Enchylium polycarpon

Last updated

Enchylium polycarpon
Enchylium polycarpon 229811.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Peltigerales
Family: Collemataceae
Genus: Enchylium
Species:
E. polycarpon
Binomial name
Enchylium polycarpon
(Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin, 2013
Synonyms [2] [3]
  • Collema polycarpon Hoffm. 1795,
  • Eucollema polycarpon (Hoffm.) Horw. 1912,
  • Lathagrium polycarpon (Hoffm.) Arnold 1871,
  • Synechoblastus polycarpus (Hoffm.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. 1902,
  • Synechoblastus wyomingensis Fink 1934

Enchylium polycarpon, commonly known as the shaly jelly lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Collemataceae . Formerly known as Collema polycarpon, it was renamed in 2013 as part of a taxonomic revision. This lichen has a widespread global distribution, occurring in various regions of North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Contents

E. polycarpon thrives in moderately alkaline or calcareous environments and prefers moderate to high levels of direct sunlight, typically growing on calcareous substrates such as limestone and dolomitic rocks in exposed and periodically wet habitats. Its thallus structure is characterized by an expansive, rosette-like cushion with a deeply lobed morphology, lacking a proper cortex.

Reproductively, E. polycarpon exhibits abundant lecanorine apothecia and immersed pycnidia, indicating both sexual and asexual reproductive strategies. Despite its broad global distribution, the conservation status of this lichen varies significantly across different biogeographic regions, with the species considered rare or threatened in some areas.

Taxonomically, E. polycarpon was originally described as Collema polycarpon by Georg Franz Hoffmann in 1796, before being transferred to the genus Enchylium in 2013 by Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin. Over time, E. polycarpon has been known by various synonymous names in the scientific literature, such as Collema fasciculare var. polycarpon, Collema melaenum var. polycarpon, Collema multifidum var. polycarpon, Collema plicatum var. polycarpon, and the original Collema polycarpon Hoffm.

Taxonomy

Etymology

Enchylium polycarpon, commonly referred to as the "shaly jelly lichen", [4] derives its name from its taxonomic history and ecological characteristics. E. polycarpon was originally described as Collema polycarpon by Georg Franz Hoffmann in 1796 in the publication "Deutschlands Flora, Zweiter Theil". [5]

The epithet "polycarpon" originates from Greek, where "poly" means "many," and "carpon" refers to "fruit" or "seed," alluding to the numerous reproductive structures' characteristic of this species. [6]

Taxonomic revision

Collema polycarpon was transferred to the genus Enchylium from Collema in 2013 by Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin, as part of a taxonomic revision published in 2014. [7] The species E. polycarpon (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin belongs to the family Collemataceae. [8] [3]

E. polycarpon has a subspecies, E. polycarpon subsp. corcyrense (Arnold) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin. This subspecies was previously known as Lathagrium orbiculare var. corcyrense Arnold., and has additional synonyms such as Collema polycarpon subsp. corcyrense (Arnold) Pišút and Collema ragusanum Zahlbr. [9]

Synonymy

Enchylium polycarpon, formerly identified under various synonyms, has undergone taxonomic revisions over time, resulting in a list of historical names used in scientific literature. These synonyms include Collema fasciculare var. polycarpon (Hoffm.) Torss., Collema melaenum var. polycarpon (Hoffm.) Nyl., Collema multifidum var. polycarpon (Hoffm.) Rabenh., Collema plicatum var. polycarpon (Hoffm.) Kremp., and Collema polycarpon Hoffm. [2] [10]

Description

Thallus

Enchylium polycarpon exhibits a distinctive foliose thallus that is gelatinous and thick when hydrated, typically measuring 200–300 μm in depth. [9] This thallus forms expansive rosette-like cushions, ranging from around 3 centimeters up to a maximum of 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in diameter. [9] [3] [11] A key structural feature of the thallus is its deeply lobed morphology, with the lobes radiating outward from the central portion of the cushion. [9] [3] [7]

The individual lobes of the corticolous or terricolous thallus themselves are quite elongated, [7] generally 2–4(−6) millimeters in width. [9] [3] Along the margins of these lobes, numerous small, ascending or erect lobules are frequently present, especially towards the interior of the thallus. [9] [3] [12] The lobe tips often exhibit a swollen, plicate (folded) appearance, contributing to a somewhat channeled effect towards the outer extremities of the cushion. [9] [3] [12]

In terms of coloration, the upper surface of the thallus can vary from olive-green tones to brownish or even near-black hues. [9] [3] In some specimens, the upper surface may bear granular, isidia-like outgrowths. [9] [3] The lower thallus surface is typically paler than the upper side and is dotted with tufts of white, root-like hapters. [9] [3] Neither an upper nor lower cortex is present on the thallus. [9]

Positive iodine reaction (I+ blue) in the hymenium of Enchylium polycarpon Blue Solution.jpg
Positive iodine reaction (I+ blue) in the hymenium of Enchylium polycarpon

Apothecia

Ascomata in the form of lecanorine apothecia are abundantly produced by Enchylium polycarpon, crowding the central region of the thallus and frequently arising directly from the marginal lobules. These apothecia range from sessile to short-stalked, with a diameter of 1.5–3.5 millimeters. The apothecial disc varies from a reddish-brown to a dark black color, surrounded by a thick, smooth, and persistent thalline margin. [9] [3] [13] [14] Anatomically, the thalline exciple is ecorticate, while the proper exciple is relatively thin and exhibits a euthyplectenchymatous (elongated) to subparaplectenchymatous structure. [9] [7]

Based on microscopic features: Spores are hyaline, 3-septate, with average measurement of 15-34 x 6.5-8.5 mm in size Enchylium polycarpon 229813.jpg
Based on microscopic features: Spores are hyaline, 3-septate, with average measurement of 15–34 x 6.5–8.5 μm in size

The hymenium is colorless, 65–110 μm in height, and displays a positive iodine reaction (I+ blue). [9] The paraphyses are simple or sparingly branched towards their apices, measuring 2–3 μm in thickness at mid-length and having 4–6.5 μm wide terminal cells. The hypothecium [note 1] is yellowish to yellowish-brown and also exhibits the iodine-positive blue staining. [9]

The asci are 8-spored, cylindrical-clavate in shape, with a strongly thickened apex containing a K/I+ pale blue apical dome and a downwardly projecting K/I+ deep blue tubular structure. [9] The ascospores produced within these asci are (2-)3(−4)-septate, hyaline, and fusiform with acute ends, measuring 15–34 x 6.5–8.5 μm in size. [9] [3] [13] [11]

Pycnidia

Pycnidia are present on the thallus, occurring either on the lamina or along the margins, and are embedded within wart-like structures. These pycnidia are globose in shape and paler in color compared to the surrounding thallus tissue. They give rise to bacilliform (rod-shaped) conidia that are 5–7 x 1-1.5 μm, often with swollen ends. [9] [3]

Chemistry

Chemical analysis of the Enchylium polycarpon thallus has shown that it does not contain any lichen substances that can be detected through standard spot tests. [9] [3] All spot tests performed on samples of this lichen have yielded negative results. [9] [3]

The fungal component of the E. polycarpon symbiosis does not appear to produce any unique or characteristic secondary metabolites or other products. [3]

The absence of specialized lichen substances suggests that E.polycarpon likely relies primarily on the photosynthetic capabilities of its cyanobacterial photobiont, Nostoc, to meet its nutritional and functional needs. [9] Without the production of distinctive metabolites, the lichen may derive its required resources more directly from the photosynthates provided by the Nostoc cyanobacteria. [9] E. polycarpon exhibits a preference for substrates with a slightly basic to basic pH, with the species typically occurring on substrata with a pH of 5. This indicates the lichen tolerates and even thrives in environments with somewhat elevated alkalinity, in contrast to many other lichen species that favor more acidic conditions. [9]

In terms of solar irradiation, E. polycarpon is adapted to sites with moderate to very high levels of direct sunlight, occupying sun-exposed areas with solar irradiation values ranging from 4 to 5 on the 5-point scale. The lichen is able to avoid the stresses of extreme solar exposure, but nevertheless prefers habitats that receive ample direct sunlight over more shaded environments. [9] With regards to moisture availability, E. polycarpon exhibits a xerophytic to rather xerophytic ecological profile, with an aridity value of 4 on the 5-point scale. This allows the lichen to tolerate and even thrive in moderately dry conditions, in contrast to more hygrophilic species. [9]

Analysis of the lichen's response to eutrophication, or elevated nutrient and dust deposition, shows E. polycarpon can occupy sites ranging from those with very low levels of eutrophication (value 1) to those with moderate eutrophication (value 3) on the 5-point scale. However, the lichen does not appear to tolerate environments with high or very high levels of eutrophication, suggesting a sensitivity to excessive anthropogenic enrichment of its substrate. [9]

In terms of its response to human disturbance, E. polycarpon is classified as a species that occurs predominantly in natural or semi-natural habitats, with a poleotolerance value of 1 to 2 on the 4-class scale. This indicates the lichen prefers relatively undisturbed environmental conditions and may serve as an indicator of habitat quality and ecological continuity. [9]

Regarding altitudinal distribution, chemical and distribution analysis exhibits that E. polycarpon is found primarily in the eu-Mediterranean, submediterranean, and montane vegetation belts, with an altitudinal range of 1 to 3 on the 6-point scale. The lichen does not appear to extend its range into the higher-elevation oroboreal, alpine, or nival zones of mountainous regions. [9]

Distribution and habitat

Collema polycarpon

Collema polycarpon has been documented in localities across Europe, North America, and western Asia over past centuries. [16] [17]

The 1800–1899 period saw observations reported from additional Scandinavian regions, with collections made in Öland and Härjedalen provinces of Sweden as well as in Norway. Into the 1900s, documentation expanded across parts of Northern and Central Europe. Repeat localities in Sweden included Gotland, Öland, and Östergötland provinces. The Abisko area of northern Sweden and Raudekfjället in neighboring Norway also hosted C. polycarpon observations. [16] [17]

Records since 2000 document observations from the provinces of Ontario and Manitoba in Canada, as well as from sites in central Texas, United States. C. polycarpon continues to be reported from its stronghold areas in Scandinavia as well, with continued observations from sites on Gotland and the Manitoulin and Kawartha Lakes districts of Ontario, Canada. [16] [17]

Frequent habitats of C. polycarpon included dolomitic and limestone rocks, as well as leaf humus in mixed forests. [16] [17] [11]

Enchylium polycarpon

Enchylium polycarpon found on calcareous rock in Italy, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Trieste Karst, Rocca di Monrupino. Enchylium polycarpon found on calcareous rock in Italy.jpg
Enchylium polycarpon found on calcareous rock in Italy, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Trieste Karst, Rocca di Monrupino.

Enchylium polycarpon has a widespread global distribution, with records spanning across multiple continents. The species is known to occur in various regions of North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.

In North America, E. polycarpon has been documented in several states within the western United States, including Arizona, California, Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. [3] [4] The species has also been reported from the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. [4] Further south, it has been recorded in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. [3]

Across the Atlantic, E. polycarpon has a widespread distribution throughout Europe. Within the continent, the species has been reported from numerous countries, including Italy, France, Ireland, and the Czech Republic. [9] [12] [14] [18] In Italy, it has been observed in various regions such as Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Campania, Puglia, Calabria, and Sicily. [9] [19] France and Ireland also host populations of this lichen species. [12] [14] According to the Atlas of Czech Lichens, in the Czech Republic, E.polycarpon is "linked to karst areas and occurs only locally." [18] Beyond Europe, Enchylium polycarpon has been documented in parts of northern Africa. [3] The species has also been recorded in eastern and southern Africa, including South Africa. [3] In Asia, the lichen has been found in India. [3]

Regarding the habitat preferences of E. polycarpon, the species typically grows on hard, usually calcareous rock substrates in exposed and periodically wet microhabitats. [9] [14] [13] [20] While the lichen has been observed on both acidic and basic rock types, it appears to have a preference for calcareous substrates. [3] [21] On rare observations, E. polycarpon has been found on siliceous (sandstone) rocks in Italy, [19] and in volcanic rock at Lake Clark National Park and Preserve in Alaska. [22] E. polycarpon is often found in association with other members of the Collemataceae family, such as Enchylium multipartitum. [13] [23] [11]

Commoness-rarity

Enchylium polycarpon exhibits a varied distribution and commonness across different biogeographic belts and regions in Europe. [9]

In the higher elevational zones, the species is reported to be absent from the Alpine and Subalpine belts. Similarly, it is absent from the Oromediterranean belt, which covers the higher mountain areas of the Mediterranean region. [9]

Descending to the Montane belt, E. polycarpon becomes extremely rare in its occurrence. However, as the elevations decrease further, the species becomes more prevalent, though still considered rare, in the Submediterranean belt. [9]

Within the Padanian area, which encompasses the southern side of the Alps and the Po River Valley in northern Italy, the lichen is documented to be very rare. [9] In the Humid Submediterranean and Humid Mediterranean belts, E. polycarpon is reported to be rather rare in its distribution. [9] Finally, in the Dry Mediterranean belt, which includes the southern parts of the Mediterranean region, the species is considered rare. [9]

Conservation status

The conservation status of Enchylium polycarpon varies significantly across its global and regional distributions. At the global level, the species is listed as GNR, meaning its overall conservation status is unranked by NatureServe. [4]

North America

In Canada, E. polycarpon has a national status of N4N5, indicating the species is generally common to very common nationwide. [4] However, the provincial and territorial-level assessments show a more complex picture. In the Northwest Territories and Ontario, the species is considered imperiled to vulnerable, with an S2S3 ranking. [4] The status is slightly better in Alberta, where it is ranked as S3S4, making it vulnerable to apparently secure. [4] Populations in British Columbia are apparently secure (S4), while the Yukon Territory hosts even more secure populations, with an S4S5 status. [4] The status remains unranked (SNR) in Quebec and Saskatchewan, and unresolved (SU) in Labrador. [4]

Across the border in the United States, the national status for E. polycarpon is listed as unranked (NNR). [4] At the state level, the species is considered imperiled (S2) in Montana, possibly extirpated (SH) in Iowa and Wisconsin, and unranked (SNR) in Colorado, Georgia, Minnesota, and Wyoming. [4]

According to the Government of Northwest Territories, E. polycarpon is considered a 'Sensitive' species in the territory, meaning inventory is needed to determine its precise status. [24] The species is ranked as S2S3, or potentially imperiled to vulnerable within the territory. [24]

Europe

Moving to Europe, the conservation assessments are more concerning. In the Czech Republic, E. polycarpon has been evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) on the 2010 Red List and Endangered (C3) on the 2023 Red List. [18] The situation is similar in Finland, where the species is listed as Near Threatened (NT) on the 2019 and 2010 regional Red Lists, having previously been assessed as Least Concern (LC) in 2000. [25] It is also considered a regionally threatened species in several biogeographic regions of Finland. [25]

In Great Britain and Ireland, E. polycarpon has been assessed as of Least Concern by Woods & Coppins (2012) but is listed as Nationally Scarce due to the paucity of records, suggesting it may be under-reported in this region. [13] [1]

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ The dense hyphal tissue beneath the hymenium. [15]

Related Research Articles

<i>Collema</i> Genus of lichens

Collema is a genus of lichens in the family Collemataceae. The photobiont is the cyanobacterium genus Nostoc. Species in this genus typically grow on nutrient-rich bark or somewhat siliceous or calcareous rocks in humid environments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pannariaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Pannariaceae are a family of lichens in the order Peltigerales. Species from this family have a widespread distribution, but are especially prevalent in southern temperate regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collemataceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Collemataceae are a lichenized family of fungi in the order Peltigerales. The family contains ten genera and about 325 species. The family has a widespread distribution.

<i>Acolium</i> Genus of lichens

Acolium is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Caliciaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains six species. These lichens are found on bark and wood, occasionally on rocks, or growing on other lichens.

<i>Leptogium</i> Genus of lichens

Leptogium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species. Species formerly classified under Leptogium have since been divided among the genera Leptogium, Pseudoleptogium, and Scytinium. Leptogium lichens are predominantly found on tree bark or soil, often among mosses, and sometimes on rocks in moist environments.

Arctomia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arctomiaceae. The genus was originally circumscribed by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1861. Arctomia has a circumpolar distribution.

<i>Degelia plumbea</i> Species of lichen

Degelia plumbea is a species of grey to blue-black or brown foliose lichen in the genus Degelia. It mostly grows on trees in undisturbed woodlands but occasionally on coastal rocks. It is found widely in Britain and western Ireland as well as in America and Canada, as it grows in maritime Atlantic climates.

<i>Blennothallia</i> Genus of lichen

Blennothallia is a genus of jelly lichens in the family Collemataceae. It has four species, which collectively have a cosmopolitan distribution.

<i>Enchylium</i> Genus of fungi

Enchylium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae.

<i>Scytinium</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Scytinium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has 49 species. These lichens are typically found on basic rocks, soil, and trees, occasionally in association with mosses. Despite the morphological and ecological diversity within Scytinium, its species share similar ascospore features, such as shape and septation, as well as a small to medium-sized thallus with at least a partial cortex.

<i>Lathagrium</i> Genus of lichen

Lathagrium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has 10 species of gelatinous lichens. Species in this genus typically grow on calcareous rocks, often amidst mosses, but can also be found on siliceous or serpentine rocks, mortar, or soil.

<i>Punctelia borreri</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia borreri is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is a common and widely distributed species, occurring in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America. The lichen typically grows on bark of deciduous trees, and less commonly on rock. Some European countries have reported increases in the geographic range or regional frequency of the lichen in recent decades, attributed alternatively to a reduction of atmospheric sulphur dioxide levels or an increase in temperatures resulting from climate change.

<i>Rostania</i> Genus of lichens

Rostania is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. These lichens are primarily found on tree bark, occasionally on wood, with one species known to inhabit soil. The genus is characterized morphologically by having minute thalli made of hyphal tissue without a separate cortex, and the more or less cuboid-shaped ascospores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collematineae</span> Suborder of fungi

The Collematineae are an suborder of rust fungi in the order of Peltigerales in the class Lecanoromycetes.

<i>Hondaria</i> Single-species lichen genus

Hondaria is a single-species fungal genus in the family Collemataceae. It contains the species Hondaria leptospora, a corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen. This lichen was previously classified under the genus Collema, and later Arctomia, but molecular research combined with morphological analysis indicates that it forms a distinct genus. Named in honour of Dr. Neli Kika Honda, a researcher of lichen chemistry, Hondaria leptospora is notable for its long, thin, transversely-septate ascospores, the longest within its family. The species is found predominantly in the west-central regions of Brazil near the borders with Bolivia and Paraguay.

<i>Buellia aethalea</i> Species of fungus

Buellia aethalea is a species of lichen that belongs to the family Caliciaceae. It is commonly known as darkened button lichen, and Buellie noircie in French. The lichen's familiar nickname is inspired by the appearance of its surface, adorned with small black spots reminiscent of buttons.

Buellia bahiana is a crustose-type lichen species that frequently grows on the bark and wood of trees found in coastal and inland forest habitats. This lichen species exhibits a broad geographic distribution, being documented in various pantropical and subtropical regions around the world. Specific areas where Buellia bahiana has been recorded include parts of Australia, Africa, North America, Central America, South America, and several Pacific Island chains.

<i>Enchylium conglomeratum</i> Species of fungus

Enchylium conglomeratum, commonly known as dotted jelly lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Collemataceae. Formerly known as Collema conglomeratum, it was renamed in 2013. This lichen has a fragmented distribution across the Holarctic region, occurring in both North America and Europe.

<i>Ramalina dilacerata</i> Species of fungus

Ramalina dilacerata, commonly known as punctured ribbon lichen, is a lichen species belonging to the family Ramalinaceae. The species was first described in 1796 as Lobaria dilacerata Hoffm., and later transferred to the genus Ramalina by Hoffmann in 1825.

<i>Enchylium limosum</i> Species of lichen

Enchylium limosum, commonly known as lime-loving tarpaper lichen, is a species of crustose to subfoliose lichen in the family Collemataceae. This unique lichen species possesses a gelatinous thallus with a dark coloration, contributing to its distinctive appearance. It thrives in a diverse array of habitats spanning temperate to boreal-montane regions, across Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia.

References

  1. 1 2 Woods, R.G.; Coppins, B.J. (2012). A Conservation Evaluation of British Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi. Species Status. Peterborough: JNCC. ISSN   1473-0154.
  2. 1 2 Enchylium polycarpon (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin in Raper C (2023). United Kingdom Species Inventory (UKSI). Version 37.9. Natural History Museum. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/rm6pm4 accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-03-29.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Schultz, M.; Ryan, BD; Nash, TH III (2004). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region (2 ed.). Tempe, Arizona: Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University. pp. 65–80. ISBN   0971675910.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Enchylium polycarpon Shaly Jelly Lichen". NatureServe . Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  5. ↑ Collema polycarpon Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl., Zweiter Theil (Erlangen): 102 (1796) [1795]
  6. ↑ WILHELM, G. (2023). LICHENS OF THE SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN REGION (dissertation). Conservation Research Institute, Michigan. Retrieved March 29, 2024, from PDF
  7. 1 2 3 4 Otálora, Mónica A. G.; Jørgensen, Per M.; Wedin, Mats (2014-01-01). "A revised generic classification of the jelly lichens, Collemataceae". Fungal Diversity . 64 (1): 275–293. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0266-1. ISSN   1878-9129 – via Springer.
  8. ↑ "Record Details: Enchylium polycarpon (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin". www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Nimis P.L., 2016. ITALIC – The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 7.0. University of Trieste, Dept. of Biology, (https://dryades.units.it/italic), accessed on 2024-03-24. for all. All data are released under a CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.
  10. ↑ Kirk, Paul (2023). "Species Synonyms: Enchylium polycarpon (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin". Species Fungorum . doi:10.48580/dfrdl-4hj . Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Cannon, P.; Otálora, M.A.G.; Košuthová, A.; Wedin, A.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Simkin, J. (2020). "Peltigerales: Collemataceae, including the genera Blennothallia, Callome, Collema, Enchylium, Epiphloea, Lathagrium, Leptogium, Pseudoleptogium, Rostania and Scytinium". Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 2 (1–38): 17. doi:10.34885/174 – via KEW.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Enchylium polycarpon (Hoffm.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin :: LichenIreland". National Museums Northern Ireland . Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 British Mycological Society (2022). Fungal Records Database of Britain and Ireland. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/ietmop accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-03-29.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Gavériaux, Jean-Pierre; Delzenne-Van Haluwyn, Chantal (2017-03-20). Catalogue des lichens et champignons lichénicoles de France métropolitaine [Catalog of lichens and lichenicolous fungi in mainland France. 2nd revised and expanded edition] (in French). Association française de lichénologie (2nd ed.). Fontainebleau: Association française de lichénologie. ISBN   9782915415643.
  15. ↑ "hypothecium defination". Merriam-Webster .
  16. 1 2 3 4 Biodiversity occurrence data published by: University of Gothenburg, iNaturalist Research Grade Observations, Meise Botanic Garden Herbarium, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, and Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (Accessed through MyCoPortal Data Portal, http//:www.mycoportal.org/portal/index.php, 2024-03-29)
  17. 1 2 3 4 Biodiversity occurrence data published by: Harvard University, Farlow Herbarium, Herbarium Senckenbergianum, Meise Botanic Garden Herbarium, Swedish Museum of Natural History, and University of Tartu Natural History Museum (Accessed through MyCoPortal Data Portal, http//:www.mycoportal.org/portal/index.php, 2024-03-29)
  18. 1 2 3 Malíček, J.; Palice, Z.; Bouda, F.; Knudsen, K.; Šoun, J.; Vondrák, J.; Novotný, P. "Atlas českých lišejníků" [ATLAS OF CZECH LICHENS]. Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  19. 1 2 P.L. Nimis & S. Martellos, 2016: ITALIC – The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 7.0. University of Trieste, Dept. of Biology, (https://dryades.units.it/italic), accessed on 2024-03-24. All data and items are released under a CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. (pdf)
  20. ↑ Gheza, Gabriele; Nuzzo, Luca Di; Vallese, Chiara; Benesperi, Renato; Bianchi, Elisabetta; Cecco, Valter Di; Martino, Luciano Di; Giordani, Paolo; Hafellner, Josef; Mayrhofer, Helmut; Nimis, Pier Luigi; Tretiach, Mauro; Nascimbene, Juri (2021-03-29). "The lichens of the Majella National Park (Central Italy): an annotated checklist". MycoKeys (78): 119–168. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.78.62362 . ISSN   1314-4057. PMC   8021542 . PMID   33854403.
  21. ↑ Karagöz, Yalçin; Aslan, Ali; Yazici, Kenan (2022-04-15). "Contributions to the Lichen flora of Turkey: New records from Eastern Anatolia (Van province)". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences . 69 (3–4): 213–223. Bibcode:2022IsJPS..69..213K. doi:10.1163/22238980-bja10057. ISSN   0792-9978.
  22. ↑ McCune, B (2018). "Biodiversity and ecology of lichens of Katmai and Lake Clark National Parks and Preserves, Alaska" (PDF). Mycosphere . 9 (4): 859–930. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/9/4/10.
  23. ↑ "Irish lichens – Collema polycarpon". www.irishlichens.ie. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  24. 1 2 "Enchylium polycarpon (Collema polycarpon) | NWT Species Search". Government of Northwest Territories . Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  25. 1 2 "Enchylium polycarpon | Overview | Finnish Biodiversity Info Facility". Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (in Finnish). Retrieved 2024-03-24.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.