Gomphidius glutinosus

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Gomphidius glutinosus
Gomphidius glutinosus 131007.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Gomphidiaceae
Genus: Gomphidius
Species:
G. glutinosus
Binomial name
Gomphidius glutinosus
Synonyms

Agaricus mucosusBull., 1812
Cortinaria viscida Gray, 1821

Contents

Gomphidius glutinosus
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Flat cap icon.svgConvex cap icon.svg Cap is flat or convex
Decurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is decurrent
Ring stipe icon.svg Stipe has a ring
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is blackish-brown
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Gomphidius glutinosus, commonly known as the slimy spike-cap, hideous gomphidius, or glutinous gomphidius [1] is a gilled mushroom found in Europe & North America. Although it has gills, it is a member of the order Boletales, along with the boletes. The fruiting bodies sprout in pine, fir and spruce woodland in Europe in autumn. Initially, are completely covered with a slimy veil, breaking through to reveal a greyish or brownish-capped mushroom with decurrent greyish gills which sometimes resembles a child's top. Opinions differ on the suitability of this mushroom for the table, some guides hold it in high regard, while others view it with caution.

Taxonomy

Gomphidius glutinosus was initially described by German mycologist Jacob Christian Schäffer as Agaricus glutinosus in 1774, in his series on fungi of Bavaria and the Palatinate, Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones. [2] The father of mycology Elias Magnus Fries gave it its current genus and binomial name in 1838. The genus name is derived from the Greek 'γομφος' gomphos meaning "plug" or "large wedge-shaped nail". [3] The specific epithet glutinosus is the Latin adjective "sticky". [4]

British botanist Samuel Frederick Gray described Cortinaria viscida the "viscid curtain-stool" in his 1821 work A natural arrangement of British plants, [5] concluded by Orson K. Miller Jr. to be the same species. [6]

In 1971, Miller described two varieties: G. glutinosus var. purpureus from a specimen collected near Nordman, Idaho. More drab purple to wine-coloured, this taxon is native th the Rockies in Idaho, Montana and Alberta. G. glutinosus var. salmoneus was described from Kaniksu National Forest in Idaho. With a salmon-coloured cap, it is native to northern and central Idaho as far south as Payette National Forest. [6]

Alternate common names in Germany are Kuhmaul "cow snout", [4] and Rotzer. [7]

Description

young mushroom Gomphidius glutinosus 131007a.jpg
young mushroom

Said to resemble a child's top, the mushroom has a dull dark purple, dark brownish or greyish cap ranging from 3–12 cm (1+1⁄8–4+3⁄4 in) in diameter; [8] it has a central boss and an inrolled margin, and is initially convex and later flattens and may develop blackish markings. [4] The cap surface is smooth and sticky. [6] As with other members of the genus, the whole mushroom is often covered with slimy or sticky veil when young. The fungus tears free of the veil as it grows, leaving some strands and an indistinct ring. [7] The white stipe is 4–10 cm tall and 0.7–2 cm wide, and narrows toward the base, which is yellow. The yellow segment stains dark green to black with Melzer's reagent. [6] The whitish flesh may have a wine-coloured tinge and has little taste or smell. The widely spaced decurrent gills are waxy in texture, with a hairy surface from the cystidia. [7] Sometimes branched, they are initially whitish, then grey and later blackening with spores. The spore print is brownish-black. The large spores are spindle-shaped and measure 17–20 μm long by 5.5–6 μm wide. [9]

Similar species

Brownish specimens may be mistaken at a glance for Suillus luteus , but a look under the cap will see there are gills rather than pores. [10] Another similar-looking species is Hygrophorus hypothejus , found in similar habitat though with yellow gills which do not separate from the cap. [9] [11] The North American species Gomphidius smithii is similar but has a pale purple to wine-coloured cap. [6]

Other similar species include Gomphidius oregonensis and Gomphidius subroseus . [8]

Distribution and habitat

Gomphidius glutinosus is found in Eurasia and North America up to elevations of 9600 ft, and is generally abundant across its range. It occurs in autumn under various species of conifer—both in natural woods and plantations—such as balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ), Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) and grand fir ( Abies grandis ). The mushrooms may be single, scattered, or occasionally growing in clumps. [6] Fruiting bodies sprout in the autumn, [9] to as late as December in northern California. [6]

Ecology

Like other members of the family Gomphidiaceae, Gomphidius glutinosus has been thought to be ectomycorrhizal, forming symbiotic relationship with their host trees. [12] However, there is now evidence that many (and perhaps all) species in this group are parasitic upon ectomycorrhizal boletes, in relationships that are often highly species-specific, such as Gomphidius roseus upon Suillus bovinus . [12]

Two specimens of Gomphidius glutinosus were found in Brechfa Forest on the 25th Of July 2009. The only boletus to be found in the vicinity was Suillus grevillei .

G. glutinosus is a hyper-accumulating fungus that absorbs and concentrates elements such as cesium more than 10,000-fold over background levels. This property can be used to decontaminate sites contaminated with radioactive cesium-137. [13]

Edibility

Opinions differ on the suitability of this mushroom for the table, some guides hold it in high regard, [11] while others view it with caution. [9] Gomphidius glutinosus has a mild flavour well-suited for cooking with other mushrooms, and in soups and stews. [7] It is not suited for drying. Removing the slime and skin of the cap is recommended as soon as possible after picking. Maggots only rarely attack this species. [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boletales</span> Order of fungi

The Boletales are an order of Agaricomycetes containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of fruiting body types. The boletes are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes. The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of agarics, puffballs, and other fruiting-body types.

<i>Suillus</i> Genus of fungi

Suillus is a genus of basidiomycete fungi in the family Suillaceae and order Boletales. Species in the genus are associated with trees in the pine family (Pinaceae), and are mostly distributed in temperate locations in the Northern Hemisphere, although some species have been introduced to the Southern Hemisphere.

<i>Suillus luteus</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Suillaceae native to Eurasia

Suillus luteus is a bolete fungus, and the type species of the genus Suillus. A common fungus native all across Eurasia from Ireland to Korea, it has been introduced widely elsewhere, including North and South America, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Commonly referred to as slippery jack or sticky bun in English-speaking countries, its names refer to the brown cap, which is characteristically slimy in wet conditions. The fungus, initially described as Boletus luteus by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, is now classified in a different fungus family as well as genus. Suillus luteus is edible, though not as highly regarded as other bolete mushrooms. It is commonly prepared and eaten in soups, stews or fried dishes. The slime coating, however, may cause indigestion if not removed before eating. It is often sold as a dried mushroom.

<i>Caloboletus calopus</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Asia, Northern Europe and North America

Caloboletus calopus, commonly known as the bitter bolete, bitter beech bolete or scarlet-stemmed bolete, is a fungus of the bolete family, found in Asia, Northern Europe and North America. Appearing in coniferous and deciduous woodland in summer and autumn, the stout fruit bodies are attractively coloured, with a beige to olive cap up to 15 cm (6 in) across, yellow pores, and a reddish stipe up to 15 cm (6 in) long and 5 cm (2 in) wide. The pale yellow flesh stains blue when broken or bruised.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gomphidiaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Gomphidiaceae are a family of mushroom-forming fungi in the order Boletales. Unlike other boletes, all members of Gomphidiaceae are agarics, having gills instead of pores. Member genera include Chroogomphus, Cystogomphus, Gomphidius and Gomphogaster, the last being a monotypic genus that may be incorporated into Gomphidius in the future after molecular assessment. The similarly named genus Gomphus is unrelated to this family. Another genus Brauniellula has since been sunk into Chroogomphus.

<i>Hygrocybe conica</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe conica is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. In the UK it has been given the recommended English name of blackening waxcap, since all parts of the basidiocarp blacken with age. In North America it is commonly known as the witch's hat, conical wax cap or conical slimy cap. Hygrocybe conica is known to be a complex of at least eleven closely related species and as such is widespread in Europe, North America, Asia, and elsewhere.

<i>Gomphidius</i> Genus of mushrooms

Gomphidius is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as spike-caps, that are members of the Boletales, or pored fungi. They appear to have gill-like structures which resemble those of agarics, however the similarity is superficial only. The best-known member is the slimy spike-cap. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in north temperate areas, and contains 10 species.

<i>Suillus bovinus</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Suillaceae native to Europe and Asia

Suillus bovinus, also known as the Jersey cow mushroom or bovine bolete, is a pored mushroom of the genus Suillus in the family Suillaceae. A common fungus native to Europe and Asia, it has been introduced to North America and Australia. It was initially described as Boletus bovinus by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, and given its current binomial name by Henri François Anne de Roussel in 1806. It is an edible mushroom, though not highly regarded.

<i>Chroogomphus</i> Genus of fungi

Chroogomphus is a genus of mushrooms commonly known as pine-spikes or spike-caps based on their shape and because they are often found growing in association with pine trees. The genus is distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere including North America and Eurasia.

<i>Gomphidius roseus</i> Species of fungus

Gomphidius roseus, commonly known as the rosy spike-cap or pink gomphidius, is a gilled mushroom found in Europe. Although it has gills, it is a member of the order Boletales, along with the boletes. It is a coral pink-capped mushroom which appears in pine forests in autumn, always near the related mushroom Suillus bovinus, on which it appears to be parasitic.

<i>Suillus brevipes</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Suillaceae found throughout North America

Suillus brevipes is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. First described by American mycologists in the late 19th century, it is commonly known as the stubby-stalk or the short-stemmed slippery Jack. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) produced by the fungus are characterized by a chocolate to reddish-brown cap covered with a sticky layer of slime, and a short whitish stipe that has neither a partial veil nor prominent, colored glandular dots. The cap can reach a diameter of about 10 cm, while the stipe is up to 6 cm long and 2 cm thick. Like other bolete mushrooms, S. brevipes produces spores in a vertically arranged layer of spongy tubes with openings that form a layer of small yellowish pores on the underside of the cap.

<i>Suillus lakei</i> Species of fungus

Suillus lakei, commonly known as the matte Jack, Lake's bolete, or the western painted Suillus, is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. It is characterized by the distinctive reddish-brown tufted fibers or small scales on the cap, and the presence of a woolly veil on the stem. The caps can reach diameters of up to 15 cm, while the stems are between 6 and 12 cm long and usually 1–3 cm thick. On the underside of the cap is a layer of spongy yellow to yellow-brown angular pores; these pores are covered with a whitish partial veil when young. A mycorrhizal fungus, S. lakei grows in association with Douglas fir, and is found where this tree occurs. It is native to northwestern North America, but has been introduced to Europe, South America, and New Zealand. The mushroom is edible, but opinions vary considerably as to its quality.

<i>Suillus spraguei</i> Species of mushroom

Suillus spraguei is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. It is known by a variety of common names, including the painted slipperycap, the painted suillus or the red and yellow suillus. Suillus spraguei has had a complex taxonomical history, and is also frequently referred to as Suillus pictus in the literature. The readily identifiable fruit bodies have caps that are dark red when fresh, dry to the touch, and covered with mats of hairs and scales that are separated by yellow cracks. On the underside of the cap are small, yellow, angular pores that become brownish as the mushroom ages. The stalk bears a grayish cottony ring, and is typically covered with soft hairs or scales.

<i>Lactarius alnicola</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius alnicola, commonly known as the golden milkcap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. The fruit bodies produced by the fungus are characterized by a sticky, vanilla-colored cap up to 20 cm (7.9 in) wide with a mixture of yellow tones arranged in faint concentric bands. The stem is up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long and has yellow-brown spots. When it is cut or injured, the mushroom oozes a white latex, which has an intensely peppery taste. The acrid taste of the fruit bodies renders them unpalatable. The fungus is found in the western United States and Mexico, where it grows in mycorrhizal associations with various coniferous trees species, such as spruce, pine and fir, and deciduous species such as oak and alder. It has also been collected in India. Two varieties have been named: var. pitkinensis, known from Colorado, and var. pungens, from Michigan.

<i>Suillus pungens</i> Species of fungus in the family Suillaceae found in California

Suillus pungens, commonly known as the pungent slippery jack or the pungent suillus, is a species of fungus in the genus Suillus. The fruit bodies of the fungus have slimy convex caps up to 14 cm (5.5 in) wide. The mushroom is characterized by the very distinct color changes that occur in the cap throughout development. Typically, the young cap is whitish, later becoming grayish-olive to reddish-brown or a mottled combination of these colors. The mushroom has a dotted stem (stipe) up to 7 cm (2.8 in) long, and 2 cm (0.8 in) thick. On the underside on the cap is the spore-bearing tissue consisting of minute vertically arranged tubes that appear as a surface of angular, yellowish pores. The presence of milky droplets on the pore surface of young individuals, especially in humid environments, is a characteristic feature of this species. S. pungens can usually be distinguished from other similar Suillus species by differences in distribution, odor and taste. The mushroom is considered edible, but not highly regarded.

<i>Suillus viscidus</i> Species of fungus

Suillus viscidus is an edible, uncommon mushroom in the genus Suillus. It associates with larch and is found throughout Europe and in Japan.

<i>Gomphidius oregonensis</i> Species of fungus

Gomphidius oregonensis, commonly known as insidious gomphidius, is a mushroom found only in western North America, most commonly on the Pacific Coast. G. oregonensis can be distinguished by its spores which are the shortest in the genus, typically less than 14 µm long. Earlier in growth, G. oregonensis can be difficult to distinguish from other members of the genus Gomphidius, such as G. glutinosus, which is the most common and widespread species. With age, the fruiting body becomes murky and rather insidious in appearance, hence its common name.

<i>Gomphidius subroseus</i> Species of fungus

Gomphidius subroseus, commonly known as the rosy gomphidius is a gilled mushroom found in Europe and North America. It was first described by Calvin Henry Kauffman in 1925. It was once thought to be mycorrhizal with Pinus sylvestris. However, Olson et al. (2002) found it to be more likely to be parasitic on Suillus bovinus, which is mycorrhizal with Pinus sylvestris, Pinus sylvestris or both. It is considered edible but of low quality. As with other species of the genus, removing the glutinous cuticle improves the taste.

<i>Tricholoma aurantium</i> Species of fungus

Tricholoma aurantium, commonly known as the golden orange tricholoma, is a mushroom of the agaric genus Tricholoma. Originally described by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774, it was transferred to the genus Tricholoma by Adalbert Ricken in 1915.

<i>Chroogomphus ochraceus</i> Species of fungus

Chroogomphus ochraceus is a species of fungus from the family Gomphidiaceae. Known for its close association with conifer trees–especially pines, it is often referred to as the “pine spike” or “spike cap” fungus. C. ochraceus was originally identified as a species limited to the Pacific Northwest because of its display of distinct yellowish colors, but recent research has concluded that this species is widespread across North America and that it is genetically distinct from Chroogomphus rutilus, which is limited to Europe.

References

  1. ↑ Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN   978-0-89815-169-5.
  2. ↑ Schäffer JC. (1774). Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones, nativis coloribus expressae (in Latin). Vol. 4. Erlangen, Germany: Apud J.J. Palmium. pp. 17–18.
  3. ↑ Liddell HJ, Scott R (1980). Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN   978-0-19-910207-5.
  4. 1 2 3 Nilson, Sven; Persson, Olle (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi). Penguin. p. 112. ISBN   978-0-14-063005-3.
  5. ↑ Gray, Samuel Frederick (1821). A natural arrangement of British plants: according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown, &c. (part 1). Vol. 1. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 629.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Miller, Orson K. (1971). "The Genus Gomphidius with a Revised Description of the Gomphidiaceae and a Key to the Genera". Mycologia. 63 (6): 1129–1163. doi:10.2307/3757989. JSTOR   3757989.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Zeitlmayr, Linus (1976). Wild Mushrooms:An Illustrated Handbook. Garden City Press, Hertfordshire. pp. 93–94. ISBN   978-0-584-10324-3.
  8. 1 2 Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 202–203. ISBN   978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC   797915861.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Phillips, Roger (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. p. 270. ISBN   978-0-330-44237-4.
  10. ↑ Haas, Hans (1969). The Young Specialist looks at Fungi. Burke. p. 52. ISBN   978-0-222-79409-3.
  11. 1 2 Lamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie (2005). The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Könemann. p. 34. ISBN   978-3-8331-1239-3.
  12. 1 2 Olsson, Pal Axel; Münzenberger, Babette; Mahmood, Shahid; Erland, Susanne (2000). "Molecular and anatomical evidence for a three-way association between Pinus sylvestris and the ectomycorrhizal fungi Suillus bovinus and Gomphidius roseus". Mycological Research. 104 (11): 1372–1378. doi:10.1017/S0953756200002823.
  13. ↑ Stamets, Paul (2011). "How Mushrooms Can Clean Up Radioactive Contamination - An 8 Step Plan". Permaculture - Practical Solutions for Self-reliance.
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