Electoral fraud and violence during the June 2015 Turkish general election

Last updated

In the run-up to, during and after the Turkish general election of June 2015, numerous accusations of electoral fraud and violence were made by opposition parties. Electoral fraud in Turkey has usually been most extensive during local elections, where individual votes have significantly larger impact in determining local administrations. Although the 2014 presidential election saw little evidence of electoral misconduct, issues regarding voter records as well as extensive media bias have been controversial issues that have remained largely unaddressed. [1] In both the local and presidential elections in 2014, several voters reported that ballot papers had been sent to addresses that are wrong or do not exist as well as voters that have been dead for a substantial amount of time. [2] [3]

Contents

In March 2015, an unnamed AKP source close to one of the party's deputy leaders Süleyman Soylu revealed that his party had staged electoral fraud during the 2014 local elections and claimed that several AKP employees were uncomfortable with their tactics. The source claimed that the party had a 5-point plan for every election.

The source also confirmed that the sharp rise in electricity cuts during election nights were deliberate and were intended to disrupt the counting process. [4] [5]

Several candidates and party offices were all subject to politically motivated attacks, culminating in the death of 4 supporters of the pro-Kurdish and pro-minority Peoples' Democratic Party after two bombs exploded during a rally in Diyarbakır on 5 June. The interference of President Erdoğan, who was accused of covertly campaigning for the AKP under the guise of 'public opening' rallies, was also controversial since the President is constitutionally required to exercise political neutrality. [6]

Electoral fraud and misconduct

Pre-election campaigning restrictions and violations

On 3 March, the governor of İzmir took a series of decisions curbing the ability of citizens to protest against the 'established order', limiting freedom of expression and limiting all forms of political propaganda and demonstrations to written statements only. The İzmir Bars Association stated that they would appeal against the decisions, accusing them of being undemocratic and counterproductive. [7] The decisions were later reversed by the governor's office amid heavy protests on social media. [8]

In May, a CHP election stand in Erzurum was blocked by large police lorries with officers demanding that party flags be removed from the area. Erzurum's front-running CHP candidate protested the decision and asked why large lorries accompanied the officers who were simply demanding party activists to take down flags. The lorries parked in front of the election stand, obstructing its view to the members of the public. [9] In Rize, the AKP run Rize municipality sealed off a wedding salon that had been rented out by the MHP for their campaign, eventually leading to party activists breaking into the building. Although the municipality claimed that the salon lacked the required legal documents, the fact that it had only been sealed after the MHP rented it out led to party activists describing the situation as a 'black mark' in the history of democracy. [10] The MHP also filed a criminal complaint against the AKP-run Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, accusing it of tearing down their banners and flags. [11]

The AKP have also attempted to increase participation and ratings for their electoral rallies and televised interviews with key government politicians through cold calling. Cold calling and messaging for political reasons was officially made illegal on 1 May 2015 after the Law no. 6563 took effect on that day. On 25 May, a message sent out to millions of people around Turkey by the Ankara Metropolitan Municipality advertised a TV programme where the Mayor Melih Gökçek was due to make 'important statements'. The message resulted in the complaints hotline crashing due to a sudden surge in complaints being made about the advertisement. [12]

Overprinting of ballot papers

In preparation for the election, the Supreme Electoral Council ordered the printing of 73,988,955 ballot papers despite a domestic electorate of about 53 million. 897,000 of these ballot papers were to be sent to 33 customs gates for voters voting at the border or airports, while 2,917,200 were printed for Turkish expats voting abroad. The significantly large number of ballot papers printed despite the total electorate renewed controversy that had been caused during the 2014 local and presidential elections, where opposition candidates voiced concerns about how spare ballot papers would be utilised. [13] [14]

Use of state funds

The use of state funds for financing their campaigns is an issue that the AKP has continuously been accused of in the preceding local and presidential elections. In preparation for the general election, AKP founder and former leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan held rallies in numerous provinces and criticised the opposition. Despite being constitutionally neutral as the President of Turkey, Erdoğan has been accused of implicitly supporting the AKP's election campaign. During a rally in Batman, Erdoğan replied to questions about how his rallies were financed, saying "I'm holding rallies with state money. This is my natural right." [15] The admission that Erdoğan was using state finances to fund AKP-leaning rallies was proven to be heavily controversial, with the HDP complaining to the Supreme Electoral Commission, though their complaint was rejected soon after. [16]

On 9 May, an AKP campaign van was spotted with a black license plate, with a black license plate in Turkey meaning that the vehicle is an official vehicle of the state. The use of official state vehicles for campaigning is forbidden under Turkish law. [17] On the same day, an AKP campaign poster was spotted in an Istanbul bus garage being accompanied by the logo of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, which was again accused of being a violation of electoral law. [18] On 17 May, it emerged that a sudden shortage of İETT public busses in Istanbul was a result of many being taken out of service to provide a shuttle between different towns and the AKP's electoral rally in the Maltepe district. [19]

On 11 May, the Governor of Denizli Province, Şükrü Kocatepe, was caught demanding minibuses and other vehicles from various institutions in Denizli in preparation for the AKP's electoral rally. While governors are appointed by the government, they legally must remain politically neutral. The fact that they are appointed by the government mean that it is very simple to appoint a partisan governor however. The actions of the Governor were strongly condemned by CHP MPs Muharrem İnce and Adnan Keskin. [20]

Media censorship

An NTV news van covered in anti-AKP protest graffiti in response to their lack of coverage of the Gezi Park protests in 2013 Ntv-Van Media for sales.png
An NTV news van covered in anti-AKP protest graffiti in response to their lack of coverage of the Gezi Park protests in 2013

On 7 April, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and 166 other websites were blocked for distributing the images of DHKP-C terrorists taking Istanbul prosecutor Mehmet Selim Kiraz hostage. The court responsible for the block argued that the images could be used as propaganda for the terrorist organisation and were distressing for the prosecutor's family. In addition, criminal investigations were launched into four newspapers that also features the images. [21] The proximity of the block to the election, which bears similarity to the blocking of social media sites just weeks before the 2014 local elections, raised accusations of growing government censorship against opposition views. [22] Allegations were also made that social media sites were blocked to stop potential incriminating evidence regarding the government's involvement in the hostage crisis from emerging. [23]

The state-funded broadcaster Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) took the decision to not broadcast a campaign advert by the opposition CHP, because it was perceived to be openly critical of the governing AKP. [24] The advert featured a cat walking near a transformer, seen as a reference to the AKP Minister of Energy Taner Yıldız's claims that nationwide electricity cuts during the 2014 local elections occurred due to cat entering a transformer. [25] The TRT, which has previously been accused of pro-government bias, was accused of censorship and subsequently taken to court by the CHP. [26] A CHP delegate to the media regulator RTÜK, Ali Öztunç, later claimed that the advert had not broken any laws and that the AKP was directly behind the censorship. [27] A tradesman from Düzce sent the CHP to court for causing provocation and protesting rival parties by applauding, referencing the CHP's 'National Applause' themed election campaign. [28] The individual was later discovered to be the director of public broadcasting for the pro-AKP Diriliş newspaper. [29]

23 Turkish film-makers withdrew their films from the Istanbul Film Festival after a documentary set in PKK militant camps was withdrawn from the schedule. While the Ministry of Culture claimed that the documentary did not have the correct registration certificate, one film-maker claimed that the government were trying to increase their influence in the creative sector, similar to their record in the media sector. A documentary on the Gezi Park protests had been removed from the Antalya Golden Orange film festival in 2014. [30]

On April 30, television presenter Cüneyt Özdemir claimed on Twitter that the press was under pressure from both financial and moral intimidation. He claimed that since he had joined the channel Kanal D he had come under increased intimidation from multiple sources, whom he said were 'scared' of an objective and neutral media. [31] It was revealed by the broadcasting regulator RTÜK that between 1 and 7 May, the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) did not broadcast a single opposition party electoral rally, instead focusing only on AKP ones. Several other smaller TV channels were also revealed to have given only a miniature amount of coverage to the opposition campaign in comparison to hours of coverage of the AKP. [32]

Electricity cuts

Turkish elections have been increasingly sabotaged by electricity cuts during the vote counting process in recent years. The most recent example was the power cuts taking place on the eve of 30 March 2014, on the eve of the 2014 local elections. Energy minister Taner Yıldız caused outrage by blaming the power outages in 21 different provinces on a cat entering a transformer, which the BBC initially thought was an April fools joke. [33] The opposition has alleged that electricity cuts on election nights are intentional and the commotion they cause is used to manipulate the counting process in the governments favour. Several whistleblowers within the AKP have also confirmed such allegations. [5]

On 31 March, a nationwide blackout hit Turkey, causing disruption throughout the country for more than a day. The government have yet to confirm the reason behind the blackout, thought several theories by electrical engineers have proposed that such a large blackout could have been intentional or due to cyber terrorism. [34] Opposition journalists and whistleblowers on Twitter put forward several accusations, claiming that the cuts were used to steal the passwords of the Supreme Electoral Council (YSK) or were an attempt to get voters used to electricity cuts so that a power outage on the eve of the election is not taken as a surprise. [34]

Following the nationwide power blackout, the YSK requested electricity generators for election night. [35]

Voting record irregularities

In Adana, 28,800 voters were erased from electoral register after the metropolitan municipality conducted a controversial opinion poll about peoples' voting intentions for the general election. [36] It was also revealed that many CHP activists in Düsseldorf were assigned by the Supreme Electoral Council to vote in Greece instead, therefore being unable to cast their votes. [37]

'Perception operation'

Following similar allegations for the 2014 local elections and 2014 presidential election, the government have been accused of continuing to conduct a 'perception operation' (algı operasyonu) before the election through the use of disputed and fake opinion polls. [38] The term 'algı operasyonu' has since become a common political term in Turkey, symbolising political bias within the media. [39] Polling companies in Turkey rarely include a detailed breakdown of their operations and several poll companies, such as 'Pollmark', do not have any official records of existence. Many pollsters lack official websites and instead announce poll results on Facebook or Twitter , while some companies such as 'Politic's Communication and Research' have grammatical errors in their names that place their existence in doubt. [40] Numerous polling companies are also owned by politicians, for example the owner of ANAR is AKP former Deputy Prime Minister Beşir Atalay.

The opinion polling for the 2014 presidential election was particularly controversial, with poll results varying substantially from the actual results. One polling company, KONDA, issued a letter of apology after predicting Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's vote to be above 57% three days before the election, whereas the actual result was 51.8%. [41] The polling for the election was criticised by the owner of another polling company, Metropoll, who accused rival companies of conducting a 'perception operation' with their polls. [42] [43] The opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) also criticised polling companies for confusing voters and being controlled by the government. [44]

The CHP deputy leader Sezgin Tanrıkulu proposed a new law that would inflict a penalty fine on polling companies that had margins of error above 5 or 6% and declare them 'biased'. The proposed law would also impose custodial sentences on the companies' owners of between two and five years. Tanrıkulu claimed that polling companies had lost the trust of the electorate over the years and accused their inaccurate polling on contributing to a low turnout in the presidential elections. [45] However, polling companies accused of supporting the opposition, such as SONAR, have also been accused of releasing bogus polls. [46]

The manager of the Gezici polling organisation that works for the pro-opposition Sözcü newspaper, Murat Gezici, claimed that he had received death threats after releasing polling results that showed the AKP's vote share being below 40% in March 2015. [47] He was later attacked outside his home.

According to several news agencies, no candidates applied to become CHP candidates in 11 electoral districts, with just one applying in four other districts. [48] However, the CHP's spokesperson Haluk Koç later presented the lists of applications for these districts, falsifying the claims that no-one had applied. He claimed that the false stories were attempts to make the CHP look weaker prior to the election. [49]

SEÇSİS controversy

The Supreme Electoral Council uses a system called SEÇSİS, a computer-aided central voter index system, in order to securely collect results and voter data. Its main aims are described to be to lower voter queues, allow voters to easily access information, reduce the number of complaints and also provide a basis for the eventual computerisation of voting. [50] However, the system has received strong criticism for being susceptible to outside interference and hacking due to its use of Java. [51] This has led to several opposition journalists and politicians to bring these claims before the Electoral Council and the Constitutional Court, accusing AKP politicians of using the system for their own gain. [52] [53] Eight months after initially being asked by CHP MPs, the Supreme Electoral Commission confirmed that the SEÇSİS system did not carry a security certificate, meaning that results entered into the system can be changed without notice. [54]

In response to the revelations, the CHP claimed that it would take measures in order to stop the election being manipulated by SEÇSİS. The AKP MP Metin Külünk subsequently admitted that SEÇSİS had been developed under the influence of Fethullah Gülen, a common theory put forward by opposition journalists before 2013 when Gülen was aligned with the AKP. [55] Külünk stated that due to Gülen's influence, the CHP would not have the 'luxury' to complain about SEÇSİS being used during future elections. [56]

Following a proposal by the Liberal Democrat Party in 2014, results will now have to be uploaded to SEÇSİS as soon as possible in order to obtain results for each ballot box quicker online. [57]

Misconduct during voting

During the voting process in Frankfurt, Germany, an Imam who was serving as an observer was caught while trying to vote for different people using different ID cards. Another Imam in Düsseldorf was caught openly telling people to vote for the AKP inside the polling area. [37]

Political violence

In December 2014, a football match between the teams from the CHP-run district of Yenimahalle and the AKP-run district of Gölbaşı in Ankara was cancelled due to a breakout of violence between the two sides. The match was due to have been refereed by the nephew of an AKP MP, which had initially led to a rise in tensions. [58]

A MHP youth wing leader and Ege University student, Fırat Yılmaz Çakıroğlu was killed by PKK militants who raided the university in İzmir on 21 February. The HDP, which originates from Kurdish nationalist parties, blamed the government for not taking necessary precautions despite repeated threats. [59] Three people were injured after clashes broke out between Turkish nationalists and HDP supporters in Erzurum after prayers were held in Çakıroğlu's memory. [60] [61] Tensions also rose between MHP-supporting university students and HDP activists in Adıyaman. [62]

In March 2014, the manager of the Gezici polling company Murat Gezici, who conducts an opinion polls for the pro-opposition Sözcü newspaper, was attacked by three people outside his home after revealing an opinion poll that placed the AKP's vote share below 40%. Gezici had previously stated in an interview that he had received death threats. [49]

May Day protests

May Day protests in Ankara, 1 May 2015 2015 May 1 Turkey 4.jpg
May Day protests in Ankara, 1 May 2015

Demonstrations taking place on Labour day on May 1 have historically and notoriously been meet with a strong police response in Turkey, with the events on 1 May 1977 turning into a massacre in which 42 people were killed during demonstrations in Taksim Square. In preparation for the 2015 demonstrations, the government banned all demonstrations on Taksim Square and mobilised 10,000 police officers to curb protests. In ensuring clashes, protesters were met with tear gas and water cannon, to which some activists responded by throwing stones and firecrackers at the security forces. Despite the heavy police presence, communist activists were able to briefly enter Taksim square before being apprehended by police. During the clashes in Taksim, a stray dog who was perceived to be attempting to save a protester being detained by the police became popular on social media. [63] CHP Member of Parliament Aykut Erdoğdu broke his hand after punching and breaking the class of a police escort vehicle containing arrested demonstrators, demanding to be taken with them. The escort vehicle refused to stop and attempted to run over the MP.

Attacks against political parties

Two people were arrested in connection to a shooting at the CHP district office in Maltepe, Istanbul. There were no casualties since the office was empty at the time. [64] An armed individual was also arrested after entering the AKP Kartal district headquarters also in Istanbul with unknown intentions, shooting what was later determined to be blank rounds and hanging a Turkish flag accompanied with a sword. [65] Later on 23 April, a CHP election campaign bus in Antalya was stoned by unknown perpetrators, smashing two windows but not causing any casualties. [66]

On 18 April, armed men opened fire on the HDP headquarters, with two people later being taken into custody. Prime Minister Davutoğlu and President Erdoğan both condemned the attack, which occurred at 4 am when the building was empty. [67] [68] HDP chairman Selahattin Demirtaş claimed that 41 HDP election offices had been subject to arson attacks since the party's establishment. [69]

On 19 April, a group of around 20 people, presumed to be Kurdish nationalists, attacked Patriotic Party parliamentary candidate Hasan Atilla Uğur. Uğur, the military officer responsible for interrogating Abdullah Öcalan following his capture, was criticised for interrogating Öcalan by the group, who proceeded to attack Patriotic Party offices. [70] On 23 April, an armed attack on the AKP offices in Batman led to the death of the son of a former AKP Member of Parliament. The perpetrator was wounded and apprehended while trying to flee the scene. The incident was attributed to an asset-based dispute and not part of the wider political tensions. [71]

On 24 April, an armed man waiting near a block of flats in Afyonkarahisar where Ahmet Davutoğlu's wife Sare Davutoğlu was due to visit was arrested on suspicion of a potential assassination attempt. [72]

On 26 April, a HDP party office in Yalova was attacked by an armed gunman, who fired three shots at the office windows. Nobody was injured during the incident. [73]

On 30 April, a HDP election stand in Uşak was approached by a mob, whom the stand's managers claimed were armed with clubs and were chanting anti-HDP slogans. Three people were injured during the ensuring fight, while the HDP leaflets and flags were burnt. The HDP activists were taken to a nearby HDP office under police escort. [74]

On 2 May, AKP activists allegedly attacked members of the United June Movement (BHH) that had set up an election stand close to an AKP election stand in Kocamustafapaşa, Fatih, in Istanbul. 4 people were injured and large numbers of riot police and ambulances arrived at the scene. [75] The fact that only BHH activists were arrested raised allegations of undercover AKP-police dealings and institutional political bias. [76]

On 3 May, a delegation of AKP parliamentary candidates, youth and women's wing members visiting Van were booed and greeted with hostility by civilians. The police subsequently escorted the AKP delegation into a nearby HDP branch office where HDP members allegedly greeted them with applause. The police removed the license plates and placed iron bars on the AKP's cars for extra security. [77] On the same day, some attendants at a nationalist march organised by the MHP in Rize attempted to break into a HDP branch office. While police managed to guard the office, several MHP supporters tore down HDP flags and burnt them during the rally. No-one was injured during the incident. [78]

On 11 May, a group of AKP activists chased a CHP news van in Trabzon, throwing stones and chasing it for an hour, after which the CHP activists attempted to take refuge in a local police station. The AKP activists cut the tyres of the van and attempted to 'lynch' the CHP members in front of the police station. Four AKP members were questioned following the incident. [10]

On 14 May, a group of Turkish nationalists began attacking HDP supporters who had been to an electoral rally in Kırşehir attended by Selahattin Demirtaş. With several HDP supporters reacting violently, riot police were called to the scene and used water cannon to disperse the crowds. [79]

DHKP-C hostage crisis

On 31 March 2015, a nationwide blackout occurred in 49 out of the 81 Provinces of Turkey, disrupting transportation systems and lasting for much of the day. It was considered the worst power blackout for 15 years. [80] The government responded by stating that all possible causes, including terrorism, would be considered when attempting to locate the cause. At the same time, President Erdoğan claimed that the blackout showed that the country needed to invest in nuclear energy. With relations between the government and president already appearing to be waning following a public disagreement between Erdoğan and Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç, energy minister Taner Yıldız openly criticised the proposals to invest in nuclear power. His statement was perceived to be another indication that the relationship between the President and the government was widening. [81] On 1 April, it was alleged that the electricity cut was caused intentionally by individuals loyal to Fethullah Gülen. [82]

The blackout caused a political debate regarding possible motives, with electricity engineers alleging that such a large blackout continuing for almost a day was most likely caused intentionally. [83] During the power-cut, two left-wing militants from the Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front (DHKP-C) infiltrated the Istanbul Justice Palace and abducted a prosecutor responsible for investigating the death of Berkin Elvan, who had been shot by police during the 2013 Gezi Park protests. The militants demanded information on the officer who shot Elvan in return for prosecutor Mehmet Selim Kiraz's release. [84] Police forces later conducted an operation resulting in the death of the two terrorists and Kiraz, all of whom died from gunshot wounds. [85]

The hostage crisis led to a debate about how militants managed to enter what currently is the largest courthouse in Europe with guns and flags without being stopped, as well as whether the incident and the massive power outage were related. Amid speculation that the government would use the incident to their own political gain, former Deputy Prime Minister Emrullah İşler claimed in a tweet that the militants were from the same organisation as the Gezi Park protesters in 2013. [86] CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu later publicly criticised the government for trying to associate his party with the terrorists. [87] The mother of Şafak Yayla, one of the militants, accused the government of hiding the real perpetrators behind the hostage crisis and killing her son instead. [88] A similar situation had occurred in January, where DHKP-C claimed responsibility for a suicide bombing, before removing this claim from their website when the perpetrator was later linked to ISIS instead.

Influence of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

The election campaign also faced controversy due to the heavy involvement of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan both in public campaigning and private decision making concerning the AKP's election campaign. Erdoğan, who founded and led the AKP for 13 years, was elected President in 2014 by direct vote and thus was constitutionally required to sever all ties with the AKP and remain neutral in political affairs. Critics of the AKP and Erdoğan, however, have accused the President of openly being partisan. [89]

'Public opening' rallies

During the run-up to the election, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan declared his intentions to hold rallies in all 81 Provinces of Turkey under the guise of 'public openings'. Most opposition and media commentators, however, have denounced the excuse of 'public openings' as a sham and have branded Erdoğan's rallies as an open political intervention by a constitutionally neutral President. Despite numerous formal complaints by the CHP, MHP and HDP, the Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey refused to stop Erdoğan from holding his rallies. [90] [91] During his speeches at these rallies, Erdoğan has been criticised for his political bias in favour of the AKP. During a rally in Siirt, Erdoğan criticised the CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu for allegedly questioning his faith in the Quran. [92] During a 1 May Labour Day speech, he also criticised the opposition parties for their promise to raise the minimum wage, though he faced controversy himself when he revealed that he did not know the current minimum wage. [93] Erdoğan has also implicitly called for the electorate to grant the AKP at least 400 Members of Parliament in the general election, and admitted that his rallies were being funded by public money. [94]

Most opposition politicians and journalists have denounced Erdoğan's rallies as a farce. It emerged that most of the new projects or foundations of new infrastructure that Erdoğan had claimed to inaugurate did not actually exist, with no lists of official openings being made available for the rallies. [95] [96] The real reason behind Erdoğan holding rallies was therefore perceived to be for political reasons aiding the AKP. [97] Most of Erdoğan's rallies have been marked by a poor turnout, with a surprisingly small turnout in İzmir despite voters being shuttled in from neighbouring provinces being openly mocked by social media. [98] Due to a poor turnout in Van, Erdoğan was forced to delay his appearance. It has been claimed that several public organisations and companies have been told to forcefully send their employees to the rallies in order to increase turnout. [99] For the opening of Hakkari Yüksekova Airport where both President Erdoğan and Prime Minister Davutoğlu were in attendance, the Governor of Hakkari issued a statement revoking all leaves of absence for the day and threatened any public workers who did not attend with legal action. [100]

Controversy arose when Erdoğan and the Patriotic Party wanted to conduct a rally at the same time and at the same place in Adana. The issue was taken to the Supreme Electoral Council, which decided that both could conduct their rallies at different times on the same day. [101]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Turkish presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Turkey on 10 August 2014 in order to elect the 12th President. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was elected outright with an absolute majority of the vote in the first round, making a scheduled run-off for 24 August unnecessary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">June 2015 Turkish general election</span>

General elections were held in Turkey on 7 June 2015 to elect 550 members to the Grand National Assembly. This was the 24th general election in the history of the Turkish Republic, electing the country's 25th Parliament. The result was the first hung parliament since the 1999 general elections. Unsuccessful attempts to form a coalition government resulted in a snap general election being called for November 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Turkish local elections</span> Municipal elections in Turkey

Local elections were held in Turkey on 30 March 2014, with some repeated on 1 June 2014. Metropolitan and district mayors as well as their municipal council members in cities, and muhtars and "elderly councils" in rural areas were elected. In light of the controversy around the elections, it was viewed as a referendum on the government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. About 50 million people were eligible to vote.

In the run-up to the Turkish general election of June 2015, many political parties engaged in campaign efforts to increase their vote shares. The main contesting parties were the governing incumbent Justice and Development Party (AKP) led by Ahmet Davutoğlu, the Republican People's Party (CHP) led by Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) led by Devlet Bahçeli and the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) co-led by Selahattin Demirtaş and Figen Yüksekdağ. These four parties are the only parties with a realistic chance of surpassing the 10% parliamentary threshold to gain representation in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey

<span class="mw-page-title-main">November 2015 Turkish general election</span>

General elections were held in Turkey on 1 November 2015 to elect 550 members to the Grand National Assembly. They were the 25th general elections in the History of the Republic of Turkey and elected the country's 26th Parliament. The election resulted in the Justice and Development Party (AKP) regaining a parliamentary majority following a 'shock' victory, having lost it five months earlier in the June 2015 general elections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">63rd cabinet of Turkey</span> Government of the Republic of Turkey (2015)

The Second Cabinet of Ahmet Davutoğlu was a temporary election government formed by Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu on the request of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. It is also referred to as the Second Davutoğlu Cabinet. As the 63rd government of Turkey, the cabinet presided over the November 2015 general election and dissolved after a new government is formed after the election. It is the first such government to take office in the history of the Turkish Republic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">June 2015 Republican People's Party election campaign</span> Official election campaign of the Republican Peoples Party (CHP) for the 2015 general election

The Republican People's Party election campaign of June 2015 was the election campaign of the Republican People's Party (CHP), the main opposition political party in Turkey. The campaign, which was mainly centred on the slogan Yaşanacak Bir Türkiye, was for the June 2015 general election. Before the election, the CHP had signed a deal with the American election strategy firm Beneson Strategy Group to assist with the campaign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">June 2015 Justice and Development Party election campaign</span> Turkish political party campaign

The Justice and Development Party election campaign of June 2015 was the official election campaign of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) for the June 2015 general election. This was the fourth general election contested by the AKP, which was founded in 2001 and swept to power in a landslide victory in 2002. This was the first election contested by the AKP's new leader, Ahmet Davutoğlu, who was elected leader in September 2014 after the party's former leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was elected as the President of Turkey in August 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">June 2015 Nationalist Movement Party election campaign</span>

The Nationalist Movement Party election campaign of June 2015 was the official election campaign of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) for the June 2015 general election in Turkey. The campaign was led by Devlet Bahçeli, who was contesting his fifth successive general election since being elected party leader in 1997.

Controversies during the Turkish general election of November 2015 mainly centred on the escalating violence in the south-east and the rise in domestic terrorist attacks linked to both the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). International concerns also grew over an increase in media censorship, with the government being accused of specifically targeting news outlets known to be close to the Gülen Movement such as Kanaltürk and Bugün TV. Safety concerns due to the escalating conflict resulted in the government proposing to merge ballot boxes in affected areas and to transport them to safer locations, though the opposition criticised the move as an attempt to decrease the votes of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), which polled strongly in the June 2015 general election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 Turkish local elections</span> Municipal elections in Turkey

The Turkish local elections of 2019 were held on Sunday 31 March 2019 throughout the 81 provinces of Turkey. A total of 30 metropolitan and 1,351 district municipal mayors, alongside 1,251 provincial and 20,500 municipal councillors were elected, in addition to numerous local non-partisan positions such as neighbourhood representatives (muhtars) and elderly people's councils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 Turkish constitutional referendum</span>

A constitutional referendum was held in Turkey on 16 April 2017 on whether to approve 18 proposed amendments to the Turkish constitution that were brought forward by the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). As a result of its approval, the office of Prime Minister was abolished and the existing parliamentary system of government was replaced with an executive presidency and a presidential system. The number of seats in Parliament was raised from 550 to 600, while, among a series of other proposals, the president was given more control over appointments to the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK). The referendum was held under a state of emergency that was declared following the failed military coup attempt in July 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Good Party</span> Political party in Turkey

The Good Party is a nationalist and Kemalist political party in Turkey, established on 25 October 2017 by Meral Akşener. The party's name and flag is a reference to the tamga of the Kayı tribe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Turkish presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Turkey on 24 June 2018 as part of the 2018 general election, alongside parliamentary elections on the same day. They were the first presidential elections held after constitutional amendments were approved in a 2017 referendum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Turkish parliamentary election</span>


Parliamentary elections were held in Turkey on 24 June 2018 as part of general elections, with presidential elections taking place on the same day. Originally scheduled for 27 October 2019, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called snap elections on 18 April after months of speculation. With the passage of a series of constitutional amendments in the 2017 referendum, the number of MPs will be increased from the previous 550 to 600. These representatives will be elected by the constituents of the 87 electoral districts of Turkey by party-list proportional representation.

The Nation Alliance, abbreviated as NATION, was an electoral and political alliance in Turkey, made up of six opposition parties to contest the 2023 Turkish general election against its main rival, the People's Alliance. Originally established prior to the country's 2018 general election, the alliance had consisted of four opposition parties across the political spectrum, which had found common ground on withstanding Turkey's newly established presidential system. The alliance dissolved in 1 June 2023 following its narrow defeat in the 2023 elections, after the Good Party's announcement that they were no longer a part of it.

Multiple political parties in Turkey underwent candidate selection processes in the run-up to the 2018 presidential election. Parties represented in the Grand National Assembly were able to field candidates directly by collecting signatures from at least 20 of their Members of Parliament, as were parties who had no representation but won more than 5% in the previous general election. Candidates that did not meet either criterion were required to obtain over 100,000 signatures from Turkish citizens between 4 and 9 May.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">March 2019 Istanbul mayoral election</span>

The March 2019 Istanbul mayoral election took place on 31 March 2019, as part of the 2019 Turkish local elections. In addition to a mayor for the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, all 39 Istanbul districts elected their own individual mayors as well as district councillors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">June 2019 Istanbul mayoral election</span> Mayoral election in Istanbul

The June 2019 Istanbul mayoral election was held on 23 June 2019. It was a repeat of the March 2019 mayoral election, which was annulled by the Supreme Electoral Council (YSK) on 6 May 2019. The original election had resulted in a narrow 0.2% margin of victory for opposition candidate Ekrem İmamoğlu, causing the governing Justice and Development Party to successfully petition for a by-election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 Turkish local elections</span> Municipal elections in Turkey

Local elections in Turkey took place throughout the country's 81 provinces on 31 March 2024. A total of 30 metropolitan and 1,363 district municipal mayors, alongside 1,282 provincial and 21,001 municipal councilors were elected, in addition to numerous local non-partisan positions such as neighborhood representatives (muhtars) and elderly people's councils.

References

  1. ↑ "Times: TRT'den Erdoğan'a 204, rakiplerine 3 dakika". BBC Türkçe. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  2. ↑ "SEÇİM ÖNCESİ TÜYLER ÜRPERTEN HİLE İDDİALARI!". Habererk Haber, Dünya Son Dakika Haberleri. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  3. ↑ "SEÇİM HİLELERİ BAŞLADI !". Ülkücü Medya. 7 August 2014. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  4. ↑ "AKP'li isimden şok 'hile' itirafları: Seçimleri böyle kazandık". Haber, Haberler, Son Dakika Haberler – Haber Fedai. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  5. 1 2 "Cumhuriyet Gazetesi – AKP'li isimden şok itiraflar: Seçimleri böyle kazandık". cumhuriyet.com.tr. 12 January 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  6. ↑ "OSCE criticizes Erdoğan's violation of impartiality in election". Bugun.com.tr. Archived from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
  7. ↑ "İzmir'de her şeyi yasakladılar". odatv.com. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  8. ↑ "İzmir Valisi'nden yasaklarla ilgili yeni karar - İlk Kurşun Gazetesi". Archived from the original on 2015-05-21. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  9. ↑ "CHP standına şafak baskını". sozcu.com.tr. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  10. 1 2 "AKP'li belediye MHP bürosunu mühürledi". odatv.com. 10 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  11. ↑ "MHP says İstanbul municipal police tore campaign banners, takes legal action". TodaysZaman. 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  12. ↑ "Gökçek'in mesajları vatandaşı çıldırttı". sozcu.com.tr. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  13. ↑ "53 milyon seçmen için 74 milyon oy pusulası". Yeni Çağ Gazetesi. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  14. ↑ "YSK 73.9 milyon oy pusulası basacak". Posta. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  15. ↑ "Erdoğan: Meydanlara devletin parasıyla çıkıyorum". Radikal. 2 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  16. ↑ AA (5 May 2015). "YSK, HDP'nin Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan ile ilgili başvurusunu reddetti". HÜRRİYET – TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  17. ↑ "AKP resmi araçları seçim için kullanıyor". odatv.com. 9 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  18. ↑ "İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi logosunun yer aldığı AKP pankartı tepki çekti". odatv.com. 10 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  19. ↑ "AKP'nin mitingi için belediyenin otobüsleri ücretsiz yolcı taşıdı". odatv.com. 17 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  20. ↑ "CHP'li İnce'den Denizli Valisi'ne tepki". sozcu.com.tr. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  21. ↑ "Turkey social media ban raises censorship fears". BBC News. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  22. ↑ "Turkey′s latest social media ban smacks of electoral censorship, critics say – Europe – DW.DE – 06.04.2015". DW.DE. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  23. ↑ "Are the World's Biggest Internet Companies Under the Turkish President's Thumb? · Global Voices". Global Voices. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  24. ↑ ANKARA (CİHAN) (11 April 2015). "Bülent Tezcan'dan CHP reklamını yayınlamayan TRT'ye tepki". HÜRRİYET – TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  25. ↑ "Enerji Bakanı Taner Yıldız: Trafoya kedi girdi". HÜRRİYET – TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  26. ↑ "Turkish state TV bans opposition advert". BBC News. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  27. ↑ "TRT'ye Sansür Talimatını AKP Verdi". postmedya.com. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  28. ↑ "CHP'nin alkışından tahrik oluyormuş!". kemalizmm.net. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  29. ↑ "CHP'nin alkışını dava eden bakın kim çıktı". sozcu.com.tr. 13 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  30. ↑ Constanze Letsch (13 April 2015). "Film-makers withdraw from Istanbul festival in censorship protest". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  31. ↑ "Cüneyt Özdemir: Seçimler öncesi müthiş bir baskı altındayız, maddi manevi gözdağı var!". Telgrafhane / Emeğin yanında, Aydınlanmanın izinde. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  32. ↑ "TRT'den "sıfır" rezaleti". sozcu.com.tr. 17 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  33. ↑ "Bakan Yıldız'ın 'kedi'si BBC'nin 1 Nisan şaka listesine girdi". t24.com.tr. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  34. 1 2 Füsun Sarp Nebil. "Uzmanlar ne diyor, elektrik kesintisi neden siber saldırıyı düşündürtüyor?". t24.com.tr. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  35. ↑ "YSK Seçim İçin 'Jeneratör' İstedi". Amerika'nin Sesi – Voice of America – Turkish. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  36. ↑ "AKP iş başında: Antalya'da 28 bin 800 seçmenin kaydı silindi". Telgrafhane / Emeğin yanında, Aydınlanmanın izinde. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  37. 1 2 "AKP'nin sandık hileleri başladı". sozcu.com.tr. 17 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  38. ↑ toplumsol. "Anketler Algı Operasyonu Muydu?". Toplumsol. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  39. ↑ "Algı operasyonu!". yurtgazetesi.com.tr. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  40. ↑ "TURKEY, January 2015. PCR poll ~ ELECTOGRAPH.com". electograph.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  41. ↑ "KONDA özür diledi". ZAMAN. 15 August 2014. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  42. ↑ "Anketlerdeki algı kumpası". taraf.com.tr. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  43. ↑ "Yasaklara Rağmen, Anket Şirketleri Algı Operasyonu Yaptı!". secimanketi.tv. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  44. ↑ "Uydurma anketlerle algı operasyonu". Yeni Çağ Gazetesi. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  45. ↑ "Siyasi anketçilere hapis cezası". habersizkalma.org. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  46. ↑ "Anket mi, algı operasyonu mu?". ahaber.com.tr. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  47. ↑ "'AKP oyları düştü' diyen Murat Gezici'ye ölüm tehdidi". yurtgazetesi.com.tr. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  48. ↑ "CHP 11 ilde aday adayı bulamadı!". Ahaber. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  49. 1 2 "AKP'nin oyunun düştüğünü açıklayan anket şirketi sahibi saldırıya uğradı - İlk Kurşun Gazetesi". Archived from the original on 2015-05-21. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  50. ↑ "YSK SEÇSİS". ysk.gov.tr. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  51. ↑ "Seçsis Seçim Sistemine müdahale mümkün mü?". blog.milliyet.com.tr. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  52. ↑ "Prof. Dr. Hayrettin Ökçesiz, 'SEÇSİS' için Anayasa Mahkemesi'ne başvurdu". ZAMAN. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  53. ↑ "AKP'YE seçimleri SEÇSİS mi kazandırıyor? - İlk Kurşun Gazetesi". Archived from the original on 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  54. ↑ "YSK'dan 8 ay sonra skandal cevap: SEÇSİS'in güvenlik sertifikası yok!". Ohaber. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  55. ↑ "SECSİS ve seçim oyunları". blog.milliyet.com.tr. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  56. ↑ "CHP, SEÇSİS için harekete geçiyor!". teknokule.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  57. ↑ "LDP'nin Başvurusuyla SEÇSİS'te Büyük Revizyon Yapıldı – Liberal Demokrat Parti – Liberal Demokrat Parti". Liberal Demokrat Parti. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  58. ↑ "AKP-CHP maçında kavga çıktı: Maç tatil edildi". soL Haber Portalı – güne soL'dan bakın. 25 December 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  59. ↑ Ulusal Kanal (21 February 2015). "Çakıroğlu'nun PKK'lılar tarafından öldürülmesi siyasetin de gündeminde". Ulusal Kanal. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  60. ↑ "Erzurum karıştı - İlk Kurşun Gazetesi". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  61. ↑ "'Bir tek Cumhurbaşkanı başsağlığı dilemedi' - İlk Kurşun Gazetesi". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  62. ↑ "Erzurum da ve Adıyaman da Fırat Çakıroğlu Gerginliği". kemalizmm.net. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  63. ↑ "Istanbul police disperse May Day protesters". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  64. ↑ "CHP seçim bürosuna silahlı saldırı!". soL Haber Portalı – güne soL'dan bakın. 5 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  65. ↑ "AKP binasına silahla girdi!". sozcu.com.tr. 1 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  66. ↑ "CHP seçim otobüsüne taşlı saldırı". sozcu.com.tr. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  67. ↑ Mynet (18 April 2015). "Başbakan Davutoğlu, Hdp'Ye Yapılan Saldırıyı Kınadı Haberi ve Son Dakika Haberler Mynet". Mynet Haber. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  68. ↑ "Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'dan 'HDP'ye saldırı' açıklaması". Sabah. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  69. ↑ "Demirtaş: Bugüne kadar 41 HDP seçim bürosu yakıldı". Radikal. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  70. ↑ "Apo'yu sorgulayan komutana baltalı saldırı". aydinlikgazete.com. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  71. ↑ "AKP seçim lokaline saldırı". sozcu.com.tr. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  72. ↑ "Sare Davutoğlu ziyareti öncesi şok!". sozcu.com.tr. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  73. ↑ "Yalova'da HDP seçim bürosuna silahlı saldırı". Radikal. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  74. ↑ "Uşak'ta HDP standına saldırı: 3 yaralı". kemalizmm.net. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  75. ↑ "AKP standında kavga: 4 yaralı". sozcu.com.tr. 2 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  76. ↑ İlayda Kocabaş. "Kocamustafapaşa'da AKP-polis işbirliği: 23 gözaltı – Genç Gazete". Genç Gazete. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  77. ↑ "AKP'liler esnafla kavga etti". sozcu.com.tr. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  78. ↑ "Rize'de tehlikeli MHP-HDP gerginliği! - İlk Kurşun Gazetesi". Archived from the original on 2015-05-24. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  79. ↑ "BirGun.net" . Retrieved 20 May 2015.[ permanent dead link ]
  80. ↑ "Turkey power outage shuts down public transportation and half of provinces". the Guardian. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  81. ↑ "Taner Yıldız:"Türkiye'de Elektirik verilmeyen yer kalmadı"". KpssCafe.Com.TR. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  82. ↑ "Türkiyeyi karanlığa gömen kesintinin sorumluları onlarmış fotoğraf galerisi – Haberzamani.com.tr". haberzamani.com.tr. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  83. ↑ "Turkey power cut: 5 theories on what is behind the nationwide electricity blackout". International Business Times UK. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  84. ↑ "Istanbul prosecutor held hostage, captors killed". Slate Magazine. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  85. ↑ "Turkish hostage situation: Prosecutor Mehmet Selim Kiraz and 'DHKP-C militants' who held him hostage die". The Independent. April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  86. ↑ "'Dark forces' behind Istanbul hostage-taking will be caught, Turkey vows". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  87. ↑ "CHP Lideri Kılıçdaroğlu:"Böyle siyaset yapmak ahlaksızlıktır"". kemalizmm.net. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  88. ↑ "Sayfa bulunamadı | Telgrafhane / Emeğin yanında, Aydınlanmanın izinde". Archived from the original on 2015-04-07. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  89. ↑ ALİCAN YILMAZ (23 May 2015). "Erdoğan AKP'ye oy topluyor, YSK seyirci kalıyor". ZAMAN. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  90. ↑ "YSK'dan flaş 'Erdoğan' kararı!". Haber7. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  91. ↑ "CHP'den YSK'ya 'Erdoğan' başvurusu!". milliyet.com.tr. 22 May 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  92. ↑ "Erdoğan'dan Siirt'te Kılıçdaroğlu'na ağır sözler". HÜRRİYET – TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  93. ↑ "Erdoğan asgari ücreti bilemedi: Herhalde 1000 TL gibi!". ZAMAN. 2 May 2015. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  94. ↑ "Erdoğan: Gönlümde bir aslan yatıyor". habercem.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  95. ↑ "Seçim öncesi törenlerle açılan birçok tesisin olmadığı ortaya çıktı". Bugun.com.tr. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  96. ↑ "Adan: Toplu açılış değil, toplu yalan". aybekgazete.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  97. ↑ "Kılıçdaroğlu: Davutoğlu Erdoğan için..." milliyet.com.tr. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  98. ↑ "Cumhuriyet Gazetesi – Erdoğan'a mitingi ertelettiren görüntü". cumhuriyet.com.tr. 14 May 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  99. ↑ "Erdoğan'ın mitingine katılmak zorunludur". odatv.com. 23 May 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  100. ↑ "Hakkari Valiliği'nden Memurlara Erdoğan Mitingine Katılacaksınız Talimatı". Aktif Haber. 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  101. ↑ "YSK Adana Uğur Mumcu Meydanı'n Vatan Partisi'ne tahsis etti". odatv.com. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.