Eperara language

Last updated
Eperara
Saija
Epena
Native to Colombia
Native speakers
3,600 in Colombia and Ecuador (2004–2012) [1]
plus an unknown number in Panama [1]
Chocoan
Language codes
ISO 639-3 sja
Glottolog epen1239
ELP Epena
Embera eperara.png

Eperaraa.k.a.Epena (Southern Embera) is an Embera language of Colombia, with about 250 speakers in Ecuador.

Contents

Geographic Distribution

Epena is spoken on the Pacific coastal rivers of the departments of Nariño, Cauca, and Valle del Cauca in Colombia. A major grouping of the Epena is found in Cauca along the Saija River and three of its major tributaries: the Guangüí, Infí, and Cupí. Social contact and intermarriage with the neighboring Wounaan is commonplace. [2]

The Basuradó dialect is spoken on the Basuradó River in the Department of the Chocó, near the Docampadó River. This is the only Epena dialect that differs significantly from the others. [2]

Orthography

Glottal stops are represented with hyphens.

Long vowels are doubled.

C, f, h, l, ñ, q, v, x, z are used in foreign words and names. [3]

Phonology

Source: [4]

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop plain p t k ʔ
aspirated
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate t͡ʃ
Fricative s h
Nasal m n
Liquid trill r
tap ɾ
Glide w j

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ ɨː u ũ
Mid e ə ə̃ əː o õ
Low a ã

Notes

  1. 1 2 Eperara at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  2. 1 2 Harms, Phillip Lee (1994). "Epena Pedee syntax: Studies in the languages of Colombia 4" (PDF).
  3. Eperara language and pronunciation, Omniglot.
  4. Harms, Philip Lee (1984). Fonología del epena pedee (saija).

Bibliography


Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breve</span> Diacritical mark

A breve is the diacritic mark ◌̆, shaped like the bottom half of a circle. As used in Ancient Greek, it is also called brachy, βραχύ. It resembles the caron but is rounded, in contrast to the angular tip of the caron. In many forms of Latin, ◌̆ is used for a shorter, softer variant of a vowel, such as "Ĭ", where the sound is nearly identical to the English /i/.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azerbaijani language</span> Oghuz Turkic language of the Azerbaijani people

Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch spoken primarily by the Azerbaijani people, who live mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan where the North Azerbaijani variety is spoken, and in the Azerbaijan region of Iran, where the South Azerbaijani variety is spoken. Although there is a very high degree of mutual intelligibility between both forms of Azerbaijani, there are significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and sources of loanwords.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nauruan language</span> Austronesian language spoken in Nauru

Nauruan or Nauru is an Austronesian language, spoken natively in the island country of Nauru. Its relationship to the other Micronesian languages is not well understood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Choco languages</span> Language family of Colombia and Panama

The Choco languages are a small family of Native American languages spread across Colombia and Panama.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barbacoan languages</span> Language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador

Barbacoan is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ligurian language</span> Gallo-Romance language native to Liguria, northern Italy

Ligurian or Genoese is a Gallo-Italic language spoken primarily in the territories of the former Republic of Genoa, now comprising the area of Liguria in Northern Italy, parts of the Mediterranean coastal zone of France, Monaco, the village of Bonifacio in Corsica, and in the villages of Carloforte on San Pietro Island and Calasetta on Sant'Antioco Island off the coast of southwestern Sardinia. It is part of the Gallo-Italic and Western Romance dialect continuum. Although part of Gallo-Italic, it exhibits several features of the Italo-Romance group of central and southern Italy. Zeneize, spoken in Genoa, the capital of Liguria, is the language's prestige dialect on which the standard is based.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emberá languages</span> Chocoan dialect continuum of Colombia and Panama

Emberá is a dialect continuum spoken by 100,000 people in northwestern Colombia and southeastern Panama. It belongs to the Choco language family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Páez language</span> Indigenous language of Colombia

Páez is a language of Colombia, spoken by the Páez people. Crevels (2011) estimates 60,000 speakers out of an ethnic population of 140,000.

Gwere, or Lugwere, is the language spoken by the Gwere people (Bagwere), a Bantu people found in the eastern part of Uganda. It has a close dialectical resemblance to Soga and Ganda, which neighbour the Gwere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarikoli language</span> Iranian language spoken in China

The Sarikoli language is a member of the Pamir subgroup of the Southeastern Iranian languages spoken by the Pamiris of Xinjiang, China. It is officially referred to in China as the "Tajik language", although it is different from the related Iranian language spoken in Tajikistan, which is considered a dialect of Persian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colombian Spanish</span> Dialects of Spanish spoken in Colombia

Colombian Spanish is a grouping of the varieties of Spanish spoken in Colombia. The term is of more geographical than linguistic relevance, since the dialects spoken in the various regions of Colombia are quite diverse. The speech of the northern coastal area tends to exhibit phonological innovations typical of Caribbean Spanish, while highland varieties have been historically more conservative. The Caro and Cuervo Institute in Bogotá is the main institution in Colombia to promote the scholarly study of the language and literature of both Colombia and the rest of Spanish America. The educated speech of Bogotá, a generally conservative variety of Spanish, has high popular prestige among Spanish-speakers throughout the Americas.

Ngaju is an Austronesian language spoken along the Kapuas, Kahayan, Katingan, and Mentaya Rivers in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is closely related to the Bakumpai language. There are three dialects—Pulopetak, Ba'amang, and Mantangai.

Melanau is an Austronesian language spoken in the coastal area of the Rajang delta on northwest Borneo, Sarawak, Malaysia and Brunei. There are several dialects—Mukah-Oya, Balingian, Bruit, Dalat, Lawas, Igan, Sarikei, Segahan, Prehan, Segalang, and Siteng.

Shompen, or Shom Peng is a language or group of languages spoken on Great Nicobar Island in the Indian union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in the Indian Ocean, northwest of Sumatra, Indonesia.

Sierra Otomia.k.a.Highland Otomi is a dialect cluster of the Otomi language spoken in Mexico by ca. 70,000 people in the highlands of Eastern Hidalgo, Western Veracruz and Northern Puebla. The speakers themselves call the language Yųhų or Ñųhų. Lastra 2001 classifies it as an Eastern Otomi language together with Ixtenco Otomi, Tilapa Otomi, and Acazulco Otomi. The three varieties of Sierra Otomi—Eastern Highland, Texcatepec, and Tenango—are above 70% lexically similar; the Eastern Highland dialects are above 80%, and will be considered here.

Dargwa is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Dargin people in the Russian republic Dagestan. It is the literary and main dialect of the dialect continuum constituting the Dargin languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Embera language</span> Embera language of Colombia and Panama

Northern Emberá, also known as West Embera and Cholo, is the largest Embera language. It is spoken largely in Colombia, but is also the principal language of the Darién Gap in Panama.The Emberá language is divided into two branches: Northern and Southern. Two prominent Northern groups are Emberá Darien and Catío. The Catío language is spoken by 10,000 - 20,000 people, whose literacy rate is at 1%. The Darien Emberá language is spoken by 9,000-10,000 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brda dialect</span> Slovene dialect spoken in Gorizia Hills

This article uses Logar transcription.

Bonggi (Banggi) is an Austronesian language spoken primarily by the Bonggi people of Banggi Island, off the northern tip of Sabah, Malaysia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catalan dialects</span> Varieties of the Catalan language

The Catalan dialects feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between its dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.