Indian ricegrass | |
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Indian ricegrass growing in cryptobiotic crust at White Sands National Park | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Poales |
Family: | Poaceae |
Genus: | Eriocoma |
Species: | E. hymenoides |
Binomial name | |
Eriocoma hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Rydb. | |
Synonyms [1] | |
Synonymy
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Eriocoma hymenoides (common names: Indian ricegrass and sand rice grass) is a cool-season, perennial bunchgrass with narrow, rolled leaf blades. [7] [8] It is native to western North America east of the Cascades from British Columbia and Alberta south to southern California, northeastern Mexico, and Texas.
In the wild, it typically grows 4 to 24 in (10 to 61 cm) tall and 8 to 12 in (20 to 30 cm) wide. [9]
E. hymenoides grows in a variety of habitats from desert scrub to ponderosa pine forests. It can live in sandy to clayey textured soils. . [9] It can stabilize shifting sand. [10] : 151
Indian ricegrass is an important food wild grazers such as bison, bighorn sheep, elk, mule deer, pronghorns, and jackrabbits. For some of these species, it is especially vital in late winter, as it produces green shoots earlier than other grasses. The seeds are heavily consumed by many rodents and birds. Seed caching rodents may enhance seedling survival and long term survival of the plant
Indian ricegrass is preferentially consumed by cattle and is an early casualty of overgrazing. It has been eliminated from many sites throughout its range.
In the past, the grass was a staple food of Native Americans, especially when the maize crop failed, and for non-agricultural tribes. Seed of the ricegrass was gathered and ground into meal or flour and made into bread. Since 2000, the ricegrass has been cultivated in Montana and marketed under the trade name Montina as a gluten-free grain. [11] The Zuni people used the ground seeds as a staple before the availability of corn. [12] [13]
It was officially recognized as the Nevada state grass in 1977, [14] [15] and as the Utah state grass in 1990. [16] [17]
The Utah Section of the Society for Range Management began campaigning for a state grass in the mid-1980s, and after studying many species the field was narrowed to four candidates, Indian ricegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, galleta grass, and Great Basin wildrye. Indian ricegrass was then selected. The state-grass bill was introduced by Senator Alarik Myrin, a member of the Society, in 1989.[ citation needed ]
Stipa is a genus of around 300 large perennial hermaphroditic grasses collectively known as feather grass, needle grass, and spear grass. They are placed in the subfamily Pooideae and the tribe Stipeae, which also contains many species formerly assigned to Stipa, which have since been reclassified into new genera.
Oryzopsis is a genus of Chinese and North American plants in the grass family. Species from this genus are commonly called ricegrass.
Indian millet is a name widely used in different parts of the world to describe a number of different plants. A possibly incomplete list is:
The Truckee Meadows is a valley in Northern Nevada, named for the Truckee River, which collects and drains all water in the valley. Truckee Meadows is also colloquially used as a name for the Reno–Tahoe-Fernley CSA area, even though the metro area includes areas outside this valley. The name for the valley in the Washo language is Welganuk.
Montina is a brand name of a type of flour created from milled Indian ricegrass, a type of grass native to the western United States. Indian rice grass was grown and used by Native Americans as much as 7,000 years ago. The grass is not related to rice, and the flour is gluten-free.
Nassella pulchra, basionym Stipa pulchra, is a species of grass known by the common names purple needlegrass and purple tussockgrass. It is native to the U.S. state of California, where it occurs throughout the coastal hills, valleys, and mountain ranges, as well as the Sacramento Valley and parts of the Sierra Nevada foothills, and Baja California.
Townsend's ground squirrel is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in high desert shrublands in several areas of the United States.
Achnatherum is a genus of plants which includes several species of needlegrass. Several needlegrass species have been switched between Achnatherum and genus Stipa; taxonomy between the two closely related genera is still uncertain.
Achnatherum robustum, commonly known as sleepy grass, is a perennial plant in the Poaceae or grass family.
Piptatherum is a genus of plants in the grass family known as ricegrass.
Eriocoma arida is a species of grass known by the common name Mormon needlegrass. It is native to the southwestern United States and northeastern Mexico.
Eriocoma coronata, formerly classified as Achnatherum coronatum, is a greenish species of grass known by the common name crested needlegrass, giant ricegrass, and giant stipa.
Eriocoma parishii is a species of grass known by the common name Parish's needlegrass.
Ribes cereum is a species of currant known by the common names wax currant and squaw currant; the pedicellare variety is known as whisky currant. The species is native to western North America.
Achnatherum calamagrostis is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae, known by the common names spear grass, needle grass, and silver spike grass. It is an ornamental grass native to the clearings in the mountains of central and southern Europe, which grows in mounds of blue-green leaves and long, silvery plumes.
The Stipeae are a tribe of grasses within the subfamily Pooidae, with up to 600 described species.
Eriocoma nelsonii is a species of grass known by the common names Columbia needlegrass, subalpine needlegrass, and western needlegrass. It is native to western North America, from Yukon and British Columbia to California to Texas.
The flora of the Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region is generally characterized by plant adaptations to the arid conditions of the region, and a wide variation of plant communities from wide variations in elevation and soil types. The elevation variation results in temperature variation. Differing soil types are largely due to erosion of different sedimentary layers in the canyons, from the layers at lowest point of canyons of the Colorado River network, to the top layers of the plateau. Exceptions to flora adapted to aridity occur in lowland riparian areas, at springs, and in hanging gardens.
basionym of Poaceae Achnatherum hymenoides
Notes: = Oryzopsis cuspidata
nomenclatural synonym: Poaceae Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt.
Basionym: Stipa hymenoides