Geum rivale

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Geum rivale
Geum rivale flower - Keila.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Geum
Species:
G. rivale
Binomial name
Geum rivale
L.

Geum rivale, the water avens, is a flowering plant in the genus Geum within the family Rosaceae. Other names of the plant are nodding avens, drooping avens, cure-all, water flower and Indian chocolate. [2] It is native to the temperate regions of Europe, Central Asia and parts of North America, where it is known as the purple avens. [3] It grows in bogs and damp meadows, [4] and produces nodding red flowers from May to September. [5]

Contents

Distribution

Geum rivale is widespread in Europe, particularly in the northern and central parts. It is found throughout the British Isles, the Faroes, Iceland, Scandinavia, the Baltic States, and much of Central Europe [6] (up to elevations of 2400 m in the Alps and 2,100 in the Carpathians). [7] It is absent from the Pannonian Basin and western France; on the Italian Peninsula, it is found in scattered locations in the northern and central Apennines, [6] while on the Iberian Peninsula it is restricted between 1000 m and 2200 m in the Cantabrians, Pyrenees, the Iberian and Central Systems, and the mountains of Sierra Nevada and Sierra de Cazorla in the south. [8] It is found in the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula [6] (in Bulgaria its altitudinal range is 1200–2100 m), [9] the Caucasus, northern Anatolia and north-western Iran. It is also native to northern Ukraine and the central and northern parts of European Russia, [7] Western Siberia up to the SayanAngara region in the east, as well as parts of Central Asia (the Dzungaria and the Tarbagatai areas and Tian Shan). [10]

Geum rivale is also native to a broad region in Canada and the United States. [11]

Habitat

The plant is a native perennial of slow-draining or wet soils and can tolerate mildly acidic to calcareous conditions in full sun or under partial shade. Habitats include stream sides, pond edges, damp deciduous woodland and hay meadows. [12]

It is a component of purple moor grass and rush pastures is a type of Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe. It is found throughout the British Isles with the exception of south-east England, the Western Isles of Scotland and parts of the midlands and the west country.

Ecology

Geum rivale is pollinated primarily by bees, and less often by flies and beetles. As the flower matures, elongation of the stamens ensures it self-fertilises if not already cross-pollinated. The flowers' stigmas mature before the stamens. It begins flowering a little earlier than G. urbanum, so early pollinations are within the gene-pool of the single species. [13] The seeds of Water Avens are burr-like, and are distributed after being caught in the coats of rabbits and other small mammals, [14] and by rhizomal growth. [12]

Geum rivale is parasitised by Podosphaera aphanis – a conidial powdery mildew. [15] Yellow spots on the living leaf may be caused by Peronospora gei – a downy mildew. [16]

Hybrids

Geum urbanum hybridises fairly regularly with Geum rivale as they are closely related and occur together.

In North America it is known to hybridise with Geum aleppicum (the hybrid being named Geum × aurantiacumFries ex Scheutz), with Geum macrophyllum var. perincisum (as Geum × pervale), and with Geum macrophyllum var. macrophyllum (as Geum × pulchrum). [11]

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<i>Geum</i> Genus of plants

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<i>Geum urbanum</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Geum aleppicum</i> Species of flowering plant

Geum aleppicum, commonly called yellow avens or common avens is a flowering plant native to most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, from eastern Europe across Asia and North America.

<i>Geum quellyon</i> Species of flowering plant

Geum quellyon, commonly called scarlet avens, Chilean avens, Double Bloody Mary, or Grecian rose, is a perennial herb in the family Rosaceae. It is native to the central and southern regions of Chile. G. quellyon has been introduced to other countries including Belgium, Bolivia, and the United Kingdom, where it was first planted in 1826.

<i>Geum triflorum</i> Species of flowering plant

Geum triflorum, commonly known as prairie smoke, old man's whiskers, torchflower, three-sisters, long-plumed purple avens, lion's beard, or three-flowered avens, is a spring-blooming perennial herbaceous plant of the Rosaceae family. It is a hemiboreal continental climate species that is widespread in colder and drier environments of western North America, although it does occur in isolated populations as far east as New York and Ontario. It is particularly known for the long feathery plumes on the seed heads that have inspired many of the regional common names and aid in wind dispersal of its seeds.

<i>Geum bulgaricum</i> Species of plant

Geum bulgaricum is a species of flowering plant of the genus Geum (avens) in the family Rosaceae. A perennial herbaceous plant, it has small, bell-like yellow flowers, and is native to a few mountains on the Balkan Peninsula.

<i>Geum canadense</i> Species of flowering plant

Geum canadense, the white avens, is a plant in the rose family, Rosaceae. It is widespread across much of Canada, the United States, and Mexico.

<i>Viola reichenbachiana</i> Species of plant

Viola reichenbachiana, also known as the early dog-violet, pale wood violet, slender wood violet, hedge violet, or wood dog violet, is a species of flowering plant in the Viola genus. This species hybridises with Viola riviniana, the common dog-violet, to produce Viola × bavarica. The plant is named after the 19th century botanist Ludwig Reichenbach. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial that is widely known for its purple petals, and it typically resides along road banks or among other rich vegetation, as other wild pansies do. The name dog violet refers to its lack of scent, making it supposedly only fit for dogs.

<i>Geum coccineum</i> Species of flowering plant

Geum coccineum is a species of flowering plant in the genus Geum, in the rose family Rosaceae. Native to the mountains of the Balkans and northern Turkey, it is also grown ornamentally for its bright red flowers.

<i>Geum montanum</i> Species of flowering plant

Geum montanum, the Alpine avens, is a species of flowering plant of the genus Geum in the Rosaceae family, native to the mountains of central and southern Europe.

<i>Rosa arvensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Rosa arvensis, the field rose, is a species of wild rose native to Western, Central and Southern Europe.

<i>Rosa tomentosa</i> Species of rose

Rosa tomentosa, otherwise known as the harsh downy-rose, is a species of wild rose. It is a shrub growing to about 3 metres (10 ft). It is found in Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and much of Europe: the British Isles, France, Central Europe, northern Spain, Italy, and the Balkans . On the British Isles it can be found in hedgerows and woodland margins, and it typically flowers between June and July. Further south, in Bulgaria, it flowers in May.

<i>Geum vernum</i> Species of flowering plant

Geum vernum, also known as spring avens, is a herbaceous perennial plant native to the northeastern part of the United States that grows in floodplains and rich woods in the late spring. The species was used to study the fruit evolution in allopolyploid species of Geum and in the preparation of an antimicrobial substance in 1948.

<i>Geum reptans</i> Species of plant in the genus Geum

Geum reptans, the creeping avens, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Geum of the family Rosaceae native to some mountains of Central and Southeastern Europe. A long-lived perennial that reproduces both sexually and clonally, it has high phenotypic variation, but these variable traits do not appear to be adaptations to local conditions.

Rosa oxyodon is a species of wild rose native to the Caucasus. It is closely related to Rosa pendulina.

Geum molle is a species of flowering plant of the genus Geum (avens) in the family Rosaceae. A perennial herbaceous plant found on meadows, it is native to the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula and Italy. It blooms with yellow flowers between June and August.

Geum borisii may refer to the following plants of the genus Geum:

References

  1. Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Geum rivale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T64314072A67729601. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64314072A67729601.en . Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  2. A Modern Herbal.
  3. "Plants Profile for Geum rivale L. (purple avens)". United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2007-04-20.
  4. "Water Avens (Purple Avens) Geum rivale". Connecticut Botanical Society. 2005-11-13.
  5. W. Keble Martin (1972). The Concise British Flora in Colour . Book Club Associates. p. 256 pp. ISBN   0-7181-4028-1.
  6. 1 2 3 Kurtto, Arto; Lampinen, Raino; Junikka, Leo (2004). Atlas florae Europaeae, distribution of vascular plants in Europe. 13: Rosaceae (Spiraea to Fragaria, excl. Rubus). Helsinki: Committee for mapping the flora of Europe and Societas Biologica Fennica. p. 143. ISBN   978-951-9108-14-8.
  7. 1 2 Meusel, Hermann; Jäger, E.; Weinert, E. (1965). Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora. [Band I]. Jena: Fischer. T532, K220.
  8. Laínz, M. (1998). "Geum L." (PDF). Flora Iberica. Vol. 6. p. 80.
  9. Asenov, I. (1973). "Omajniče – Geum L.". In Vǎlev, Stoju; Asenov, Ivan (eds.). Flora na Narodna Republika Bǎlgarija (in Bulgarian). Vol. V. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 197.
  10. Flora SSSR (in Russian). Vol. 10. Moscow/Leningrad: AN SSSR. 1941. pp. 242–3.
  11. 1 2 "Geum rivale". Flora of North America. eFloras.org. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  12. 1 2 "Wildseeds Website". Archived from the original on 2015-05-25. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  13. "Biodiversity site". Archived from the original on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  14. "First Nature wildflowers". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  15. Ing, B.( 1990). An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews.
  16. Ellis, M. B. & J. P. (1997). Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook.