Grey parrot

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Grey parrot
Perroquet a Yampopo Beach - Douala.jpg
Grey parrot in Douala, Cameroon
CITES Appendix I (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Psittacus
Species:
P. erithacus
Binomial name
Psittacus erithacus
Psittacus erithacus range.png
Range
Synonyms

Psittacus cinereus Gmelin, 1788

The grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), also known as the Congo grey parrot, African grey parrot or Congo African grey parrot, is an African parrot in the family Psittacidae. The Timneh parrot (Psittacus timneh) was previously treated as a subspecies of the grey parrot, but has since been elevated to a full species.

Contents

Taxonomy

The grey parrot was formally described in 1758 by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of Systema Naturae . He placed it with all other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus erithacus. [3] Linnaeus erroneously specified the type locality as "Guinea": the locality was later designated as Ghana in West Africa. [4] The genus name is Latin for "parrot". The specific epithet erithacus is Latin and is derived from the Ancient Greek εριθακος (erithakos) for an unknown bird that was said to mimic human sounds, perhaps the black redstart. [5]

The species is monotypic; no subspecies are accepted. [6] The Timneh parrot was formerly treated as a subspecies of the grey parrot, but is now considered a separate species based mainly on results from a genetic and morphological study published in 2007. [7] [6] Although Linnaeus placed all the parrots known to him in the genus Psittacus, only the grey parrot and the Timneh parrot are now assigned to this genus. [3]

The Clements Checklist classifies the Príncipe grey parrot as a subspecies of the grey parrot. It therefore recognises two subspecies:

This is in contrast to the IOC, which instead classifies it as a subspecies of the Timneh parrot. [6]

Description

Head of a grey parrot Congo African Grey Parrot -head detail.jpg
Head of a grey parrot

The grey parrot is medium-sized, predominantly grey and black-billed. Its typical weight is 400 g (14 oz), with an approximate length of 33 cm (13 in), [8] and a wingspan of 46–52 cm (18–20+1⁄2 in). [9] The head and wings are generally darker than the body. The head and body feathers have slight white edges; the tail feathers are red.

Both sexes appear similar. [8] Juvenile colouration is similar to that of adults, but typically their eyes are dark grey to black, compared to the adults' yellow irises around dark pupils, [10] and their undertail coverts are tinged with grey. [8] Adults weigh 418–526 g (14+3⁄4–18+1⁄2 oz). [11]

Grey parrots may live for 40–60 years in captivity, although their mean lifespan in the wild appears to be shorter — approximately 23 years. They start breeding at an age of 3–5 years and lay 3-5 eggs per brood. [9]

Distribution and habitat

The grey parrot is native to equatorial Africa, including Angola, Cameroon, the Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda. The species is found inside a range from Kenya to the eastern part of the Ivory Coast. [12] [13] Current estimates for the global population are uncertain and range from 630,000 to 13 million birds. Populations are decreasing worldwide. [13] The species seems to favour dense forests, but can also be found at forest edges and in more open vegetation types, such as gallery and savanna forests. [1]

A population study published in 2015 found that the species had been "virtually eliminated" from Ghana with numbers declining 90 to 99% since 1992. [14] They were found in only 10 of 42 forested areas, and three roosts that once held 700–1200 birds each, now had only 18 in total. Local people mainly blamed the pet trade and the felling of timber for the decline. [15] Populations are thought to be stable in Cameroon. In the Congo, an estimated 15,000 are taken every year for the pet trade, from the eastern part of the country, although the annual quota is stated to be 5,000. [15]

The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission indicated they have observed grey parrots escaped or released into South Florida since at least 1984, but no evidence indicates that the population is breeding naturally. [16]

Behaviour and ecology in the wild

Little is known about the behaviour and activities of these birds in the wild. In addition to a lack of research funding, it can be particularly difficult to study these birds in wild situations due to their status as prey animals, which leads them to have rather secretive personalities. It has been shown that wild grey parrots may also imitate a wide variety of sounds they hear, much like their captive relatives. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, two greys sound-recorded while roosting reportedly had a repertoire of over 200 different calls, including nine imitations of other wild bird songs and one of a bat. [17]

Feeding

Grey parrots are mainly frugivorous, with most of their diet consisting of fruit, nuts, and seeds, including oil palm fruit. They sometimes also eat flowers and tree bark, as well as insects and snails. [18] In the wild, the grey parrot is partly a ground feeder. [19]

Breeding

Grey parrots are monogamous breeders who nest in tree cavities. Each mated pair of parrots needs their own tree for their nest. The hen lays three to five eggs, which she incubates for 30 days while being fed by her mate. The adults defend their nesting sites. [12]

Grey parrot chicks require feeding and care from their parents in the nest. [12] The parents take care of them until 4–5 weeks after they are fledged. [20] Young leave the nest at the age of 12 weeks. Little is known about the courtship behaviour of this species in the wild. [9] They weigh 12–14 g (7⁄16–1⁄2 oz) at hatching and 372–526 g (13+1⁄8–18+1⁄2 oz) when they leave their parents. [11]

Conservation

Natural predators for this species include palm-nut vultures and several raptors. Monkeys target eggs and the young for food. [12]

Humans are by far the largest threat to wild grey populations. Between 1994 and 2003, more than 359,000 grey parrots were traded on the international market. Approximately 21% of the wild population was being harvested every year. Mortality rates are extremely high between the time they are captured and they reach the market, ranging from 60 to 66%. [13] [21] This species also is hunted for its meat and for its body parts, which are used in traditional medicines. [22] As a result of the extensive harvest of wild birds, in addition to habitat loss, this species is believed to be undergoing a rapid decline in the wild and therefore, has been rated as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. [1]

In October 2016, the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Fauna and Flora (CITES) extended the highest level of protection to grey parrots by listing the species under Appendix 1, which regulates international trade in the species. [23]

In 2021, the Kenyan government held a short amnesty, during which grey parrot owners could pay a fee to obtain a permit for their birds and facilitate legal ownership. Following the expiry of this time period, it is now illegal to own this species without a permit. [24]

In captivity

Skeleton Psittacus erithacus 65.jpg
Skeleton

The species is common in captivity and regularly kept by humans as a companion parrot, prized for its ability to mimic human speech, which makes it one of the most popular avian pets. [1] An escaped pet in Japan was returned to his owner after repeating the owner's name and address. [25]

Grey parrots are notorious for mimicking noises heard in their environment and using them tirelessly. They are highly intelligent birds, needing extensive behavioural and social enrichment as well as extensive attention in captivity or else they may become distressed. Feather plucking is a common symptom seen among such distressed grey parrots, [19] affecting up to 40% of captive individuals. [26] They may also be prone to behavioural problems due to their sensitive nature. [21] Social isolation hastens stress and aging. [27]

The grey parrot is a highly social species which relies on a flock-type structure, even when raised in captivity. Because they are so dependent on the other birds within their flock, much of their speech and vocal ability is acquired through interaction with the humans with whom they reside. [28] Both wild and captive parrots have been shown to use contact calls, which allow them to interact with their flock mates and communicate information about their location, detection of predators, availability of food, and safety status. In addition, contact calls are used to form strong social bonds with their flock mates, or in the case of captive greys, with their human housemates. In captivity, they have been shown to display communicative competence, meaning they not only use human language correctly, but also in such a way that is appropriate for the social situation which they are in. [29]

In January 2024, keepers at the Lincolnshire Wildlife Park in Friskney, England, moved a notorious group of eight swearing parrots into a group of more than 100 birds in an attempt to "dilute" their excessive profane mimicry. [30]

Diet

A pet grey parrot eating a cucumber slice Psittacus erithacus cucumber.jpg
A pet grey parrot eating a cucumber slice

In captivity, grey parrots may be fed bird pellets, a variety of fruits such as pear, orange, pomegranate, apple, and banana, and vegetables such as carrot, cooked sweet potato, celery, fresh kale, green beans and peas. [11] [19] The birds also need a source of calcium. [12]

Disease

Grey parrots in captivity have been observed to be susceptible to fungal infections, bacterial infections, nutritional insufficiency, malignant tumors, psittacine beak and feather disease, tapeworms, and blood-worms. [19] Young grey parrots are more commonly infected by psittacine beak and feather disease than adults. Infected birds show symptoms such as loss of appetite, fluffy feathers, sluggishness, and reduced walking abilities due to brittle bones. [31]

Grey parrots are more likely to have rhinitis,[ clarification needed ] an inflammatory and infectious disease of the nasal cavity. Birds may exhibit signs such as wheezing, sneezing, nasal snuffling, and swelling or occlusion of the nares. Treatment options include gentle debridement and nasal irrigation. [32]

Intelligence and cognition

Grey parrots are highly intelligent and are considered to be one of the most intelligent species of psittacines. Many individuals have been shown to perform some tasks at the cognitive level of a four- to six-year-old human child. Several studies have been conducted indicating a suite of higher-level cognitive abilities. Experiments have shown grey parrots can learn number sequences and can learn to associate human voices with the faces of the humans who create them. [33] It has been reported that grey parrots are capable of using existing English words to create new labels for objects when the bird does not know the name of the object, for example "banerry" ("banana" + "cherry") for "apple", "banana crackers" for "dried banana chips" or "yummy bread" for "cake". [34]

American scientist Irene Pepperberg's research with Alex the parrot showed his ability to learn more than 100 words, differentiating between objects, colours, materials and shapes. [35] Pepperberg spent several decades working with Alex, and wrote numerous scientific papers on experiments performed, indicating the bird's advanced cognitive abilities. One such study found that Alex had the ability to add numbers as well as having a zero-like concept, similar to that of young children and apes. [36]

In addition to their striking cognitive abilities, grey parrots have displayed altruistic behaviour and concern for others. Researchers found that while blue-headed macaws were unlikely to share a nut with other members of their own species, grey parrots would actively give their conspecific partner a nut even if it meant they would not be able to get one themselves. [37] When the roles were reversed, their partners were overwhelmingly likely to return the favour, forgoing their own nut to their partner's benefits. This indicates not only a display of selflessness but also an act of reciprocity.

A 2012 study demonstrated that captive grey parrots have individual musical preferences. When presented with the opportunity to choose between two different pieces of music via a touch screen monitor located in their cage, the two birds in the test consistently chose different songs, to which they then danced and sang along. [38] Some pet grey parrots have also been observed using the music feature of smart speakers (such as Google Nest or Amazon Echo) to verbally request playback of specific favoured songs. [39]

Some research has shown that foot preference can be linked to the number of words a particular parrot may know and use. Researchers found grey parrots who prefer to use their right foot showed a marked increase in the number of words within their lexicon as compared to left-footed parrots. [40] Scientists postulate that parrots may have lateralization of brain function, much as mammals do.

In two murder trials, there was consideration to use the deceased victim's pet grey parrot's "testimony" as evidence due to the parrot's witnessing and repeating the victim's last words. In the 1993 murder trial of Gary Joseph Rasp, the defendant was accused of murdering Jane Gill. Public defender Charles Ogulnik wanted to use Jane's pet grey parrot Max to prove Gary's innocence, due to Max repeating Jane's last words, "Richard, no, no, no!". In the 2017 murder trial of Glenna Duram, the defendant was accused of murdering her husband Martin Duram. The prosecutor was exploring the possibility of using the couple's pet parrot Bud as evidence when Bud kept repeating Martin's last words, "Don't fucking shoot." [41] [42] [43]

Mutations

Grey mutations occur naturally in the wild, such as the Blue Ino (albino), the Incomplete Ino, and the Blue varieties. The Blue Ino is all white.
The Incomplete Ino has light pigmentation. The Blue has a white tail.

Due to selection by breeders, some captive grey parrots are partly or completely red. [18] Breeders from South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Scandinavia have bred grey parrots intensively since the 1800s. These bred varieties include the Red Pied, F2 Pied, Grizzles, Ino, Incomplete, Parino, Lutino, Cinnamon, and Red Factor. South African bird breeder Von van Antwerpen and New Zealand partner Jaco Bosman selected F2 Pieds and created the first Red Factor Greys. They are rare, may be predominantly red-pigmented, and vary in price depending upon the extent of the red plumage displayed. [44]

History

The domestication of grey parrots dates back to 2000 B.C., depicting native birds as pets in Egyptian hieroglyphics.[ citation needed ] They were considered valuable by the Greeks and the Romans, who kept them in cages.[ citation needed ] Grey parrots, due to illegal trading in recent years, were listed as Endangered in 2016 on the IUCN Red List.

Related Research Articles

<i>Psittacus</i> Genus of birds

Psittacus is a genus of African grey parrots in the subfamily Psittacinae. It contains two species: the grey parrot and the Timneh parrot.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Budgerigar</span> Small, long-tailed, seed-eating parakeet

The budgerigar, also known as the common parakeet, shell parakeet or budgie, is a small, long-tailed, seed-eating parrot. Naturally the species is green and yellow with black, scalloped markings on the nape, back, and wings. Budgies are bred in captivity with colouring of blues, whites, yellows, greys, and even with small crests. Juveniles and chicks are monomorphic, while adults are told apart by their cere colouring and their behaviour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salmon-crested cockatoo</span> Species of bird

The salmon-crested cockatoo, also known as the Moluccan cockatoo, is a cockatoo endemic to the Seram archipelago in eastern Indonesia. At a height of up to 46–52 centimetres (1.51–1.71 ft) and weight of up to 850 grams (1.87 lb), it is among the largest of the white cockatoos. The female is slightly smaller than the male on average. It has white-pink feathers with a definite peachy glow, a slight yellow on the underwing and underside of the tail feathers and a large retractable recumbent crest which it raises when threatened, revealing hitherto concealed bright red-orange plumes to frighten potential attackers. It may also be raised in excitement or in other 'emotional' displays. Some describe the crest as "flamingo-colored". It also has one of the louder calls in the parrot world and in captivity is a capable mimic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Senegal parrot</span> Species of bird

The Senegal parrot is a parrot which is a resident breeder across a wide range of west Africa. It makes migrations within west Africa, according to the availability of the fruit, seeds and blossoms which make up its diet. It is considered a farm pest in Africa, often feeding on maize or millet. It is popular in aviculture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alex (parrot)</span> Parrot used for experiments (1976–2007)

Alex was a grey parrot and the subject of a thirty-year experiment by animal psychologist Irene Pepperberg, initially at the University of Arizona and later at Harvard University and Brandeis University. When Alex was about one year old, Pepperberg bought him at a pet shop. In her book "Alex & Me", Pepperberg describes her unique relationship with Alex and how Alex helped her understand animal minds. Alex was an acronym for avian language experiment, or avian learning experiment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulphur-crested cockatoo</span> Species of bird

The sulphur-crested cockatoo is a relatively large white cockatoo found in wooded habitats in Australia, New Guinea, and some of the islands of Indonesia. They can be locally very numerous, leading to them sometimes being considered pests. A highly intelligent bird, they are well known in aviculture, although they can be demanding pets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scarlet macaw</span> Species of bird

The scarlet macaw is a large yellow, red and blue Neotropical parrot native to humid evergreen forests of the Americas. Its range extends from southeastern Mexico to Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, Honduras, and Brazil in lowlands of 500 m (1,600 ft) up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft), the Caribbean island of Trinidad, as well as the Pacific island of Coiba. Formerly, the northern extent of its range included southern Tamaulipas. In some areas, it has suffered local extinction because of habitat destruction, or capture for the parrot trade, but in other areas, it remains fairly common. It is the national bird of Honduras. Like its relative the blue-and-yellow macaw, the scarlet macaw is a popular bird in aviculture as a result of its striking plumage. It is the third most common macaw species in captivity after the Blue and Gold and Greenwing Macaw respectively. In recent years it has become much rarer in captivity and much more expensive due to its placement on CITES Appendix I.

<i>Poicephalus</i> Genus of birds

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue-and-yellow macaw</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Feather-plucking</span> Maladaptive, behavioural disorder commonly seen in captive birds

Feather-plucking, sometimes termed feather-picking, feather damaging behaviour or pterotillomania, is a maladaptive, behavioural disorder commonly seen in captive birds that chew, bite or pluck their own feathers with their beak, resulting in damage to the feathers and occasionally the skin. It is especially common among parrots, with an estimated 10% of captive parrots exhibiting the disorder. The areas of the body that are mainly pecked or plucked are the more accessible regions such as the neck, chest, flank, inner thigh and ventral wing area. Contour and down feathers are generally identified as the main target, although in some cases, tail and flight feathers are affected. Although feather-plucking shares characteristics with feather pecking commonly seen in commercial poultry, the two behaviours are currently considered to be distinct as in the latter, the birds peck at and pull out the feathers of other individuals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuban amazon</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-shouldered macaw</span> Species of bird

The red-shouldered macaw is a small green South American parrot, a member of a large group of Neotropical parrots called macaws. The species is named for the red coverts on its wings. It is the smallest macaw, being 30–35 cm (12–14 in) in length – similar in size to the Aratinga parakeets. It is native to the tropical lowlands, savannah, and swamplands of Brazil, the Guianas, Bolivia, Venezuela, and far south-eastern Peru. There are three subspecies: The noble macaw, Hahn's macaw, and the long-winged macaw. The long-winged macaw is a poorly distinct third subspecies that has longer wings, but is otherwise similar to the noble macaw. The Hahn's subspecies is named for German zoologist Carl-Wilhelm Hahn, who in 1834 began compiling Ornithologischer Atlas oder naturgetreue Abbildung und Beschreibung der aussereuropäischen Vögel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chestnut-fronted macaw</span> Species of bird

The chestnut-fronted macaw or severe macaw is one of the largest of the mini-macaws. It reaches a size of around 45 cm (18 in) of which around half is the length of the tail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mascarene parrot</span> Extinct species of bird from Réunion

The Mascarene parrot or mascarin is an extinct species of parrot that was endemic to the Mascarene island of Réunion in the western Indian Ocean. The taxonomic relationships of this species have been subject to debate; it has historically been grouped with either the Psittaculini parrots or the vasa parrots, with the latest genetic study favouring the former group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meyer's parrot</span> Species of bird

Meyer's parrot, also known as the brown parrot, is a species of parrot native to Africa. A Meyer's parrot has grey feathers, turquoise belly, blue rump, and bright yellow markings on the carpal joint of the wings. Most subspecies have some yellow on the top of the head as well. Forshaw (1989) recognizes six subspecies of P. meyeri which vary in home range, size and in markings, including the extent of yellow markings to the head and wings, and the intensity of turquoise markings on the belly and rump.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cape parrot</span> Species of bird

The Cape parrot or Levaillant's parrot is a large, temperate forest dwelling parrot of the genus Poicephalus endemic to South Africa. It was formerly grouped as a subspecies along with the savanna-dwelling brown-necked parrot and grey-headed parrot, but is now considered a distinct species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Talking bird</span> Bird that can mimic human speech

Talking birds are birds that can mimic the speech of humans. There is debate within the scientific community over whether some talking parrots also have some cognitive understanding of the language. Birds have varying degrees of talking ability: some, like the corvids, are able to mimic only a few words and phrases, while some budgerigars have been observed to have a vocabulary of almost 2,000 words. The common hill myna, a common pet, is well known for its talking ability and its relative, the common starling, is also adept at mimicry. Wild cockatoos in Australia have been reported to have learned human speech by cultural transmission from ex-captive birds that have integrated into the flock.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sun conure</span> Species of bird

The sun conure, also known as the sun parakeet, is a medium-sized, vibrantly colored parrot native to northeastern South America. The adult male and female are similar in appearance, with black beaks, predominantly golden-yellow plumage, orange-flushed underparts and face, and green and blue-tipped wings and tails. Sun conures are very social birds, typically living in flocks. They form monogamous pairs for reproduction, and nest in palm cavities in the tropics. Sun conures mainly feed on fruits, flowers, berries, blossoms, seeds, nuts, and insects. Conures are commonly bred and kept in aviculture and may live up to 30 years. This species is currently threatened by loss of habitat and trapping for plumage or the pet trade. Sun conures are now listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parrot</span> Order of birds

Parrots (Psittaciformes), also known as psittacines, are birds with a strong curved beak, upright stance, and clawed feet. They are classified in four families that contain roughly 410 species in 101 genera, found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The four families are the Psittaculidae, Psittacidae, Cacatuoidea (cockatoos), and Strigopidae. One-third of all parrot species are threatened by extinction, with a higher aggregate extinction risk than any other comparable bird group. Parrots have a generally pantropical distribution with several species inhabiting temperate regions as well. The greatest diversity of parrots is in South America and Australasia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timneh parrot</span> Species of bird

The Timneh parrot, also known as the Timneh grey parrot or Timneh African grey parrot, is a West African parrot. Formerly classified as a subspecies of the grey parrot Psittacus erithacus timneh, it is now considered a full species Psittacus timneh. In aviculture, it is often referred to by the initials TAG and is commonly kept as a companion parrot.

References

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  4. ↑ Peters, James Lee, ed. (6 February 2024). Massachusetts. p. 229.
  5. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp.  332, 149. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
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  9. 1 2 3 Holman, Rachel. "Psittacus erithacus". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  10. ↑ de Grahl, Wolfgang (1987). The Grey Parrot. TFH Publications.
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  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "Psittacus erithacus (grey parrot)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 McGowan, Phillip (2008). "African Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus Case Study" (PDF). Cites.org. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  14. ↑ "'Catastrophic' decline: nearly 99% of African grey parrots wiped out in Ghana". Mongabay Environmental News. December 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  15. 1 2 "Future is black for grey parrots". New Scientist . 228 (3049): 9. 28 November 2015. doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(15)31685-7.
  16. ↑ "Nonnatives – Gray Parrot". myfwc.com. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  17. ↑ Burger, Joanna (2001). The Parrot Who Owns Me . Villard Books. pp.  240. ISBN   0-679-46330-5.
  18. 1 2 "African gray parrot | bird". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "African Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus". Lafeber Company. 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  20. ↑ Griffin, Jenny (13 February 2012). "Species Spotlight on the African Grey Parrot". Brighthub. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  21. 1 2 "Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) – Care In Captivity". World Parrot Trust. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  22. ↑ "Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) – BirdLife species factsheet". www.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  23. ↑ Wildlife Conservation Society (1 October 2016). "CITES Parties Extend Protections to the African Grey Parrot". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  24. ↑ Chebet, Caroline. "You will have to pay Sh12,000 to own a parrot in Kenya". The Standard. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  25. ↑ "Stray Japan parrot talks way home". BBC.co.uk. BBC. 22 May 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
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  30. ↑ "Foul-mouthed parrots moved with other birds to curb swearing habit". Independent.co.uk . 23 January 2024.
  31. ↑ "Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus (PBFD)". Northern Parrots. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
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  34. ↑ Taylor, Ashley P. (6 August 2015). "Why Do Parrots Talk?". National Audubon Society. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
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  38. ↑ Copping, Jasper. "Parrots Are Picky When It Comes To Music". Business Insider. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
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  40. ↑ Snyder, Peter J.; Harris, Lauren Julius (11 November 1996). "Lexicon size and its relation to foot preference in the African Grey parrot "Psittacus erithacus"". Neuropsychologia. 35 (6): 919–926. doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00010-9. PMID   9204496. S2CID   7067828.
  41. ↑ Bryan, Kenza (21 July 2017). "Woman convicted of husband's murder after parrot witness repeats 'don't shoot'". The Independent. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  42. ↑ Lartey, Jamiles (27 June 2016). "'Don't shoot': pet parrot's words may be used in Michigan murder trial". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  43. ↑ "Parrot May Have the Answer to a Killing". The New York Times. 12 November 1993. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  44. ↑ "African Grey Parrots". Animal-World. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
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