Crimson rosella

Last updated

Crimson rosella
Platycercus elegans Wilsons Prom.jpg
Adult in Wilsons Promontory, Victoria
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittaculidae
Genus: Platycercus
Species:
P. elegans
Binomial name
Platycercus elegans
(Gmelin, 1788)
Platycercus elegans range.png
Crimson rosella range (in red; all-year resident)
Synonyms [2]

Psittacus elegans, Gmelin
Psittacus pennantii, Latham, 1790
Psittacus gloriosus, Shaw, 1791

Contents

The crimson rosella (Platycercus elegans) is a parrot native to eastern and south eastern Australia which has been introduced to New Zealand and Norfolk Island. It is commonly found in, but not restricted to, mountain forests and gardens. The species as it now stands has subsumed two former separate species, the yellow rosella and the Adelaide rosella. Molecular studies show one of the three red-coloured races, P. e. nigrescens, is genetically more distinct.

Taxonomy

Yellow rosella (Platycercus elegans flaveolus) Yellow Rosella 4436.jpg
Yellow rosella (Platycercus elegans flaveolus)
Swifts Creek, Victoria, Australia Crimson rosella feeding on african boxthorn.jpg
Swifts Creek, Victoria, Australia
Lamington National Park, Queensland, Australia Crimson Rosella JCB.jpg
Lamington National Park, Queensland, Australia

The crimson rosella was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae . He placed it with the parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus elegans. [3] This Latin name had been used in 1605 by the Flemish botanist Carolus Clusius in his book Exoticorum libri decem for the hawk-headed parrot, [4] [5] however this predates the start of Linnean taxonomy. [2]

The crimson rosella had been described and named by John Latham in 1781 as the "Beautiful Lory", from a specimen in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks, [6] and then as the "Pennantian Parrot" in 1787 [7] in honour of Thomas Pennant. [8] However, Latham did not give the species a binomial name until 1790, when he named it Psittacus pennantii. [9]

Nicholas Aylward Vigors defined the genus Platycercus in 1825, based on the distinctive architecture of the feathers in the tail and wing, and designated the crimson rosella (as Platycercus pennantii) as the type species. [10]

Most authors used Latham's combination Platycercus pennantii until 1891, when Italian zoologist Tommaso Salvadori established that P. elegans had priority, leading to its universal adoption thereafter. [11] [12]

Edward Pierson Ramsay described the subspecies nigrescens in 1888, noting its darker crimson plumage, black back and nape, and smaller size yet larger bill. [13] It was also known as "northern crimson parrot" or "Campbell's parakeet", after Alexander James Campbell. [8]

In 1941, Herbert Condon proposed that the yellow and Adelaide rosellas be reclassified as subspecies of the crimson rosella. [14]

"Crimson rosella" has been designated the official name by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC); [15] however, it was not given this name until the publication of the 1926 RAOU checklist. Before this it had been known as the crimson parrot, while the term "rosella" had been restricted to the eastern rosella. [8] The name "blue-cheeked rosella" was proposed for the united species elegans, [16] but was not generally taken up. [17]

Today, the red-coloured races are generally known as the crimson rosella, with the alternate names red lowry, Pennant's parakeet, Campbell parakeet, (blue) mountain parrot, (blue) mountain lowry or just plain lowry occasionally heard. [18] Cayley reported that the first two alternate names were most common in the early part of the twentieth century. On Norfolk Island it is called simply red parrot.

The yellow rosella, also known by a variety of alternate common names including Murrumbidgee lowry, murray rosella, swamp lowry and yellow-rumped parakeet, [19] was described as Platycercus flaveolus by John Gould, who gave it the last common name mentioned. It was reduced to subspecies status once hybridization was noted where ranges overlap. However, some authorities maintain the hybridization is not widespread and hence preserve its specific status. This view is in the minority. [17]

Description

Platycercus elegans is a medium-sized Australian parrot at 36 cm (14 in) long, much of which is tail. There are seven subspecies, three of which are actually crimson. The red is replaced by yellow in the case of var. flaveolus and a mixture of red, orange and yellow in the Adelaide rosella.

Adults and juveniles generally show strikingly different colouration in south-eastern populations, with predominantly greenish-olive body plumage on the juvenile, most persistent on the nape and breast. Juveniles are said to 'ripen' as they get older and turn from green to red. All races have blue cheeks and black-scalloped blue-margined wings and predominantly blue tail with predominantly red coloration. The crimson rosella's blue tail feathers are one of the favourite decorations of the satin bowerbird. The bill is pale grey and the iris dark brown.

There is very little sexual dimorphism in crimson rosellas. The most noticeable difference between genders is that males are up to 15% larger, and have a relatively larger and wider beak.

Subspecies

P. elegans elegans, the nominate race of Victoria and eastern New South Wales. P. elegans nigrescens, occurring on Queensland's northeastern coast, and P. elegans melanoptera on Kangaroo Island. The main distinction between these is size: nigrescens is the smallest of the three and melanoptera is the largest; both are slightly darker than the nominate race.

The juveniles of P. e. nigrescens lack the greenish immature plumage of the other subspecies of crimson rosella.

Yellow rosella

The yellow rosella, which lives along the Murray River and several of its tributaries, was reclassified (1968) as a subspecies, P. elegans flaveolus, of the crimson rosella as the two were found to interbreed where their ranges overlap. The main difference between the two is that the crimson areas are replaced with light yellow and the tail is more greenish. [20]

Adelaide rosella

Eating seeds from the ground. The feathers on the back have a scalloped pattern. Crimson Rosella (Platycercus elegans) -two eating seeds.jpg
Eating seeds from the ground. The feathers on the back have a scalloped pattern.

The Adelaide rosella of Adelaide and the surrounding area was also thought to be a separate species, but is presently believed to be a hybrid swarm, having originated through interbreeding of the crimson and yellow rosellas. Both of these still interbreed with the Adelaide rosella where its range crosses theirs, and it exhibits variation in its plumage from dark orange-red in the south of its distribution to a pale orange-yellow in the north. Variants that are very close to the yellow race are designated subadelaidae. [21]

Distribution and habitat

Juvenile with prominent green plumage Platycercus elegans -Canberra-8a.jpg
Juvenile with prominent green plumage

The crimson rosella occurs from southeastern South Australia, through Tasmania, Victoria and coastal New South Wales into southeastern Queensland. A disparate population occurs in North Queensland. [20]

Around 1910, a small number of crimson rosellas were released off the Otago Heads, New Zealand, along with eastern rosellas. These interbred and by the 1950s no pure crimson rosellas remained. This mixed population has remained there ever since. Crimson rosellas were also present in Wellington City from 1963 [22] through the early 1990s as an introduced species. Two crimson rosellas were also recorded from the Tararua foothills in 1971. [22] It is now thought to be extinct in the wild in New Zealand. [23]

Crimson rosellas were taken to Norfolk Island as cage birds during the first penal settlement. Escaping into the wild, they were reported before 1838, and became numerous by 1900. [24] There they are often known as "red parrots", to distinguish them from the native Norfolk Island parakeet or "green parrots".

Crimson rosellas are common in coastal and mountain forests at all altitudes. They primarily live in forests and woodlands, preferring older and wetter forests. They can be found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate rainforests, both wet and dry sclerophyll forests, riparian forests, and woodlands, all the way from sea level up to the tree line. They will also live in human-affected areas such as farmlands, pastures, fire-breaks, parks, reserves, gardens, and golf-courses. They are rarely found in treeless areas. At night, they roost on high tree branches.

Behaviour

Almost all rosellas are sedentary, although occasional populations are considered nomadic; no rosellas are migratory. Outside of the breeding season, crimson rosellas tend to congregate in pairs or small groups and feeding parties. The largest groups are usually composed of juveniles, who will gather in flocks of up to 20 individuals. When they forage, they are conspicuous and chatter noisily. Rosellas are monogamous, and during the breeding season, adult birds will not congregate in groups and will only forage with their mate.

According to a new study crimson rosellas can identify birds of their own subspecies based on the smell of other birds. [25]

Feeding

Adult eating seeds from a basil plant in a garden in Canberra, Australia

Crimson rosellas forage in trees, bushes, and on the ground for the fruit, seeds, nectar, berries, and nuts of a wide variety of plants, including members of the Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, and Rosaceae families. Despite feeding on fruits and seeds, rosellas are not useful to the plants as seed-spreaders, because they crush and destroy the seeds in the process of eating them. [26] Their diet often puts them at odds with farmers whose fruit and grain harvests can be damaged by the birds, which has resulted in large numbers of rosellas being shot in the past. Adelaide rosellas are known to feed on dormant cherry flower buds. [27] Rosellas will also eat many insects and their larvae, including termites, aphids, beetles, weevils, caterpillars, moths, and water boatmen. [28]

Breeding

Adult on the left and juvenile on the right. The juvenile retains some green plumage on the wings. Crimson Rosella (Platycercus elegans) -on feeder-2c.jpg
Adult on the left and juvenile on the right. The juvenile retains some green plumage on the wings.

Nesting sites are hollows greater than 1 metre (3.3 feet) deep in tree trunks, limbs, and stumps. These may be up to 30 metres (98 feet) above the ground. [29] The nesting site is selected by the female. Once the site is selected, the pair will prepare it by lining it with wood debris made from the hollow itself by gnawing and shredding it with their beaks. They do not bring in material from outside the hollow. Only one pair will nest in a particular tree. A pair will guard their nest by perching near it and chattering at other rosellas that approach. They will also guard a buffer zone of several trees radius around their nest, preventing other pairs from nesting in that area.

The breeding season of the crimson rosella lasts from September through to February, and varies depending on the rainfall of each year; it starts earlier and lasts longer during wet years. The laying period is on average during mid- to late October. Clutch size ranges from 3–8 eggs, which are laid asynchronously at an average interval of 2.1 days; the eggs are white and slightly shiny and measure 28 by 23 millimetres (1+1⁄8 in × 7⁄8 in). [29] The mean incubation period is 19.7 days, and ranges from 16 to 28 days. Only the mother incubates the eggs. The eggs hatch around mid-December; on average 3.6 eggs successfully hatch. There is a bias towards female nestlings, as 41.8% of young are male. For the first six days, only the mother feeds the nestlings. After this time, both parents feed them. The young become independent in February, after which they spend a few more weeks with their parents before departing to become part of a flock of juveniles. Juveniles reach maturity (gain adult plumage) at 16 months of age.

Mutations

The nominate bird is mainly red, and a few colour mutations exist, such as the blue, yellow, white, and cinnamon, in aviculture.

Threats

Predators of crimson rosellas include the peregrine falcon, grey goshawk and powerful owl, [30] as well as feral cats and foxes. Possums and currawongs are also believed to occasionally take eggs from the nest. [31] Surprisingly, however, the crimson rosella is its own worst enemy. During the breeding season, it is common for females to fly to other nests and destroy the eggs and in fact, this is the most common cause for an egg failing to hatch. [32] This behaviour is thought to be a function of competition for suitable nesting hollows, since a nest will be abandoned if all the eggs in it are destroyed, and a pair of rosellas will tend to nest in the same area from year to year.

A new study has shown that hybrid birds were more likely to fight off diseases than were pure breeds; an example of the biological phenomenon of heterosis, in which a crossbreed is stronger than its two purebred ancestors. Scientists from the Centre for Integrative Ecology at Deakin University in Geelong, Victoria, studied the infection patterns of beak and feather diseases in crimson rosellas across southern Australia. This included several hybrid populations in northeastern Victoria and southern New South Wales, located in between the range of the two parent subspecies. (Platycercus elegans flaveolus and P. elegans elegans). They found that when the subspecies mated, the resulting offspring seemed to cope better with a potentially deadly virus. [33]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Platycercinae</span> Subfamily of birds

Platycercinae is a subfamily of birds belonging to the family Psittaculidae that inhabit Oceania. It consists of two tribes, the ground parrots and allies (Pezoporini) and the many species of broad-tailed parrot (Platycercini).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Broad-tailed parrot</span> Tribe of birds

A broad-tailed parrot is any of about 35–40 species belonging to the tribe Platycercini. The members of the tribe are small to medium in size, and all are native to Australasia, Australia in particular, but also New Zealand, New Caledonia, and nearby islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-tailed black cockatoo</span> Species of bird native to the south-east of Australia

The yellow-tailed black cockatoo is a large cockatoo native to the south-east of Australia measuring 55–65 cm (22–26 in) in length. It has a short crest on the top of its head. Its plumage is mostly brownish black and it has prominent yellow cheek patches and a yellow tail band. The body feathers are edged with yellow giving a scalloped appearance. The adult male has a black beak and pinkish-red eye-rings, and the female has a bone-coloured beak and grey eye-rings. In flight, yellow-tailed black cockatoos flap deeply and slowly, with a peculiar heavy fluid motion. Their loud, wailing calls carry for long distances. The yellow-tailed black cockatoo is found in temperate forests and forested areas across south and central eastern Queensland to southeastern South Australia, including a very small population persisting in the Eyre Peninsula. Two subspecies are recognised, although Tasmanian and southern mainland populations of the southern subspecies xanthanotus may be distinct enough from each other to bring the total to three. Birds of subspecies funereus have longer wings and tails and darker plumage overall, while those of xanthanotus have more prominent scalloping. The subspecies whiteae is found south of Victoria to the East of South Australia and is smaller in size.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern rosella</span> Species of bird

The eastern rosella is a rosella native to southeastern Australia, including Tasmania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern bluebonnet</span> Species of bird

The eastern bluebonnet, also known as the greater bluebonnet, is an Australian parrot, one of two species in the genus Northiella. It was originally included in the genus Psephotus but due to distinctive physical and behavioural differences was reclassified into its own genus in 1994 by ornithologists and taxonomists Christidis and Boles. The bluebonnet is a medium-sized inland parrot commonly found in the interior of southeastern and central-southern Australia. It is adapted to life in semi-arid regions but can also flourish in regions of medium rainfall towards the eastern and southern extremities of its range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosella</span> Genus of birds

Rosellas are in a genus that consists of six species and nineteen subspecies. These colourful parrots from Australia are in the genus Platycercus. Platycercus means "broad-tailed" or "flat-tailed", reflecting a feature common to the rosellas and other members of the broad-tailed parrot tribe. Their diet is mainly seeds and fruit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-capped parrot</span> Species of bird endemic to Western Australia

The red-capped parrot is a species of broad-tailed parrot native to southwestern Australia. It was described by Heinrich Kuhl in 1820, with no subspecies recognised. It has long been classified in its own genus owing to its distinctive elongated beak, though genetic analysis shows that it lies within the lineage of the Psephotellus parrots and that its closest relative is the mulga parrot. Not easily confused with other parrot species, it has a bright crimson crown, green-yellow cheeks, and a distinctive long bill. The wings, back, and long tail are dark green, and the underparts are purple-blue. The adult female is very similar though sometimes slightly duller than the male; her key distinguishing feature is a white stripe on the wing under-surface. Juveniles are predominantly green.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian king parrot</span> Species of bird

The Australian king parrot is a species of parrot endemic to eastern Australia ranging from Cooktown in Queensland to Port Campbell in Victoria. Found in humid and heavily forested upland regions of the eastern portion of the continent, including eucalyptus wooded areas in and directly adjacent to subtropical and temperate rainforest. They feed on fruits and seeds gathered from trees or on the ground.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-crowned parakeet</span> Species of bird

The red-crowned parakeet, also known as red-fronted parakeet and by its Māori name of kākāriki, is a small parrot from New Zealand. It is characterised by its bright green plumage and the red pattern on its head. This versatile bird can feed on a variety food items and can be found in many habitat types. It used to be classified as near threatened as invasive predators had pushed it out of its historical range but it is now at least concern. This species used to occupy the entire island, but is now confined to only a few areas on the mainland and some offshore islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-winged parrot</span> Species of bird

The red-winged parrot is a parrot native to Australia and New Guinea. It is found in grasslands, savannah, farmland, and woodland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ground parrot</span> Species of bird

The ground parrot is a parrot endemic to Australia. It is one of only four ground-dwelling parrots in the world, the others being the closely related night parrot, the Antipodes parakeet, and the flightless kākāpō from New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pale-headed rosella</span> Species of bird

The pale-headed rosella, is a broad-tailed parrot of the genus Platycercus native to northeastern Australia. It is a moderate-size parrot with a pale yellow head, predominantly white cheeks, scalloped black and gold back and pale blue underparts. Two subspecies are recognised, although some authorities consider it to be conspecific with the eastern rosella of southeastern Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western rosella</span> Species of bird

The western rosella, or moyadong, is a species of parrot endemic to southwestern Australia. The head and underparts are bright red, and the back is mottled black; a yellow patch at the cheek distinguishes it from others of the genus Platycercus. Adults of the species exhibit sexual dimorphism with the females duller overall; juveniles lack the striking colours of mature birds and the characteristic patterning is not as easily distinguished. Their communication call is a softly delivered pink-pink sound, and much of their behaviour is comparatively unobtrusive. Their habitat is in eucalypt forests and woodlands, where they often remain unobserved until they appear to feed on seeds at nearby cleared areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turquoise parrot</span> Species of bird

The turquoise parrot is a species of parrot in the genus Neophema native to Eastern Australia, from southeastern Queensland, through New South Wales and into North-Eastern Victoria. It was described by George Shaw in 1792. A small lightly built parrot at around 20 cm (7.9 in) long and 40 g in weight, it exhibits sexual dimorphism. The male is predominantly green with more yellowish underparts and a bright turquoise blue face. Its wings are predominantly blue with red shoulders. The female is generally duller and paler, with a pale green breast and yellow belly, and lacks the red wing patch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green rosella</span> Species of parrot native to Tasmania and the Bass Strait Islands

The green rosella or Tasmanian rosella is a species of parrot native to Tasmania and Bass Strait islands. It was described by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1788, and named on the mistaken assumption it came from New Caledonia. At 14.5 in (37 cm) long it is the largest species of the rosella genus, Platycercus. Two subspecies are recognised. The green rosella's underparts, neck and head are yellow, with a red band above the beak and violet-blue cheeks. The back is mostly black and green, and its long tail blue and green. The sexes have similar plumage, except the female has duller yellow plumage and more prominent red markings, as well as a smaller beak. Juvenile and immature birds have predominantly green plumage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern rosella</span> Parrot native to northern Australia

The northern rosella, formerly known as Brown's rosella or the smutty rosella, is a species of parrot native to northern Australia, ranging from the Gulf of Carpentaria and Arnhem Land to the Kimberley. It was described by Heinrich Kuhl in 1820, and two subspecies are recognised. The species is unusually coloured for a rosella, with a dark head and neck with pale cheeks—predominantly white in the subspecies from the Northern Territory and blue in the Western Australian subspecies hillii. The northern rosella's mantle and scapulars are black with fine yellow scallops, while its back, rump and underparts are pale yellow with fine black scallops. The long tail is blue-green, and the wings are black and blue-violet. The sexes have similar plumage, while females and younger birds are generally duller with occasional spots of red.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue-winged parrot</span> Species of bird

The blue-winged parrot, also known as the blue-banded parakeet or blue-banded grass-parakeet, is a small parrot found in Tasmania and southeast mainland Australia. It is partly migratory, with populations of blue-winged parrots travelling to Tasmania for the summer. The parrot is sexually dimorphic – the males have more blue on the wings and a two-toned blue frontal band on the head, while females are duller and have more green on the wings and a wingbar. Both sexes have predominantly olive-green plumage. Predominantly a feeder on the ground, the blue-winged parrot mainly eats seeds of grasses. It adapts readily to captivity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Feral parrot</span> Parrot in non-native environment

A feral parrot is a parrot that has adapted to life in an ecosystem to which it is not native. The birds are often descended from pets that have escaped or been deliberately released. Many species of parrots are highly social, and like to gather in large flocks. Not all feral parrots are able to adapt to life outside of captivity, although having a pre-existing nearby parrot colony can assist with the adaptation process.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norfolk parakeet</span> Species of bird

The Norfolk parakeet, also called Tasman parakeet, Norfolk Island green parrot or Norfolk Island red-crowned parakeet, is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is endemic to Norfolk Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elegant parrot</span> Species of bird

The elegant parrot is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is endemic to Australia.

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Platycercus elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22733483A132181501. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22733483A132181501.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 Australian Biological Resources Study (1 September 2014). "Subspecies Platycercus (Platycercus) elegans elegans (Gmelin, 1788)". Australian Faunal Directory. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  3. ↑ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis /Caroli a Linné. Vol. 1. Leipzig, Germany: Impensis Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 318.
  4. ↑ Clusius, Carolus (1605). Exoticorum libri decem (in Latin). Lugdunum Batavorum [Leiden]: Ex Officinâ Plantiniana Raphelengii. p. 365.
  5. ↑ Shaw, George; Stephens, James Francis (14 April 2018). "General zoology, or, Systematic natural history, by G. Shaw [continued by J.F. Stephens]" – via Google Books.
  6. ↑ Latham, John (1781). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 1. London: Printed for Benj. White. pp. 217–218.
  7. ↑ Latham, John (1787). Supplement to the General synopsis of birds. London: Printed for Leigh & Sotheby. p. 61.
  8. 1 2 3 Gray, Jeannie; Fraser, Ian (2013). Australian Bird Names: A Complete Guide. Collingwood, Victoria: Csiro Publishing. p. 209. ISBN   978-0-643-10471-6.
  9. ↑ Latham, John (1790). Index Ornithologicus, Sive Systema Ornithologiae: Complectens Avium Divisionem In Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Ipsarumque Varietates (in Latin). Vol. 1. London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. 90.
  10. ↑ Vigors, Nicholas Aylward (1825). "Descriptions of some rare, interesting, or hitherto uncharacterized subjects of zoology". Zoological Journal London. 1: 526–42.
  11. ↑ Salvadori, Tommaso (1891). Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots, in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Vol. 20. London: British Museum. pp. 541–543.
  12. ↑ Mathews, Gregory M. (1917). The Birds of Australia. Vol. 6. London: Witherby & Co. pp. 307–308.
  13. ↑ Ramsay, Edward Pierson (1888). Tabular List of all the Australian Birds at present known to the author, showing the Distribution of the Species over the continent of Australia and adjacent islands. Sydney: Self. p. 34.
  14. ↑ Condon, H. T. (1941). "The Australian Broad-tailed Parrots (Subfamily Platycercinae)". Records of the South Australian Museum. 7: 117–44 [132–37].
  15. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Parrots & cockatoos". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  16. ↑ Schodde R, Tidemann SC (1988). Reader's Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds. Surrey Hills, Victoria: Reader's Digest Services Pty Ltd. p. 155. ISBN   0-949819-99-9.
  17. 1 2 Christidis L, Boles WE (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds . Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. pp.  155. ISBN   978-0-643-06511-6.
  18. ↑ Lendon, Alan H. (1973). Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary (2nd ed.). Sydney: Angus and Robertson. p. 171. ISBN   0-207-12424-8.
  19. ↑ Lendon (1973), p. 182.
  20. 1 2 "Crimson Rosella - Birds in Backyards". www.birdsinbackyards.net.
  21. ↑ Web, Avian (2014-02-04). "Adelaide Rosellas". Beauty Of Birds. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  22. 1 2 Reader's Digest Complete Book of New Zealand Birds (1985). H. A. Robertson, BSc, D Phil
  23. ↑ "Crimson rosella - New Zealand Birds Online". nzbirdsonline.org.nz.
  24. ↑ Higgins 1999, p. 325.
  25. ↑ "Birds can sniff out their own species". Australian Geographic. August 2014.
  26. ↑ French, K.; O'Dowd, D. J.; Lill, A. (1992). "Fruit removal of Coprosma quadrifida (Rubiaceae) by birds in south-eastern Australia". Austral Ecology. 17 (1). Wiley: 35–42. Bibcode:1992AusEc..17...35F. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1992.tb00778.x.
  27. ↑ Reynolds, T. M. (December 2003). The feeding ecology of the Adelaide Rosella Platycercus elegans adelaidae in cherry growing districts of the Adelaide Hills (M.Sc.). Adelaide: University of Adelaide.
  28. ↑ Barker, R. D.; Vestkens, W. J. M. (1989). Food of Australian Birds: Volume 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne: Parchment Press. pp. 367–69.
  29. 1 2 Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. pp. 247–48. ISBN   0-646-42798-9.
  30. ↑ Olsen, Jerry; Rehwinkel, Rainer (1995). PEREGRINES AND POWERFUL OWLS IN NAMADGI AND TIDBINBILLA: a report for the NATIONAL ESTATES GRANTS PROGRAM. Canberra. pp. 1–108.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  31. ↑ Mihailova, Milla; Berg, Mathew L.; Buchanan, Katherine L.; Bennett, Andrew T. D. (2018). "Olfactory eavesdropping: The odor of feathers is detectable to mammalian predators and competitors". Ethology. 124 (1): 14–24. Bibcode:2018Ethol.124...14M. doi: 10.1111/eth.12701 . ISSN   1439-0310.
  32. ↑ Krebs, Elizabeth A. (March 1999). "Breeding Biology and Parental Care of the Crimson Rosella" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  33. ↑ Australian Geographic (September 2014). "Hybrid birds better at fighting disease than purebreds".

Cited text

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.