds
Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi) [98]	date uncertain	the United States	falconry, pest control, show, pets				2gOther birds
Northern (Accipiter gentilis), [99] crested (A. trivirgatus) and African goshawks (A. tachiro); Cooper's (A. cooperii) and sharp-shinned hawks (A. striatus); Eurasian (A. nisus), Ovambo (A. ovampensis), collared (A. cirrocephalus), Japanese (A. gularis) and black sparrowhawks (A. melanoleucus); besra (A. virgatus); shikra (A. badius)	date uncertain	Europe, Asia, Africa, North America	falconry, pest control, show, pets				2gOther birds
Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) [100] including subspecies Western Siberian (B. b. sibiricus), Eastern Siberian (B. b. yenisseensis) and Turkmenian eagle-owls (B. b. omissus)	date uncertain	Europe, Russia, Turkmenistan	pest control, show, pets				2gOther birds
Tawny owl (Strix aluco) [101]	date uncertain	Europe (including the United Kingdom)	pest control, show, pets				2gOther birds
Puna ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi)	date uncertain	Peru	meat, eggs, pest control				2gOther birds
Celebes warty pig (Sus celebensis) [102]	date uncertain	Sulawesi	meat, tusks, pets		Historically farmed		1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
Red-necked wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus), [103]	the 2000s	Tasmania, South Australia, Western Australia, New South Wales	lawn mowing, research, tourism, pets				1eOther mammals
Red kangaroo (Osphranter rufus) [104]	date uncertain	Australia	meat, leather, tourism, pets				1eOther animals
Tiger (Dasyurus maculatus), eastern (D. viverrinus), western (D. geoffroii) and northern quolls (D. hallucatus) [105] [106] [107] [108]	date uncertain	Australia	pest control, pets				1eOther mammals
Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) [109]	date uncertain	Bangladesh	fishing, pets				1cCarnivora
Beech marten (Martes foina) [110] [111] and sable (M. zibellina)	date uncertain	Europe, Russia, India	fur, pest control, pets				1cCarnivora
Fisher or Pennant's marten (Pekania pennanti)	date uncertain	North America	fur, pest control, research, pets				1cCarnivora
Least (Mustela nivalis), Siberian (M. sibirica) [112] and yellow-bellied weasels (M. kathiah); European polecat (M. putorius) [113] [114]	date uncertain	Europe, Russia, India	pest control, pets				1cCarnivora
Lesser grison (Galictis cuja)	date uncertain	South America	hunting, pest control, pets				1cCarnivora
Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)	date uncertain	Argentina, Chile	pest control, pets				1cCarnivora
Common raccoon (Procyon lotor) [115]	date uncertain	North America	pest control, show, pets				1cCarnivora
Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) [116]	date uncertain	North America, Central America	pest control, pets				1cCarnivora
Mountain paca (Cuniculus taczanowskii)	date uncertain	Mexico, Argentina, Ecuador	meat, pets				1dRodentia
Malayan (Hystrix brachyura), [117] Sunda (H. javanica), Indian crested (H. indica), African crested (H. cristata), Cape (H. africaeaustralis) and Philippine porcupines (H. pumila)	date uncertain	Vietnam, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, India, Africa	meat, quills, pets				1dRodentia
Steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus)	date uncertain	the Eurasian steppe	pets				1dRodentia
Lesser Egyptian (Gerbillus gerbillus), greater Egyptian (G. pyramidum), pale (G. perpallidus) and pleasant gerbils (G. amoenus)	date uncertain	Egypt, Libya	pets				1dRodentia
Eurasian harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) [118]	date uncertain	Europe	pest control, pets				1dRodentia
Chinese cobra (Naja atra) [119]	date uncertain	China	venom, skins, pets		Captive-bred		3aSerpentes
Crimson rosella (Platycercus elegans) including subspecies Adelaide (P. e. adelaidae) and yellow rosellas (P. e. flaveolus)	date uncertain	Australia	pets		Captive-bred		2ePsittaciformes
Western (Platycercus icterotis), green (P. caledonicus), pale-headed (P. adscitus) and northern rosellas (P. venustus)	date uncertain	Australia	pets		Captive-bred		2ePsittaciformes
Eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius) including subspecies golden-mantled rosella (P. e. elecica)	date uncertain	Australia	pets		Captive-bred		2ePsittaciformes
Hispaniolan (Trachemys decorata), Colombian (T. callirostris), Cuban (T. decussata), D'Orbigny's (T. dorbigni), Nicaraguan (T. emolli), ornate (T. ornata), Jamaican (T. terrapen) and Meso-American sliders (T. venusta)	date uncertain	Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Colombia, Cuba, Brazil, Uruguay, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Mexico, Jamaica	pets		Captive-bred		3cTestudines
Pond slider (Trachemys scripta) including subspecies yellow-bellied (T. s. scripta), red-eared (T. s. elegans) and Cumberland sliders (T. s. troostii)	date uncertain	the south-central and southeastern United States	meat, pets		Easy to tame	Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild	3cTestudines
Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) [120]	date uncertain	China	meat, pets		Captive-bred		3cTestudines
Chinese pond (Mauremys reevesii) and yellow pond turtles (M. mutica) [121]	date uncertain	China	meat, pets		Captive-bred		3cTestudines
Common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) [122]	date uncertain	Florida	meat, pets		Captive-bred		3cTestudines
Keeled box (Cuora mouhotii) [123] and Golden coin turtles (C. trifasciata)	date uncertain	China	meat, pets		Captive-bred		3cTestudines
Wattle-necked softshell turtle (Palea steindachneri)	date uncertain	China	meat, pets		Captive-bred		3cTestudines
Arrau turtle (Podocnemis expansa) [124]	date uncertain	Brazil	meat, pets		Captive-bred		3cTestudines
Saltwater (Crocodylus porosus), Nile (C. niloticus), West African (C. suchus), mugger (C. palustris), American (C. acutus), Cuban (C. rhombifer), Morelet's (C. moreletii), Orinoco (C. intermedius), freshwater (C. johnsoni), Siamese (C. siamensis), Philippine (C. mindorensis) and New Guinea crocodiles (C. novaeguineae) [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [130]	date uncertain	Florida, Cuba, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Africa, Iran, India, Thailand, Myanmar, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines, Australia, Papua New Guinea	meat, hides, teeth, blood, fat, guarding, tourism, show, pets		Captive-bred		3dOther reptiles
Crimson (Neochmia phaeton) and red-browed finches (N. temporalis)	date uncertain	New Guinea, Australia	pets, show				2dPasseriformes
Star finch (Bathilda ruficauda)	date uncertain	Australia	pets, show				2dPasseriformes
Grey partridge (Perdix perdix)	date uncertain	Hungary, the United Kingdom	meat, eggs, feathers, pets				2bGalliformes
Red-legged (Alectoris rufa), chukar (A. chukar), Philby's (A. philbyi), Arabian (A. melanocephala) and Barbary partridges (A. barbara)	date uncertain	France, Afghanistan, North Africa, Yemen, Oman	meat, eggs, feathers, pets				2bGalliformes
Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracicus)	date uncertain	China, India	meat, eggs, feathers, pets				2bGalliformes
Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus)	date uncertain	Nepal	meat, eggs, feathers, ornamental, pets				2bGalliformes
Scaled (Callipepla squamata), elegant (C. douglasii), Gambel's (C. gambelii) and California quails (C. californica) [131]	date uncertain	Mexico, Utah, California	meat, eggs, feathers, pets				2bGalliformes
Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae)	date uncertain	Mexico	meat, eggs, feathers, pets				2bGalliformes
Vulturine guineafowl (Acryllium vulturinum)	date uncertain	Ethiopia	meat, pest control, pets				2bGalliformes
Harlequin (Coturnix delegorguei), rain (C. coromandelica) and stubble quails (C. pectoralis)	date uncertain	Africa, India, Australia	meat, eggs, feathers, pets				2bGalliformes
Edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) [132]	date uncertain	Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore	nests				2gOther birds
Tarantulas (Theraphosidae, various species and subspecies) [133]	date uncertain	North America, Central America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, Papua New Guinea	research, venom, pets		Captive-bred	Common in captivity, becoming rare in the wild	6cOther arthropods
Crested (Correlophus ciliatus) and suras geckos (C. sarasinorum)	date uncertain	New Caledonia	pets		Captive-bred	Somewhat common in captivity, nearly extinct in the wild	3bLacertilia
Roan (Hippotragus equinus) [134] and sable antelopes (H. niger) [135]	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, horns				1bBovidae
Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), [136] nyala (T. angasii), [137] and Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus)	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, hides, horns, pets				1bBovidae
Blue (Connochaetes taurinus) [138] and black wildebeest (C. gnou) [139]	date uncertain	South Africa, Kenya	meat, leather, hides, horns, pets				1bBovidae
Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus pygargus) including subspecies blesbok (D. p. phillipsi) [140]	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, hides, horns				1bBovidae
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus)	date uncertain	India, Pakistan	meat, hides, horns, pets		Historically farmed		1bBovidae
Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata)	date uncertain	Southeast Asia	pets, research		Slight physical changes	Fairly common in the wild and in captivity	2dPasseriformes
Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)	date uncertain	India, Pakistan	meat, hides, horns, pets				1bBovidae
Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) [141]	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, hides, horns, pets				1bBovidae
Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) [142]	date uncertain	North Africa	meat, horns				1bBovidae
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) [143] [144]	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, leather, horns				1bBovidae
Collared peccary (Dicotyles tajacu) [145]	date uncertain	Brazil	meat, pets				1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris) [146]	date uncertain	China	meat, antlers				1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
White-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus) [147] and mule deer (O. hemionus)	date uncertain	Virginia, West Virginia, Florida, Montana, Canada, Colombia	meat, hides, antlers, pets				1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
Dwarf (Moschus berezovskii), alpine (M. chrysogaster), white-bellied (M. leucogaster) and Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus) [148] [149] [150]	date uncertain	China, India, Russia	meat, hides, tusks, musk				1aArtiodactyla except Bovidae
Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) [151] [152] [153] [154]	date uncertain	South Africa, Ethiopia, Nigeria	hunting, guarding, waste management, tourism, show, pets				1cCarnivora
Fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) [155]	date uncertain	North Africa	pest control, pets				1cCarnivora
Grey (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and island foxes (U. littoralis) [156]	date uncertain	the eastern United States, the Channel Islands, California	pelts, pest control, pets				1cCarnivora
Meerkat or suricate (Suricata suricatta) [157] [158]	date uncertain	South Africa	pest control, research, education, therapy, tourism, show, pets				1cCarnivora
Common kusimanse (Crossarchus obscurus)	date uncertain	West Africa	pets, pest control		Captive-bred		1cCarnivora
Kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii)	date uncertain	Thailand, Indonesia	meat, pets				5bOther fish
Giant (Osphronemus goramy), [159] [160] giant red tail (O. laticlavius) and elephant ear gouramis (O. exodon)	date uncertain	Southeast Asia	meat, weed control, pets		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Red-bellied (Pygocentrus nattereri), piraya (P. piraya) and black spot piranha (P. cariba)	date uncertain	South America	meat, teeth, research, pets			Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild	5bOther fish
Atlantic bluefin (Thunnus thynnus), Pacific bluefin (T. orientalis), southern bluefin (T. maccoyii), yellowfin (T. albacares) and bigeye tunas (T. obesus); albacore or longfin tuna (T. alalunga) [161] [162]	date uncertain	Europe, East Asia, Australia, Hawaii, North America	meat, eggs		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
European sea (Acipenser sturio), white (A. transmontanus), shortnose (A. brevirostrum), Persian (A. persicus), Siberian (A. baerii), Adriatic (A. naccarii) and starry sturgeons (A. stellatus) [163] [164] [165] [166]	date uncertain	Europe, Alaska, California, Canada, Iran, Russia, Albania, the Aegean Sea	meat, eggs, pets		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Malabar (Epinephelus malabaricus), giant (E. lanceolatus), greasy (E. tauvina), areolate (E. areolatus), dusky (E. marginatus), wavy-lined (E. undulosus), six-bar (E. sexfasciatus) and orange-spotted groupers (E. coioides) [167] [168] [169]	date uncertain	Asia, Australia, Fiji, South Africa, Italy, the Indo-Pacific	meat		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); Chinook (O. tshawytscha) and Masu salmon (O. masou)	date uncertain	Europe, Asia, North America	meat, eggs		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta)	date uncertain	Europe (including the United Kingdom), Alaska, Canada, Chile, Russia, Australia, Tasmania	meat, eggs		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer), [170] Japanese lates (L. japonicus) and Nile perch (L. niloticus) [171]	date uncertain	the United Kingdom, Poland, the United States, India, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Australia, Japan, Africa	meat, pets		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)	date uncertain	the United States, Asia, Panama, Mexico	meat		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
European bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)	date uncertain	Europe	meat		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Milkfish (Chanos chanos) [172]	date uncertain	the Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia	meat		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Northern pike (Esox lucius) [173]	date uncertain	Europe	meat, eggs, research, pets		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Alligator (Atractosteus spatula), Cuban (A. tristoechus) and tropical gars (A. tropicus) [174] [175] [176]	date uncertain	North America, Cuba, Costa Rica	meat, pets		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)	date uncertain	China	meat, weed control				5aCyprinidae
Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)	date uncertain	China	meat, pest control, medicine				5aCyprinidae
Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)	date uncertain	China	meat				5aCyprinidae
Giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis) [177]	date uncertain	Vietnam	meat, pets				5aCyprinidae
Arapaima (Arapaima gigas) [178] [179]	date uncertain	the Amazon Basin	meat, pets		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Wels catfish (Silurus glanis) [180]	date uncertain	Europe	meat		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Iridescent shark (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and Mekong giant catfish (P. gigas) [181]	date uncertain	Southeast Asia	meat, pets		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) [182]	date uncertain	California, Colorado	meat		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Green (Etroplus suratensis) [183] and orange chromides (E. maculatus); Canara pearlspot (E. canarensis)	date uncertain	India	meat, pets		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) [184]	date uncertain	the Gulf of Mexico	meat, research		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Greater (Seriola dumerili), Japanese (S. quinqueradiata) and yellowtail amberjacks (S. lalandi); longfin yellowtail (S. rivoliana) [185] [186]	date uncertain	the Mediterranean Sea, Japan, Chile, Hawaii	meat		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Southern (Paralichthys lethostigma) and olive flounders (P. olivaceus) [187]	the 1980s (uncertain for P. lethostigma)	the United States, Japan, China, Korea	meat		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
European eel (Anguilla anguilla)	date uncertain	Europe, North America	meat		Captive-bred [188]		5bOther fish
Sugarbag bee (Tetragonula carbonaria) and Indian stingless bee (T. iridipennis)	date uncertain	Australia, India	honey, wax, propolis, pollination				6aHymenoptera
Dubia roach (Blaptica dubia)	date uncertain	Central America, South America	animal feed, pets		Captive-bred		6bOther insects
Mealworm (Tenebrio molitar) and superworm (Zophobas morio)	date uncertain	Europe	meat, animal feed, research		Captive-bred		6bOther insects
Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)	date uncertain	the United States	research		Captive-bred		6bOther insects
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) [189]	date uncertain	the United States	meat, animal feed, pollination, decomposing		Captive-bred		6bOther insects
Waxworms (Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella)	date uncertain	Europe?	meat, bait, animal feed, research		Captive-bred		6bOther insects
American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) [190]	date uncertain	North America	meat, medicine, pets		Captive-bred		6bOther insects
Flame jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum) [191]	date uncertain	China	meat, medicine, pets		Captive-bred		7cOther animals
Common (Octopus vulgaris), common Sydney (O. tetricus), big blue (O. cyanea), Mexican four-eyed (O. maya), California two-spot (O. bimaculoides), Gould's (O. mimus), long arm (O. minor), Caribbean reef (O. briareus), Caribbean dwarf (O. mercatoris) and East Pacific red octopuses (O. rubescens) [192] [193] [194] [195] [196] [197]	date uncertain	Europe, Asia, North America, Western Australia, Hawaii, the Caribbean Sea	meat, ink, research, pets		Captive-bred		7aMollusca
Common periwinkle (Littorina littorea)	date uncertain	Europe	meat, shells		Captive-bred		7aMollusca
Garden snail (Cornu aspersum)	date uncertain	Europe	meat, eggs, shells, slime, pets		Captive-bred		7aMollusca
Giant Ghana African snail (Achatina achatina) [198]	date uncertain	Ghana, Kenya	meat, eggs, shells, slime, pets		Captive-bred		7aMollusca
Giant East African (Lissachatina fulica) [199] and African land snails (L. albopicta)	date uncertain	East Africa	meat, shells, slime, education, pets		Captive-bred		7aMollusca
Pacific (Eptatretus stoutii) and inshore hagfishes (E. burgeri) [200] [201]	date uncertain	the United States, South Korea, Japan	meat, skins, slime		Captive-bred		5bOther fish
Mud crab (Scylla serrata)	date uncertain	Asia	meat, pets		Captive-bred		6cOther arthropods
Flower crab (Portunus armatus) [202] [203]	date uncertain	Australia	meat		Captive-bred		6cOther arthropods
European (Homarus gammarus) and American lobsters (H. americanus) [204] [205] [206]	date uncertain	Europe, the United States	meat		Captive-bred		6cOther arthropods
American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), northern leopard (L. pipiens), pig (L. grylio), and northern green frogs (L. clamitans melanota)	date uncertain	North America	meat, education, research, pets		Captive-bred		4aAnura
Pool (Pelophylax lessonae) and marsh frogs (P. ridibundus) [207]	date uncertain	Europe	meat, pets		Captive-bred		4aAnura
Crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora)	date uncertain	Java	meat		Captive-bred		4aAnura
Chinese edible frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) and Indus Valley bullfrog (H. tigerinus)	date uncertain	China, Thailand	meat, pets		Captive-bred		4aAnura
Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)	the 14th century CE	Europe	meat, pets		Captured in the wild or captive-bred	Extended in the wild and in captivity	7aMollusca
New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus)	the 1970s	New Zealand	meat, pets		Captured in the wild and captive-bred		7aMollusca
Purple dye murex (Bolinus brandaris)	classical antiquity (date uncertain)	the central and western Mediterranean Sea	Tyrian purple, meat		Historically captive-bred	No longer farmed	7aMollusca
Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)	the 19th century CE [ citation needed ]	North America	pelts, pest control, pets		Tame when captive-bred, significant physical changes[ citation needed ]	Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity	1cCarnivora

Taxonomical groupings

The categories used in the Taxon group column are:

• 1a: Artiodactyla except Bovidae , 1b: Bovidae , 1c: Carnivora , 1d: Rodentia , 1e:Other mammals
• 2a: Anseriformes , 2b: Galliformes , 2c: Columbiformes , 2d: Passeriformes , 2e: Psittaciformes , 2f: Palaeognathae , 2g:Other birds
• 3a: Serpentes , 3b: Lacertilia , 3c: Testudines , 3d:Other reptiles
• 4a: Anura , 4b:Other amphibians
• 5a: Cyprinidae , 5b:Other fish
• 6a: Hymenoptera , 6b:Other insects , 6c:Other arthropods
• 7a: Mollusca , 7b: Annelida , 7c:Other animals

See also

• List of domesticated plants
• List of domesticated fungi and microorganisms

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