Octopus minor

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Octopus minor
Octopus minor by OpenCage.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Octopoda
Family: Octopodidae
Genus: Octopus
Species:
O. minor
Binomial name
Octopus minor
Sasaki, 1920
Synonyms
  • Octopus minor minorSasaki
  • Polypus macropus minorSasaki
  • Polypus variabilis pardalisSasaki
  • Polypus variabilis typicusSasaki

Octopus minor, also known as the long arm octopus or the Korean common octopus, is a small-bodied octopus species distributed along the benthic coastal waters bordering China, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula. It lives at depths ranging from 0 to 200 metres (0 to 660 feet; 0 to 110 fathoms). [1] [2] O. minor is commonly found in the mudflats of sub-tidal zones where it is exposed to significant environmental variation. [3] It is grouped within the class Cephalopoda along with squids and cuttlefish. [4]

Contents

O. minor carries cultural and economic value in the countries in which it is found. It is important commercially to the fishing communities in Korea, where it contributes to the $35 million octopus industry. [5] It is a Korean seafood, commonly referred to as nakji (Korean : 낙지). The octopus is served both cooked and raw, and is often a snack during sporting events. [6]

There have been multiple findings concerning the physiological makeup of O. minor. It has been shown to host a dangerous parasite, while also demonstrating the ability to adapt its morphology to a wide range of environmental conditions. These characteristics have increased interest in the species and its genome has been mapped. [3] [7]

Anatomy

The O. minor, similar to the rest of its order Octopoda, is bilaterally symmetrical along a dorsoventral axis with two eyes and mouth surrounded by eight webbed arms. [8] These arms contain two-thirds of the octopus's neurons. [9] On the underside of these arms, O. minor has "suckers" which are circular, adhesive suction cups. These are predominantly used for manipulation, navigation, and for preparing food. [8] [9] O. minor has a bulbous mantle and visceral hump which contains the majority of its fundamental organs. [10]

O. minor is small and soft-bodied with long arms, hence its nickname “long-arm octopus”. [11] It can be identified by its grey colouring which matches the sandy plains in which it is commonly found, however when it finds itself threatened or in danger, it will shift its coloration to a dark red. [4]

Size

The O. minor reaches a mantle size of 18 centimetres (7 inches) with arms of up to 65 cm (25+1⁄2 in). [12] It is on the smaller side of its class, compared to colossal squids which can reach lengths of over 10 metres (33 feet). [13]

Distribution and behaviour

Feeding

O. minor, like other octopus populations, possesses predatory traits. [14] O. minor's diet coincides with that of other bottom-dwelling octopuses, with over 50% of its prey being fish, 25% by shellfish such as whelks and clams, the remainder being made up of crustaceans such as crabs, along with annelids and nematodes, other commonly found species sharing their habitat with O. minor. [15] The smaller size of the octopus means rejection of larger species including rock scallops and large fish. [14] [15]

Octopus "suckers" Img octopus arm and suckers 057513.jpg
Octopus "suckers"

The benthic nature of O. minor allows it to move between rocks and through crevices. [15] Once it has identified its prey, it makes a sudden pounce, using its suckers to grip on and pull it in. [16] The O. minor preys on smaller animals by trapping them in the web-like structure of its legs. [14] The O. minor injects its prey with a paralyzing saliva, using miniature teeth at the end of its salivary papilla to dismember them. [14] When targeting shelled molluscs, the O. minor creates a toxic saliva that enables the calcium carbonate of the shell to be broken down. [15] Once the outer protection is penetrated, the prey's muscles relax, allowing the octopus to remove and eat its prey’s soft tissues. [14] [15]

Feeding intensities differ between the males and females of the species. [15] Different intensities revolve around the ovarian maturation calendar of the female octopus. [15] From the months of April to July the intensity of feeding in females decreases, while in males it increases. [15] While 10 different taxa have been identified within the stomach of the O. minor, the Gobiidae family was most prevalent during the female's ovarian maturation. [15]

O. minor with scale Octopus minor with scale.jpg
O. minor with scale

Locomotion

Different to other multi-limbed hydrostats such as crabs, the O. minor performs movements using all eight independent limbs. [17] The arrangement of muscles within its arms allows for movement in any direction. [18] Movements of the O. minor involve crawling between rocks and crevices, and swimming with its dorsal fin in a leading position. [18] Jet propulsion is another form of locomotion also used by the O. minor. [18] The process of crawling involves the use of the octopus's suckers. [19] Some are used to grip to surrounding environments allowing the octopus to pull itself forward with its legs. Others push from behind. [19] This process is repeated until a change of locomotion is performed. [19]

The O. minor performs a swimming motion using the expulsion of water from the mantle through its siphon into the ocean behind it. [18] [20] Force provided by the water allows the octopus to move in the opposite direction. [20] The direction of movement is dependent on the way in which the siphon is faced. The long arms found on the O. minor provide it with a streamline swimming shape. Its bilateral symmetry allows it to move headfirst, with its legs trailing. [18] [20] Jet swimming is used predominantly to escape from danger. [17]

The O. minor performs a movement known as “pumping”. This involves the legs of the O. minor contracting in unison, allowing for the production of a wave. [18] This provides a force which moves the body. The O. minor uses its appendages to crawl outside of the water. [21] For the O. minor this is performed between tide pools and when served as a culinary option. [21]

O. minor camouflaging with habitat Long-arm Octopus (Octopus sp.) (6072545789).jpg
O. minor camouflaging with habitat

Habitat

The habitats of O. minor vary greatly between rocks, reefs and the ocean floor. [22] It is a benthic octopus, meaning it lies at the lowest body of water, around the sediment surface and rock or coral cover. [22] O. minor is located within the mudflats of sub-tidal zones surrounding the south western coast of the Korean peninsula. [4] O. minor residing within the mudflats of coastal regions are exposed to high salinity, temperature and water movement conditions. [3] The O. minor is found in rocky areas such as Jeju Island. [22]

The O. minor is commonly found in the Yellow Sea. [22] This is a segment of the Western Pacific Ocean situated between the Korean Peninsula and mainland China, connected to the Gulf of Bohai. [23] The sea extends over 950 kilometres from North to South and 700 kilometres wide. [23] The sea has a cyclone current and semidiurnal tides with temperatures that range from -10 degrees Celsius to 28 degrees Celsius. [23]

Colour change

The O. minor, when hunting and avoiding predators, use specialised pigment-filled bags known as chromatophores. These are found in the skin, allowing the octopus to adjust its color or reflectivity. [21] Colour variation of chromatophores include red, brown, black, grey, yellow or blue. [4] Other colour methods include the use of an iridescent dermal tissue. [21] This manipulated by the O. minor to communicate with other octopus and proceed with courtship rituals. [4]

The O. minor possesses muscles on its mantle which change texture to assist in changing colour. [4] The shallow water habitats which the O. minor inhabits has allowed it to evolve more diverse skin than fellow cephalopods. [4]

Relationship to humans

Nakji-bokkeum (cooked) Nakji-bokkeum.jpg
Nakji-bokkeum (cooked)
San-nakji (raw) San-nakji (32013691345).jpg
San-nakji (raw)

O. minor is well represented within the Korean commercial fishery field, presenting a high annual yield of over 350,000 tonnes. [3] [24] This has led to its inclusion within multiple signature seafood dishes, mostly found in Korea. [25] The rapid adaption of the octopus to the stressful conditions of its habitat encouraged scientific research and the mapping of its genome. [26] [3]

Culinary use

Within most parts of Korea, O. minor or Nakji, is a culinary option, being served most commonly as a snack either raw, cooked or poached. [25]

Nakji-bokkeum (cooked)

For this dish, O. minor is chopped, then stir-fried with vegetables such as carrots, onions and cabbage. [27] It is marinated with a local Korean red pepper sauce, then served hot with warm rice, somyeon, or bean sprouts. [27] [6]

San-nakji (raw)

For this dish, O. minor is either chopped or whole and served raw on a plate. It is often served with sesame oil and sesame seeds. [28] The significant number of nerve endings in the arms of the O. Minor combined with its sophisticated nervous system, allows for a variety of movements when disconnected from the brain, meaning the octopus performs movements whilst being served. [28] [29] As the suction cups are still active on the cephalopod's arms, they may grip to one's throat, therefore consumers are at risk of choking. [28]

Nakji-Yeonpo-tang (soup) Korean soup-Galbi-nakji-yeonpo-tang.jpg
Nakji-Yeonpo-tang (soup)

Nakji-yeonpo-tang (soup)

For this dish, O. minor is boiled in stock, before being chopped into fine pieces then served in the soup with spring onion, chilli and minced garlic. The dish is traditionally offered during funeral processions. [30]

Dangers

A large percentage (22%) of O. minor have been found to host a dangerous parasitic benthic crustacean. [7] Their increased susceptibility is due to its lack of external shell compared to other molluscs, such as snails. [31] The presence Octopicola huanghaienis parasite is identified by a spike at the end of its labrum lap. [7] The parasite is a health concern when O. minor is served raw. [7]

Genetic research

O. minor's adaption of its behavioral repertoire to assorted habitat conditions made it a promising model to be studied and to have its genome mapped. [3] Distributions of the O. minor between the Korean Peninsula and Eastern China identified genetic differences in individuals from different habitats. [22] The borders of these countries are connected by the Yellow Sea. Genetic structures of O. minor were analysed using a sequence of the CO1 gene as it shows higher base-substitution mutation rates. [22]

Genome mapping

The morphology of the O. minor was analysed for genome mapping. [3] O. minor was studied for its ability to tolerate environmental changes. Its molecular basis was studied for plasticity development and mechanisms underlying adaption. [3] The concluding genome assembly of the octopus was 5.09 Gb, with over 30 010 genes; 44% were made up of repeated elements. [3] [22] The total number of gene families within O. Minor are 178. [22] A highly identical nucleotide sequence across multiple species suggests the O. minor is actually the same species as Callioctopus ornatus and Callioctopus luteus, despite them occupying different habitats. [22]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Octopus</span> Soft-bodied eight-limbed order of molluscs

An octopus is a soft-bodied, eight-limbed mollusc of the order Octopoda. The order consists of some 300 species and is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, and nautiloids. Like other cephalopods, an octopus is bilaterally symmetric with two eyes and a beaked mouth at the center point of the eight limbs. The soft body can radically alter its shape, enabling octopuses to squeeze through small gaps. They trail their eight appendages behind them as they swim. The siphon is used both for respiration and for locomotion, by expelling a jet of water. Octopuses have a complex nervous system and excellent sight, and are among the most intelligent and behaviourally diverse of all invertebrates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cephalopod</span> Class of mollusks

A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda such as a squid, octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a set of arms or tentacles modified from the primitive molluscan foot. Fishers sometimes call cephalopods "inkfish", referring to their common ability to squirt ink. The study of cephalopods is a branch of malacology known as teuthology.

<i>Grimpoteuthis</i> Genus of cephalopods known as the dumbo octopuses

Grimpoteuthis is a genus of pelagic cirrate (finned) octopods known as the dumbo octopuses. The name "dumbo" originates from their resemblance to the title character of Disney's 1941 film Dumbo, having two prominent ear-like fins which extend from the mantle above each eye. There are 17 species recognized in the genus. Prey include crustaceans, bivalves, worms and copepods. The average life span of various Grimpoteuthis species is 3 to 5 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue-lined octopus</span> Species of venomous cephalopod

The blue-lined octopus is one of four species of highly venomous blue-ringed octopuses. It can be found in Pacific Ocean waters that stretch from Australia to Japan. It is most commonly found around intertidal rocky shores and coastal waters to a depth of 15 metres (49 ft) between southern Queensland and southern New South Wales. It is relatively small, with a mantle up to 45 millimetres (1.8 in) in length. In its relaxed state, it is a mottled yellow-brown with dark blue or black streaks covering the whole body apart from the underside of its arms, but its vibrant blue markings appear as a warning to predators when it feels threatened. Along with its other closely related species, the blue-lined octopus is regarded as one of the most dangerous animals in the sea, and its venom can be fatal to humans. This benthic octopus is one of four members of the genus Hapalochlaena, with the other species being the greater blue-ringed octopus, southern blue-ringed octopus, and the blue-ringed octopus. The blue-lined octopus is the only species of the four to display lined iridescent blue marking, as opposed to circular iridescent blue marking that the three other species tend to exhibit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cirrina</span> Suborder of octopuses

Cirrina or Cirrata is a suborder and one of the two main divisions of octopuses. Cirrate octopuses have a small, internal shell and two fins on their head, while their sister suborder Incirrina has neither. The fins of cirrate octopods are associated with a unique cartilage-like shell in a shell sac. In cross-section, the fins have distinct proximal and distal regions, both of which are covered by a thin surface sheath of muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern blue-ringed octopus</span> Species of mollusc

The southern blue-ringed octopus is one of three highly venomous species of blue-ringed octopuses. It is most commonly found in tidal rock pools along the south coast of Australia. As an adult, it can grow up to 20 centimetres (8 in) long and on average weighs 26 grams (0.9 oz). They are normally a docile species, but they are highly venomous, possessing venom capable of killing humans. Their blue rings appear with greater intensity when they become aggravated or threatened.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Octopodiformes</span> Superorder of molluscs

Octopodiformes is a superorder of the subclass Coleoidea, comprising the octopuses and the vampire squid. All living members of Octopodiformes have eight arms, either lacking the two tentacles of squid or modifying the tentacles into thin filaments. Octopodiformes is often considered the crown group of octopuses and vampire squids, including all descendants of their common ancestor. Some authors use the term Vampyropoda for the same general category, though others use "Vampyropoda" to refer to the total group. Another term is Octobranchia, referring to cephalopods without prominent tentacles.

<i>Octopus cyanea</i> Species of cephalopod known as the big blue octopus

Octopus cyanea, also known as the big blue octopus or day octopus, is an octopus in the family Octopodidae. It occurs in both the Pacific and Indian Oceans, from Hawaii to the eastern coast of Africa. O. cyanea grows to 16 cm in mantle length with arms to at least 80 cm. This octopus was described initially by the British zoologist John Edward Gray in 1849; the type specimen was collected off Australia and is at the Natural History Museum in London.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cephalopod limb</span> Limbs of cephalopod molluscs

All cephalopods possess flexible limbs extending from their heads and surrounding their beaks. These appendages, which function as muscular hydrostats, have been variously termed arms, legs or tentacles.

<i>Cirroteuthis</i> Genus of octopuses

Cirroteuthis muelleri, also known as the big-finned jellyhead, was the first cirrate octopus species to be scientifically described. It is closely related to the genus Cirrothauma within the family Cirroteuthidae. At present the genus contains a single recognized species restricted to the Arctic Ocean and northern basins of the Atlantic and Pacific, but other species may be present in the southern hemisphere.

<i>Abdopus aculeatus</i> Species of cephalopod

Abdopus aculeatus is a small octopus species in the order Octopoda. A. aculeatus has the common name of algae octopus due to its typical resting camouflage, which resembles a gastropod shell overgrown with algae. It is small in size with a mantle around the size of a small orange and arms 25 cm in length, and is adept at mimicking its surroundings.

<i>Octopus tetricus</i> Species of mollusc

Octopus tetricus, the gloomy octopus or the common Sydney octopus, is a species of octopus from the subtropical waters of eastern Australia and New Zealand. O.tetricus belongs to the Octopus vulgaris species group and is a commercially prized species. All species within the O. vulgaris group are similar in morphology. The English translation of O. tetricus (Latin) is 'the gloomy octopus'.

<i>Wunderpus photogenicus</i> Species of cephalopod

Wunderpus photogenicus, the wunderpus octopus, is a small-bodied species of octopus with distinct white and rusty brown coloration. 'Wunderpus' from German “wunder” meaning ‘marvel or wonder’.

Opisthoteuthis calypso or calypso flapjack octopus is a species of genus Opisthoteuthis, which are known as the cirrate octopuses. Octopuses in this genus are known as the flapjack octopuses and can be found in a variety of oceans across the world.

<i>Octopus bimaculatus</i> Species of octopus

Octopus bimaculatus, commonly referred to as Verill's two-spot octopus, is a similar species to the Octopus bimaculoides, a species it is often mistaken for. The two can be distinguished by the difference in the blue and black chain-like pattern of the ocelli. O. bimaculatus hunt and feed on a diverse number of benthic organisms that also reside off the coast of Southern California. Once the octopus reaches sexual maturity, it shortly dies after mating, which is approximately 12–18 months after hatching. Embryonic development tends to be rapid due to this short lifespan of these organisms.

<i>Octopus insularis</i> Species of octopus

Octopus insularis is a species of octopus described in 2008 from individuals found off the coast of Brazil, with a potentially much larger range.

<i>Opisthoteuthis agassizii</i> Species of octopus

Opisthoteuthis agassizii is a lesser-known, deep-sea octopus first described in 1883 by Addison E. Verrill.

<i>Bathypolypus sponsalis</i> Species of mollusc

Bathypolypus sponsalis, commonly called the globose octopus, is a deep sea cephalopod that can be found in both the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It possesses many morphological traits adapted to a deep sea environment, including large eggs, reduced gills, no ink sac, and subgelatinous tissues. A distinguishing factor are the relatively large reproductive organs. Their diet consists of predominantly crustaceans and molluscs, but they sometimes consume fish as well. Bathypolypus sponsalis usually dies quickly after reproduction and only spawns once in their lifetime. Sexually mature females have a mantle length of at least 34 mm and sexually mature males have a mantle length of about 24 mm. Juveniles are white and transition to dark brown then to dark purple once maturity is reached.

<i>Octopus sinensis</i> Species of octopus

Octopus sinensis is a mollusk belonging to the class Cephalopoda. Octopus sinensis is a well-known shallow-water benthic octopus species found in the coastal, temperature waters of South Korea, China, and Japan, with the species name, sinensis being Latin for Chinese. Octopus sinensis is closely related to the Atlantic and Mediterranean common octopus, Octopus vulgaris. Because of the morphological similarities, O. sinensis was considered synonymous with Octopus vulgaris until 2017. Octopus sinensis are carnivores that prey upon on many shallow-water animals such as crustaceans and mollusks.

<i>Octopus conispadiceus</i> Species of octopus

Octopus conispadiceus is a species of long-ligula octopus, provisionally placed in the genus Octopus. It was first described by Madoka Sasaki in 1917 based on specimens bought at a fish market in Sapporo, Japan.

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