Echinothuriidae

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Echinothuriidae
Temporal range: Middle Jurassic–Recent
Fire Urchin Asthenosoma varium.jpg
Fire urchin ( Asthenosoma varium )
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Echinoidea
Order: Echinothurioida
Family: Echinothuriidae
Thomson, 1872
Genera

See text

The Echinothuriidae are a family of sea urchins in the order Echinothurioida. Due to their soft skeletons, most are called "leather urchins", but species in the genus Asthenosoma are also known as "fire urchins" due to their bright colors and painful, venomous sting.

Contents

Description and characteristics

These sea urchins have a disc-like body, more or less bulging, structured by a flexible test, which is nearly unique among sea urchins. Most species can grow quite big and live in deep seas, though some genera contain shallow species (especially Asthenosoma ). [1]

The test is composed of thin and weakly calcified plates, not always continuous. The spines are attached to perforated and uncrenulated tubercles. Spines from the oral face are ending with a hyaline hoof, which allows walking on soft substrate. The jaw (Aristotle's lantern) has five aulodont teeth. [2]

This family seems to have appeared at the end of the Cretaceous. [2]

Taxonomy

The World Echinoidea Database recognises these genera: [3]

"†" means an extinct taxon.

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The Echinothurioida are an order of sea urchins in the class Echinoidea. Echinothurioids are distinguished from other sea urchins by the combination of a flexible test and hollow spines. The membrane around the mouth contains only simple plates, in contrast to the more complex mouth parts of their close relatives, the Diadematoida. They are nearly all deepsea dwellers.

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Araeosoma alternatum is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Its armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Araeosoma and lives in the sea. A. alternatum was first scientifically described in 1934 by Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen, a Danish zoologist.

Araeosoma belli is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Its armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Araeosoma and lives throughout the Caribbean Sea as well as areas around the Gulf of Mexico. A. belli was first scientifically described in 1903 by Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen, a Danish zoologist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Araeosoma coriacea</span> Species of sea urchin

Araeosoma coriacea is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Its armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Araeosoma and lives in the sea. A. coriacea was first scientifically described in 1879 by Alexander Emanuel Agassiz, an American scientist.

Araeosoma eurypatum is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Its armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Araeosoma and lives in the sea. A. eurypatum was first scientifically described in 1909 by Alexander Agassiz and Hubert Clark.

Araeosoma fenestratum is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Its armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Araeosoma and lives in the sea. A. fenestratum was first scientifically described in 1872 by Thomson.

<i>Araeosoma parviungulatum</i> Species of sea urchin

Araeosoma parviungulatum is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Its armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Araeosoma and lives in the sea. A. parviungulatum was first scientifically described in 1934 by Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen.

Araeosoma paucispinum is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Its armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Araeosoma and lives in the sea. A. paucispinum was first scientifically described in 1924 by Hubert Lyman Clark, an American zoologist.

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Araeosoma tessellatum is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Its armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Araeosoma and lives in the sea. A. tessellatum was first scientifically described in 1879 by Alexander Emanuel Agassiz.

Araeosoma violaceum is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Its armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Araeosoma and lives in the sea. A. violaceum was first scientifically described in 1903 by Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen.

Asthenosoma dilatatum is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Asthenosoma and lives in the sea. Asthenosoma dilatatum was first scientifically described in 1934 by Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen.

<i>Asthenosoma ijimai</i> Species of sea urchin

Asthenosoma ijimai is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Asthenosoma and lives in the sea. Asthenosoma ijimai was first scientifically described in 1897 by Yoshiwara.

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Asthenosoma intermedium is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Asthenosoma and lives in the sea. Asthenosoma intermedium was first scientifically described in 1938 by Hubert Lyman Clark.

Calveriosoma gracile is a species of sea urchin in the order Echinothurioida. It is a deep water species and is found on the seabed in western parts of the Pacific Ocean at depths of 200 to 800 metres.

<i>Asthenosoma</i> Genus of sea urchins

Asthenosoma is a genus of sea urchins in the family Echinothuriidae. Their spines are covered with harmful venom capsules.

<i>Dermechinus</i> Genus of sea urchins

Dermechinus is a genus of sea urchin in the family Echinidae found in deep water in the southern Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. It is monotypic, with Dermechinus horridus, sometimes called the cactus urchin, being the only species.

References

  1. Mah, Christopher L. (8 April 2014). "What are the Deepest known echinoderms ?". The Echinoblog.
  2. 1 2 "Echinothuriidae". Echinoid Directory.
  3. Kroh, A. (2015), Echinothuriidae Thomson, 1872, In: Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. (2015) World Echinoidea Database.