Octopus minor

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Octopus minor
Octopus minor by OpenCage.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Octopoda
Family: Octopodidae
Genus: Callistoctopus
Species:
C. minor
Binomial name
Callistoctopus minor
(Sasaki, 1920)
Synonyms
  • Octopus macropusHoyle, 1886, non Risso, 1826
  • Polypus macropus var. minorSasaki, 1920
  • Polypus variabilisSasaki, 1929
  • Octopus variabilis(Sasaki, 1929)
  • Polypus variabilis var. typicusSasaki, 1929
  • Octopus variabilis typicus(Sasaki, 1929)
  • Polypus variabilis var. minor(Sasaki, 1920)
  • Octopus minor(Sasaki, 1920)

Octopus minor (more strictly Callistoctopus minor), also known as the long arm octopus or the Korean common octopus, is a small-bodied octopus species distributed along the benthic coastal waters bordering China, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula. It lives at depths ranging from 0 to 200 metres (0 to 660 feet; 0 to 110 fathoms). [1] [2] O. minor is commonly found in the mudflats of sub-tidal zones where it is exposed to significant environmental variation. [3] It is grouped within the class Cephalopoda along with squids and cuttlefish. [4]

Contents

O. minor carries cultural and economic value in the countries in which it is found. It is important commercially to the fishing communities in Korea, where it contributes to the $35 million octopus industry. [5] It is a Korean seafood, commonly referred to as nakji (Korean : 낙지). The octopus is served both cooked and raw, and is often a snack during sporting events. [6]

There have been multiple findings concerning the physiological makeup of O. minor. It has been shown to host a dangerous parasite, while also demonstrating the ability to adapt its morphology to a wide range of environmental conditions. These characteristics have increased interest in the species and its genome has been mapped. [3] [7]

Taxonomic status

This species was published as one subgroup of the species, Polypus macropus var. minorSasaki, 1920 by Madoka Sasaki, Japanese Malacologist. [8] [9] Later, he moved it to another species, Polypus variabilisSasaki, 1929 var. minorSasaki, 1920, to distinguish it from P. macropus (= Callistoctopus macropus ). [10] In 1965, Iwao Taki transferred the name to Octopus minor(Sasaki, 1920). [11] Sometimes referred as 'Octopus' minor, because genus Octopus is paraphyletic. [12]

Kaneko et al. (2011) noted that O. minor is the member of genus CallistoctopusTaki, 1964 morphologically. So they transferred it Callistoctopus minor(Sasaki, 1920). It is also proved phylogenetically based on mtDNA ( COI and COIII ). [13] This relationship is supported by molecular phylogenetic trees in the following research. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] Several researchers still use the old name "Octopus minor". [18]

Anatomy

The O. minor, similar to the rest of its order Octopoda, is bilaterally symmetrical along a dorsoventral axis with two eyes and mouth surrounded by eight webbed arms. [19] These arms contain two-thirds of the octopus's neurons. [20] On the underside of these arms, O. minor has "suckers" which are circular, adhesive suction cups. These are predominantly used for manipulation, navigation, and for preparing food. [19] [20] O. minor has a bulbous mantle and visceral hump which contains the majority of its fundamental organs. [21]

O. minor is small and soft-bodied with long arms, hence its nickname "long-arm octopus", [22] or "whiparm octopus". [12] Japanese common name is also "long-arm octopus" (テナガダコ, 手長蛸, tenaga-dako). [23] [24]

Their body surface is mostly smooth, with small pimples scattered on the dorsal surface. [24] Live O. minor shows red-brown with light yellow spots on dorsal surfaces. [12] It can be identified by its grey colouring which matches the sandy plains in which it is commonly found, however when it finds itself threatened or in danger, it will shift its coloration to a dark red. [4]

Arms are thin and remarkably unequal in length. The first arm, the longest one, is about 80% of total length, [24] which is twice length of third or fourth arms. [12]

Funnel organ is VV-shaped. [24]

Male has a hectocotylized arm to use for the mating. It is formed on right third arm, about half length of the left third arm. Ligula, the tip of the hectocotylized arm is large, spoon-shaped about 10–20% of the arm with about 42–48 suckers. [24] Mature male also has enlarged suckers around level of 8th or 9th sucker pair, largest on the first arms. [12]

Size

The O. minor reaches a mantle size of 18 centimetres (7 inches) with arms of up to 65 cm (25+1⁄2 in). [25] It is on the smaller side of its class, compared to colossal squids which can reach lengths of over 10 metres (33 feet). [26]

Distribution and behaviour

Feeding

O. minor, like other octopus populations, possesses predatory traits. [27] O. minor's diet coincides with that of other bottom-dwelling octopuses, with over 50% of its prey being fish, 25% by shellfish such as whelks and clams, the remainder being made up of crustaceans such as crabs, along with annelids and nematodes, other commonly found species sharing their habitat with O. minor. [28] The smaller size of the octopus means rejection of larger species including rock scallops and large fish. [27] [28]

Octopus "suckers" Img octopus arm and suckers 057513.jpg
Octopus "suckers"

The benthic nature of O. minor allows it to move between rocks and through crevices. [28] Once it has identified its prey, it makes a sudden pounce, using its suckers to grip on and pull it in. [29] The O. minor preys on smaller animals by trapping them in the web-like structure of its legs. [27] The O. minor injects its prey with a paralyzing saliva, using miniature teeth at the end of its salivary papilla to dismember them. [27] When targeting shelled molluscs, the O. minor creates a toxic saliva that enables the calcium carbonate of the shell to be broken down. [28] Once the outer protection is penetrated, the prey's muscles relax, allowing the octopus to remove and eat its prey's soft tissues. [27] [28]

Feeding intensities differ between the males and females of the species. [28] Different intensities revolve around the ovarian maturation calendar of the female octopus. [28] From the months of April to July the intensity of feeding in females decreases, while in males it increases. [28] While 10 different taxa have been identified within the stomach of the O. minor, the family Gobiidae was most prevalent during the female's ovarian maturation. [28]

O. minor with scale Octopus minor with scale.jpg
O. minor with scale

Locomotion

Different to other multi-limbed hydrostats such as crabs, the O. minor performs movements using all eight independent limbs. [30] The arrangement of muscles within its arms allows for movement in any direction. [31] Movements of the O. minor involve crawling between rocks and crevices, and swimming with its dorsal fin in a leading position. [31] Jet propulsion is another form of locomotion also used by the O. minor. [31] The process of crawling involves the use of the octopus's suckers. [32] Some are used to grip to surrounding environments allowing the octopus to pull itself forward with its legs. Others push from behind. [32] This process is repeated until a change of locomotion is performed. [32]

The O. minor performs a swimming motion using the expulsion of water from the mantle through its siphon into the ocean behind it. [31] [33] Force provided by the water allows the octopus to move in the opposite direction. [33] The direction of movement is dependent on the way in which the siphon is faced. The long arms found on the O. minor provide it with a streamline swimming shape. Its bilateral symmetry allows it to move headfirst, with its legs trailing. [31] [33] Jet swimming is used predominantly to escape from danger. [30]

The O. minor performs a movement known as "pumping". This involves the legs of the O. minor contracting in unison, allowing for the production of a wave. [31] This provides a force which moves the body. The O. minor uses its appendages to crawl outside of the water. [34] For the O. minor this is performed between tide pools and when served as a culinary option. [34]

Habitat

The habitats of O. minor vary greatly between rocks, reefs and the ocean floor. [35] It is a benthic octopus, meaning it lies at the lowest body of water, around the sediment surface and rock or coral cover. [35] O. minor is located within the mudflats of sub-tidal zones surrounding the south western coast of the Korean peninsula. [4] O. minor residing within the mudflats of coastal regions are exposed to high salinity, temperature and water movement conditions. [3] The O. minor is found in rocky areas such as Jeju Island. [35]

The O. minor is commonly found in the Yellow Sea. [35] This is a segment of the Western Pacific Ocean situated between the Korean Peninsula and mainland China, connected to the Gulf of Bohai. [36] The sea extends over 950 kilometres from North to South and 700 kilometres wide. [36] The sea has a cyclone current and semidiurnal tides with temperatures that range from -10 degrees Celsius to 28 degrees Celsius. [36]

Colour change

The O. minor, when hunting and avoiding predators, use specialised pigment-filled bags known as chromatophores. These are found in the skin, allowing the octopus to adjust its color or reflectivity. [34] Colour variation of chromatophores include red, brown, black, grey, yellow or blue. [4] Other colour methods include the use of an iridescent dermal tissue. [34] This manipulated by the O. minor to communicate with other octopus and proceed with courtship rituals. [4]

The O. minor possesses muscles on its mantle which change texture to assist in changing colour. [4] The shallow water habitats which the O. minor inhabits has allowed it to evolve more diverse skin than fellow cephalopods. [4]

Renal parasites

Dicyema clavatum Dicyema clavatum.png
Dicyema clavatum

The O. minor has three species of dicyemids in their renal sac: Dicyema clavatum , Dicyema sphyrocephalum, Dicyema dolichocephalum. [37] [38]

Relationship to humans

Nakji-bokkeum (cooked) Nakji-bokkeum.jpg
Nakji-bokkeum (cooked)
San-nakji (raw) San-nakji (32013691345).jpg
San-nakji (raw)

O. minor is well represented within the Korean commercial fishery field, presenting a high annual yield of over 350,000 tonnes. [3] [39] This has led to its inclusion within multiple signature seafood dishes, mostly found in Korea. [40] The rapid adaption of the octopus to the stressful conditions of its habitat encouraged scientific research and the mapping of its genome. [41] [3]

Culinary use

Within most parts of Korea, O. minor or Nakji, is a culinary option, being served most commonly as a snack either raw, cooked or poached. [40]

Nakji-bokkeum (cooked)

For this dish, O. minor is chopped, then stir-fried with vegetables such as carrots, onions and cabbage. [42] It is marinated with a local Korean red pepper sauce, then served hot with warm rice, somyeon, or bean sprouts. [42] [6]

San-nakji (raw)

For this dish, O. minor is either chopped or whole and served raw on a plate. It is often served with sesame oil and sesame seeds. [43] The significant number of nerve endings in the arms of the O. Minor combined with its sophisticated nervous system, allows for a variety of movements when disconnected from the brain, meaning the octopus performs movements whilst being served. [43] [44] As the suction cups are still active on the cephalopod's arms, they may grip to one's throat, therefore consumers are at risk of choking. [43]

Nakji-Yeonpo-tang (soup) Korean soup-Galbi-nakji-yeonpo-tang.jpg
Nakji-Yeonpo-tang (soup)

Nakji-yeonpo-tang (soup)

For this dish, O. minor is boiled in stock, before being chopped into fine pieces then served in the soup with spring onion, chilli and minced garlic. The dish is traditionally offered during funeral processions. [45]

Dangers

A large percentage (22%) of O. minor have been found to host a dangerous parasitic benthic crustacean. [7] Their increased susceptibility is due to its lack of external shell compared to other molluscs, such as snails. [46] The presence Octopicola huanghaienis parasite is identified by a spike at the end of its labrum lap. [7] The parasite is a health concern when O. minor is served raw. [7]

Genetic research

O. minor's adaption of its behavioral repertoire to assorted habitat conditions made it a promising model to be studied and to have its genome mapped. [3] Distributions of the O. minor between the Korean Peninsula and Eastern China identified genetic differences in individuals from different habitats. [35] The borders of these countries are connected by the Yellow Sea. Genetic structures of O. minor were analysed using a sequence of the CO1 gene as it shows higher base-substitution mutation rates. [35]

Genome mapping

The morphology of the O. minor was analysed for genome mapping. [3] O. minor was studied for its ability to tolerate environmental changes. Its molecular basis was studied for plasticity development and mechanisms underlying adaption. [3] The concluding genome assembly of the octopus was 5.09 Gb, with over 30 010 genes; 44% were made up of repeated elements. [3] [35] The total number of gene families within O. Minor are 178. [35] A highly identical nucleotide sequence across multiple species suggests the O. minor is close to Callistoctopus ornatus and Callistoctopus luteus . Octopus minor has various Korean names, but it is actually the same species as despite them occupying different habitats. [35]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Octopus</span> Soft-bodied eight-limbed order of molluscs

An octopus is a soft-bodied, eight-limbed mollusc of the order Octopoda. The order consists of some 300 species and is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, and nautiloids. Like other cephalopods, an octopus is bilaterally symmetric with two eyes and a beaked mouth at the centre point of the eight limbs. The soft body can radically alter its shape, enabling octopuses to squeeze through small gaps. They trail their eight appendages behind them as they swim. The siphon is used both for respiration and for locomotion, by expelling a jet of water. Octopuses have a complex nervous system and excellent sight, and are among the most intelligent and behaviourally diverse of all invertebrates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vampire squid</span> Species of cephalopod

The vampire squid is a small cephalopod found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions. The vampire squid uses its bioluminescent organs and its unique oxygen metabolism to thrive in the parts of the ocean with the lowest concentrations of oxygen. It has two long retractile filaments, located between the first two pairs of arms on its dorsal side, which distinguish it from both octopuses and squids, and places it in its own order, Vampyromorphida, although its closest relatives are octopods. As a phylogenetic relict, it is the only known surviving member of its order.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coleoidea</span> Subclass of cephalopods

Coleoidea or Dibranchiata is one of the two subclasses of cephalopods containing all the various taxa popularly thought of as "soft-bodied" or "shell-less". Unlike its extant sister group Nautiloidea, whose members have a rigid outer shell for protection, the coleoids have at most an internal shell called cuttlebone or gladius that is used for buoyancy or as muscle anchorage. Some species, notably incirrate octopuses, have lost their internal shell altogether, while in some it has been replaced by a chitinous support structure.

<i>Octopus</i> (genus) Genus of cephalopods

Octopus is the largest genus of octopuses, comprising about 100 species. These species are widespread throughout the world's oceans. Many species formerly placed in the genus Octopus are now assigned to other genera within the family. The octopus has 8 arms, averaging 20 cm (8 in) long for an adult.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Octopodiformes</span> Superorder of molluscs

Octopodiformes is a superorder of the subclass Coleoidea, comprising the octopuses and the vampire squid. All living members of Octopodiformes have eight arms, either lacking the two tentacles of squid or modifying the tentacles into thin filaments. Octopodiformes is often considered the crown group of octopuses and vampire squids, including all descendants of their common ancestor. Some authors use the term Vampyropoda for the same general category, though others use "Vampyropoda" to refer to the total group. Another term is Octobranchia, referring to cephalopods without prominent tentacles.

<i>Velodona</i> Genus of octopuses

Velodona togata is a species of octopus in the monotypic genus Velodona. First described by Carl Chun in 1915, with a second subspecies discovered by Guy Coburn Robson in 1924, it was named for the distinctive membranes on its arms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common blanket octopus</span> Species of cephalopod

The common blanket octopus or violet blanket octopus is a large octopus of the family Tremoctopodidae found worldwide in the epipelagic zone of warm seas. The degree of sexual dimorphism in this species is very high, with females growing up to two meters in length, whereas males grow to about 2.4 cm. The first live specimen of a male was not seen until 2002 off the Great Barrier Reef. Individual weights of males and females differ by a factor of about 10,000 and potentially more.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cephalopod limb</span> Limbs of cephalopod molluscs

All cephalopods possess flexible limbs extending from their heads and surrounding their beaks. These appendages, which function as muscular hydrostats, have been variously termed arms, legs or tentacles.

<i>Stauroteuthis syrtensis</i> Species of octopus

Stauroteuthis syrtensis, also known as the glowing sucker octopus or bioluminescent octopus, is a species of small pelagic octopus found at great depths in the north Atlantic Ocean. It is one of a very small number of octopuses to exhibit bioluminescence.

<i>Cirroteuthis</i> Genus of octopuses

Cirroteuthis muelleri, also known as the big-finned jellyhead, was the first cirrate octopus species to be scientifically described. It is closely related to the genus Cirrothauma within the family Cirroteuthidae. At present the genus contains a single recognized species restricted to the Arctic Ocean and northern basins of the Atlantic and Pacific, but other species may be present in the southern hemisphere.

<i>Amphioctopus fangsiao</i> Species of octopus

Amphioctopus fangsiao, called webfoot octopus, is a species of octopus, a cephalopod belonging to the genus Amphioctopus. It is found in the Pacific Ocean, including off the coasts of New Zealand as well as in the Yellow Sea and surrounding Chinese shores. It is also commercially fished.

Eledone gaucha is a species of octopus from the southern Atlantic Ocean. It is a predator of fish, crabs, lobsters and molluscs.

<i>Wunderpus photogenicus</i> Species of cephalopod

Wunderpus photogenicus, the wunderpus octopus, is a small-bodied species of octopus with distinct white and rusty brown coloration. 'Wunderpus' from German "wunder" meaning 'marvel or wonder'.

<i>Octopus insularis</i> Species of octopus

Octopus insularis is a species of octopus described in 2008 from individuals found off the coast of Brazil, with a potentially much larger range.

Opisthoteuthis bruuni is a species of finned cirrate octopus found along the western coast of South America. Their tissue is almost jelly-like, and they have short, round bodies.

<i>Opisthoteuthis depressa</i> Species of octopus

Opisthoteuthis depressa, also known as the Japanese flapjack octopus, is an octopus found in waters near Japan.

<i>Octopus sinensis</i> Species of octopus

Octopus sinensis is a mollusk belonging to the class Cephalopoda. Octopus sinensis is a well-known shallow-water benthic octopus species found in the coastal, temperature waters of South Korea, China, and Japan, with the species name, sinensis being Latin for Chinese. Octopus sinensis is closely related to the Atlantic and Mediterranean common octopus, Octopus vulgaris. Because of the morphological similarities, O. sinensis was considered synonymous with Octopus vulgaris until 2017. Octopus sinensis are carnivores that prey upon on many shallow-water animals such as crustaceans and mollusks.

<i>Octopus conispadiceus</i> Species of octopus

Octopus conispadiceus is a species of long-ligula octopus, provisionally placed in the genus Octopus. It was first described by Madoka Sasaki in 1917 based on specimens bought at a fish market in Sapporo, Japan.

<i>Callistoctopus rapanui</i> Species of mollusc

Callistoctopus rapanui, or the rapanui octopus, is the only endemic octopus species in Rapa Nui. It was first described by Gilbert L. Voss in 1979 as Octopus rapanui.

<i>Octopus hubbsorum</i> Species of Octopus

Octopus hubbsorum, is an octopus in the family Octopodidae. It is commonly found along tropical waters along the central Pacific Coast of Mexico. Here, they are one of the most commonly caught cephalopods and are commercially extremely important for the economy.

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