A 1991 graduate of the US Air Force Academy,Klingenschmitt spent eleven years as an officer and missileer before transferring to the US Navy to become a chaplain. There,his strong evangelical drive repeatedly conflicted with the military's religious pluralism,leading to reprimands,a court-martial,and eventual dismissal from the military after a 15.8-year career.
Klingenschmitt's religious career is exemplified in his two organizations:the for-profit Pray in Jesus Name Project and the non-profit Pray in Jesus Name Ministries. The latter is designated as an anti-LGBT hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center,and also publishes Klingenschmitt's TV show,Pray in Jesus Name.
Klingenschmitt's adoptive parents were devout members of the Catholic Church,and had their son baptized immediately. Despite this,and growing up in a community suffused with Christianity,he was not a practitioner. In his freshman year at the Air Force Academy,several Pentecostal ceremonies led Klingenschmitt to want "to be a preacher and missionary,[...] I wanted to tell the world about Jesus. This was my personal calling."[2]
When Anzio participated in Fleet Week 2004 in New York City,Klingenschmitt compained to his superiors about holding Fleet Week services at Marble Collegiate Church—as had been done for many years—because the church provided outreach to homosexual people and "endorses homosexual sin";Captain Carr later wrote that Klingenschmitt had "(incorrectly and improperly) created an impression in the highest levels of the U.S. Navy that Anzio and our Religious Ministries program were in contention with Navy policy to support Fleet Week obligations.[13] On 26 June 2004,Klingenschmitt spoke at the memorial service for a recently deceased Anzio sailor and preached about faith in Jesus "and the certainty of being 'cast into hell' if one did not";over a dozen complaints were relayed to Captain Carr,who again counseled Klingenschmitt about inappropriate proselytization.[10]
That July,Anzio sailors were surveyed about the ship's chaplaincy,and about 70% of written comments were negative about Klingenschmitt (including "worst CHAP I have seen in 17 years","would never seek counsel from CHAPS",and "he is one of the worst CHAPs I have seen"). After receiving a 26⁄30 from Carr on his periodic Fitness Report, Klingenschmitt declined to provide a formal statement in response, instead submitting a Article 138 complaint against Carr, accusing the CO of religious persecution for lower markings than previously given; commander of Navy Region Mid-Atlantic (CNRMA) dismissed the complaint as meritless and endorsed Carr's report.[10]
Klingenschmitt told the media that he had been unduly reprimanded for preaching about his religion.[14] The Navy responded that he had "not received any punishment for language used in public forums".[15] Furthermore, United States Department of Defense spokesman William J. Marks explained that chaplains were encouraged to evoke Jesus' name during actual Christian services; while non-religious events like promotion ceremonies or memorial services should be pluralistically sensitive, a prayer to Jesus at such a gathering would not warrant discipline or trouble for the chaplain.[16]
In March 2005, Carr recommended that Navy Personnel Command not extend Klingenschmitt's active-duty tour,[13] saying the lieutenant "demonstrated recurring confusion concerning a chaplain's role within a military organization."[17]
Naval Station Norfolk
Klingenschmitt was transferred from Anzio to Naval Station Norfolk in April 2005,[10] a move he characterized as punitive and foreshadowing the end of his career.[18]
Later that year, in protest of the Navy's position on his religious proselytization, Klingenschmitt collaborated with US RepresentativeWalter B. Jones Jr. to pressure President George W. Bush to issue a military–religious executive order that would guarantee "the right of chaplains to pray 'in the name of Jesus.'"[16]
Invited onto Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor for 19 December 2005, Klingenschmitt wrote to President Bush on 15 December and said, "I'm scheduled to appear on Bill O'Reilly's TV show, and I plan to appear in uniform, unless you personally[sic] order me to wear civilian attire". On 16 December, Captain Lloyd Pyle, Jr.—CO of Naval Station Norfolk—issued the chaplain an explicit order: "pursuant to paragraph 1401.3(b) of the Navy Uniform Regulations, [Lieutenant] Klingenschmitt was prohibited from wearing his uniform for this appearance or for any other media appearance without Captain Pyle's 'express prior permission.'"[10]
Klingenschmitt praying at the White House during his 18-day hunger strike
While on official leave in late December 2005,[19] in an effort to prevent his anticipated dismissal from the Navy, and hoping to force President Bush's hand, Klingenschmitt began an 18-day hunger strike in front of the White House to protest the Navy "mandating nonspecific language in public, nondenominational events, and an order from superior officers prohibiting him from wearing his uniform during television appearances related to his protest". The Navy responded to Klingenschmitt's event by releasing a memorandum affirming their position "that sailors cannot wear their uniforms for media appearances without prior approval from command, but are permitted to do so for any legitimate worship services".[15] Despite having declared he would only consume water "until the president of the United States gives me back my uniform and lets me pray publicly in Jesus' name",[20] Klingenschmitt pointed to this Navy memo as his victory on 7 January 2006. He told the assembled press that "Today the Navy has reluctantly obeyed the law, to grant me the religious liberty I always should've had"; the military elaborated that there had been no changes in policy, and had not given Klingenschmitt carte blanche permission to publicly wear his uniform.[15]
By February, Klingenschmitt was repeating the very same complaints about the Navy's policy of pluralistic inclusion at non-religious events, and William Marks reiterated the Navy's still-unchanged policies to the press.[21]People for the American Way reported from a Vision America conference—called "The War on Christians and Values Voters in 2006"—that on 27 March, Klingenschmitt was the opening speaker; he reiterated his claims about the Navy's guidelines and policies, and ended by comparing himself to Abdul Rahman, who faced capital punishmentin Afghanistan for leaving Islam and converting to Christianity.[22]
After verifying that Pyle's orders restricted uniform-wear to "attending or participating in a bona fide religious service or observance", Klingenschmitt led prayers in uniform for a clergy lobbyist group's demonstration in Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C. before immediately removing parts of his uniform, replacing them with a clerical collar, and making statements to the assembled press. For these acts of disrespect to the uniform, plus a lack of military bearing and professionalism, and openly challenging his chain of command (by claiming to only answer to the president and using intemperate language to describe his leadership to the media), Klingenschmitt's 3 February 2006 Fitness Report was a lower 19⁄30, with "Military Bearing/Character" rated at 2⁄5.[10]
Captain Pyle issued a letter of caution to Klingenschmitt for violating Article 89 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) by disrespecting senior commissioned officers via "intemperate language" on the chaplain's personal website. Ordered to remove the offending material, Klingenschmitt did so, but cited the Military Whistleblower Protection Act in warning that "[w]hile I consented this one time to modify the content of my communications to Congress, I shall not do so again. [... I] will respect rank, but never their abuse of power and religious harassment, of which I directly accuse them in my whistleblower reports." These reports were part of a complaint Klingenschmitt filed with the Department of Defense Office of Inspector General (IG) on 4 April, alleging constitutional violations by his superiors and religious persecution; the IG found his claims without merit, and closed the case on 3 October.[10]
Court-martial
Lieutenant Klingenschmitt had Captain Pyle's explicit orders to not to wear his Navy uniform "at media events or political protests".[16] In continuance of his protest of the Navy's prayer guidelines,[23] he nonetheless wore his uniform to a press conference on 30 March 2006 in Lafayette Park.[19] Klingenschmitt prayed at the event, and distributed a document detailing both his complaints about Navy policy, as well as his explicit intent to disobey orders about appearing in uniform.[10]
On 27 April 2006, Pyle notified Klingenschmitt about his consideration of non-judicial punishment for the violation of orders and regulations.[10] The lieutenant instead demanded a special court-martial, saying, "I want to defend my innocence in court [...] The public will see first hand how they are punishing a chaplain for his faith".[19]
Rear Admiral Ruehe, CNRMA and court-martial convening authority
He was formally charged with one count of Article 92 of the UCMJ (failure to obey order or regulation) on 3 August, whereafter he pled not-guilty and requested trial by jury.[10] If found guilty, the utmost sentence imposable included a fine, forfeiture[19] of US$41,925.6(equivalent to $63,366 in 2023)[24] over twelve months, a letter of reprimand, and two months' restriction to base; dismissal from the Navy was not a possible outcome based on the charges levied.[19]
Klingenschmitt's first motion to dismiss claimed that Pyle's order was not lawful under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, and his second alleged that CNRMA had a personal investment in the trial's outcome and could not convene the court-martial; both were denied.[10]
On 12 September 2006, Captain Norm Holcomb—Naval Station Norfolk's head chaplain and Klingenschmitt's supervisor—testified that leading a public prayer was not sufficient to categorize an event as a "bona fide religious service";[11] he described Klingenschmitt as "untruthful, unethical, insubordinate, contemptuous of authority, unteachable … a totally frustrating, independent operator".[25]Lieutenant Commander Richard Inman was Captain Holcomb's deputy, and he told the court that Holcomb had reminded Klingenschmitt of the uniform prohibition on 29 March; "He assured us a couple times that he would not wear his uniform". A witness from the Naval Chief of Chaplains' office testified she saw Klingenschmitt distributing pamphlets while in uniform. Represented by a military public defender[11] and private civilian attorney on 13 September,[10] Klingenschmitt testified that his 30 March actions were permissible because the news conference was "a bona fide worship service or observance".[16] Despite having subpoenaed Roy Moore to testify, Klingenschmitt's civilian attorney called no witnesses, saying it was because the government's own evidence would exonerate his client;[25] Klingenschmitt himself instead claimed it was because he heard his god's voice thrice the previous evening.[11]
After 80 minutes of deliberation,[11] the jury found Klingenschmitt guilty of "one misdemeanor count of disobeying a lawful order." They sentenced him to a formal reprimand and forfeiture of $3,000(equivalent to $4,534 in 2023) over twelve months, but also recommended for Rear AdmiralFrederic Ruehe (CNRMA) to suspend the financial sentence. Klingenschmitt said he would appeal the verdict "by all means possible all the way to the Supreme Court."[16] Admiral Ruehe concurred with the jury's recommendation, suspended the financial sentence, and issued the written reprimand to Klingenschmitt on 3 January 2007.[10]
Dismissal
If a chaplain loses ecclesiastical authority to function as an RMP [Religious Ministry Professional] or has ecclesiastical endorsement to serve as a chaplain withdrawn, the appropriate Religious Organization shall provide written notification to the Military Department concerned. Processing for separation in accordance with Section 643 of [Title 10 of the United States Code] shall be initiated immediately upon such notification.
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense, a commissioned officer on the active-duty list of the Army, Navy, or Air Force who is appointed or designated as a chaplain may, if he fails to maintain the qualifications needed to perform his professional function, be discharged or, if eligible for retirement, may be retired.
On 25 September 2006, Klingenschmitt resigned from the Evangelical Episcopal Church, who immediately notified the Chief of Naval Personnel of Klingenschmitt's loss of ecclesiastical endorsement, effective 1 October. In accordance with Department of Defense Instruction 1304.28, paragraph 6.5, this immediately instigated separation proceedings. Klingenschmitt argued that a subsequent 29 September endorsement by the Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches should allow for continuity of endorsement, but Office of the Chief of Naval Operations Instruction (OPNAVINST) 1120.9 nonetheless requires recertification of professional qualifications.[10]
An advisory board, the Chief of Naval Personnel, the Chief of Chaplains, and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Manpower and Reserve Affairs concurred against approving Klingenschmitt's new endorsement, based on professional unsuitability, disciplinary record, and unsatisfactory performance: "The Secretary concluded that you do not possess the character, leadership, or professional traits needed to successfully serve as a naval officer."[10]
Klingenschmitt was honorably[26] and formally separated from the US Navy on 1 March 2007.[10]
Post-separation
While framing his dismissal from the Navy as punishment for his religion, Klingenschmitt was recognized by the Kentucky House of Representatives for his "service to God, country and the Commonwealth of Kentucky", and invited to open that body's 7 March session with a prayer. Captain Holcomb wrote at length to the Kentucky House to not only refute Klingenschmitt's specific claims about the court-martial, but to characterize his ex-chaplain as "totally untruthful, unethical and insubordinate".[27]
By June 2007, Klingenschmitt was touring churches, alleging that his court-martial was instead for invoking Jesus' name in public prayer, that his separation from the Navy was the result of his court-martial, and that his conviction had been overturned.[28]
Legal and administrative
On 15 June 2007, a Naval Judge Advocate reviewed Klingenschmitt's court-martial as required by law and determined "the findings and sentence were correct as to law and fact, and that no material error existed". Klingenschmitt requested for the Judge Advocate General of the Navy (JAG) to review the case and dismiss the conviction. On 15 June 2009, JAG Vice AdmiralBruce E. MacDonald denied Klingenschmitt's application, concurring with his advocate.[10]
From 11 February 2008 through 11 August 2010, Klingenschmitt repeatedly petitioned the Board for Correction of Naval Records to remove Carr and Pyle's Fitness Reports from his records, repeating many of his arguments about constitutional violations and religious persecution; the board declined all of his requests. He tried again at the United States Court of Federal Claims, but was ruled against by Judge Elaine D. Kaplan on 24 November 2014.[10]
By late April 2012, Klingenschmitt had filed another lawsuit in efforts to "have his military career restored".[30] In 2016, he filed a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court of the United States, hoping to have the Roberts Court overrule the Navy's decision, be restored to the Navy chaplaincy, and receive his military salary back-dated to his dismissal.[31]
Religious career
Klingenschmitt publicly prayed for death and other curses to befall Barry W. Lynn (of the Americans United for Separation of Church and State) and Michael L. Weinstein (of the Military Religious Freedom Foundation). His targets were beset with "death threats, had a swastika emblazoned on their home in New Mexico, animal carcasses left on their doorstep and feces thrown at the house." In October 2009, Weinstein filed a lawsuit against Klingenschmitt to cease inciting and encouraging the harassment campaign.[26] On 2 April 2012, Judge Martin Hoffman dismissed the lawsuit for lack of evidence connecting Klingenschmitt's exhortations with the threats and damages inflicted.[32]
Klingenschmitt runs two similarly-named religious institutions. One is a for-profit religious entity called the Pray in Jesus Name Project.[34]
Persuade the World Ministries, which operates under the trade name Pray in Jesus Name Ministries,[34] was founded in 1999 as a tax-exempt501(c)(3) organization with the goal "to promote and preach the gospel of Jesus Christ."[2] In 2014, it raised $825,679 while spending $905,866 (equivalent to about $1.06M and $1.17M in 2023). Of its expenses, the most went to printing and postage (69%), administrative expenses (14%), and management (9%). The charity also funds[34] Klingenschmitt's televangelist TV show: Pray in Jesus Name,[35] where he calls himself "Doctor Chaps".[36][37] Klingenschmitt himself does not draw "a salary or other compensation from the charity".[34] When he used the platform to call a transgender six-year-old a demon, the organization was added to the Southern Poverty Law Center's anti-LGBT hate list.[35]
After People for the American Way's Right Wing Watch (RWW) began using clips from Pray in Jesus Name to illustrate videos about Klingenschmitt's "incendiary comments", Klingenschmitt filed numerous DMCA takedown notices with YouTube, resulting in the repeated and temporary removal of both RWW's channel and videos. In late 2013, an intellectual property lawyer with Cozen O'Connor said that RWW's use was plainly legal and allowed under fair use,[38] while the Electronic Frontier Foundation sent Klingenschmitt a cease and desist "outlining why [RWW's] videos constitute fair use and warning that misuse of procedures to 'shut down lawful speech can result in liability for any damages.'"[38][39]
Published works
"Let Us Pray". Proceedings. Vol.133, no.1. United States Naval Institute. January 2007. pp.20–22. ISSN0041-798X. The government cannot tell chaplains how to pray (not even in school) nor exclude chaplains who pray 'the wrong way.'
How to See The Holy Spirit, Angels and Demons: Ignatius of Loyola on the Gift of Discerning of Spirits in Church Ethics. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. 2013.[9]
Political office
Colorado House
Election campaign
With Mark Waller vacating the seat,[40] Klingenschmitt announced his 2014 campaign for the 15th-district seat (Colorado Springs' east side)[41] in the Colorado House of Representatives. He faced Mike Kuhn and Dave Williams for the Republican nomination and expected electoral win (with registered Republican comprising 80% of the district electorate).[40] Klingenschmitt claimed he was running for office because "God called him to",[2] though shied away from his religious opinions while campaigning for office. By 19 February, he had received campaign contributions totaling $13,223(equivalent to $17,019 in 2023), with 27% being his own money, and 44% coming from outside Colorado.[40]
In the June primary election, only Klingenschmitt and Williams were on the ballot, respectively receiving 52.6% (3,472) and 47.3% (3,128) of the votes.[42] Afterwards, the Colorado Republican Party chairman distanced the party from Klingenschmitt's controversial rhetoric such as comparing President Obama to a demon, calling homosexuality a sin, and declaring that "Obamacare causes cancer".[43] That August, Klingenschmitt was again disavowed by his own party, as well as condemned by Colorado House SpeakerMark Ferrandino, for claiming that then-Representative Jared Polis wanted to behead Christians in the United States like ISIS did in Syria;[44] he later walked back those remarks.[41] By 3 September, Klingenschmitt had raised $34,400(equivalent to $44,274 in 2023), with 23% self-funded.[35]
In the general election, Klingenschmitt faced Democrat Lois Fornander.[43] On 4 November, Klingenschmitt received 17,053 votes (69.88%), while Fornander received 7,350 (30.12%).[45] One week later, Klingenschmitt told David Pakman that he would "probably tone down the rhetoric", having secured the election.[46] In an interview with KUSA, he described himself as "one person, but I might wear two hats", referring to working both in the legislature and on Pray in Jesus Name, while keeping the two separate.[36]
Service
Klingenschmitt was the 15th district representative for one term from 2015–2017.[41]
House Bill 15-1175 proposed to prohibit Colorado-licensed medical professionals from providing conversion therapy; rather than speak up in the House to oppose the legislation, in early March, Klingenschmitt distributed a lengthy letter that outlined his numerous problems with the bill.[47] That same month, he co-sponsored a bill that would prohibit legal penalties for defendants guilty of religious discrimination.[48] As of 28 June 2016, Klingenschmitt had only sponsored one successful bill: requiring the Colorado Department of Education to investigate alternative tests for required state assessments.[49]
He was succeeded by Dave Williams, who won the seat with 24,848 to 11,659 votes (68 to 32%).[50]
Controversy
On 18 March 2015, a woman in Longmont, Colorado had her fetus cut out and killed.[37] Klingenschmitt described the attack as an "act of God", a punishment for abortion in the United States.[51] When he was criticized by the public, the Colorado Republican party, and former House minority leader Mark Waller,[37] Klingenschmitt initially refused to retract the comments, repeating them on Pray in Jesus Name.[51] With few disciplinary measures available, current minority leader Brian DelGrosso removed Klingenschmitt from his position in the Health, Insurance and Environment Committee on 30 March. Klingenschmitt decried the punishment as unfair,[52] but nonetheless published an apology and announced a six-week hiatus of his religious TV show.[53] His committee assignment was returned 22 days later on 21 April.[54]
Klingenschmitt ran in the primary for the twelfth-district seat in the 2016 Colorado Senate election.[41] Running against Bob Gardner in the primary, Klingenschmitt filed a police report that October, accusing fellow representative Larry Liston of taking five Klingenschmitt-campaign flyers in collusion with Gardner.[57] By 27 April, Klingenschmitt had raised $23,883.63(equivalent to $30,321 in 2023), with himself as his largest donor (27%). The election was held on 28 June,[58] and Klingenschmitt lost with 5,096 votes (38.2%) to Gardner's 8,231 (61.7%).[59] He blamed "people [who] can lie, steal and cheat and violate their cadet honor oath and still win elections" for preventing his divinely-ordained win.[49]
On 21 January 2017, Klingenschmitt announced his run for vice-chair of the Republican Party of El Paso County, Colorado.[60] Upon the 11 February election, he lost with 30 percent of the vote to Josh Hosler's 55 percent.[61] After claiming that party officials tampered with the election, Klingenschmitt appealed to the Colorado Supreme Court; on 28 May, that body declined to hear the case because "Klingenschmitt failed to produce evidence".[62]
In 2019, Klingenschmitt ran for one of three at-large seats on the Colorado Springs city council, on a platform opposing taxation and predominant left-wing politics.[41] With 27,063 votes, he lost to Wayne Williams (45,687 votes), Bill Murray (30,137 votes), and Tom Strand (29,919 votes).[63] Klingenschmitt ran again in 2023 as one of eleven candidates for three at-large seats,[64] and he came in sixth with 7.90 percent of votes cast.[65]
Political views
Because of their "demonic spirit of child abuse", Klingenschmitt argued for disqualifying homosexual people from being teachers.[66] His belief in Christianity similarly drove opposition those same people being allowed to serve in the United States Armed Forces: during political discussions about repealing don't ask, don't tell, he advocated against the 112th United States Congress certifying the military as ready for such a change, and to "instead pass strong law's[sic] protecting the rights of Christian troops".[67] He has also said that, "We gotta put [homosexual people] back in the closet. Especially if they're so flagrant they want to violate one another."[51]
During his successful campaign for the Colorado House, Klingenschmitt's platform was anti-abortion, pro-gun, and strongly opposed to same-sex marriage.[40]
Electoral history
2014, primary, Colorado state representative, 15th District[63]
A chaplain is, traditionally, a cleric, or a lay representative of a religious tradition, attached to a secular institution, or a private chapel. The term chaplaincy refers to the chapel, facility or department in which one or more chaplains carry out their role.
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The chaplain of the United States House of Representatives is the officer of the United States House of Representatives responsible for beginning each day's proceedings with a prayer. The House cites the first half of Article 1, Section 2, Clause 5 in the United States Constitution as giving it the authority to elect a chaplain, "The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers".
The chaplain of the United States Senate opens each session of the United States Senate with a prayer, and provides and coordinates religious programs and pastoral care support for senators, their staffs, and their families. The chaplain is appointed by a majority vote of the members of the Senate on a resolution nominating an individual for the position. The three most recent nominations have been submitted based on a bipartisan search committee although that procedure is not required.
Patrick J. Conroy is an American lawyer and a Jesuit priest who served as the 60th Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives. His selection was announced by the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives on May 6, 2011, and he was sworn in as the new House Chaplain May 25, 2011, following a unanimous vote by the House. Conroy delivered his first prayer as House Chaplain on May 26, 2011. In mid-April 2018, Conroy was asked to resign by House Speaker Paul Ryan, and did so with an effective resignation date of May 24, 2018. Approximately two weeks later, Conroy rescinded his resignation and announced his intention to remain in the role after objections to Ryan's actions were raised by lawmakers on both sides of the aisle. Speaker Ryan accepted the withdrawal of Conroy's resignation letter and reinstated him as House Chaplain on May 3, 2018.
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1 2 "Marriage License | Marriage Certificate", El Paso County Marriages, 1862–2018; Year: 1991, vol.4507, Colorado Springs, Colorado: El Paso County Recorder's Office, p.1287
↑ "Highlights of 1965". Broomfield Star-Builder. Vol.11, no.28. 30 December 1965. pp.5 & 16.
↑ Bannister, Nikki G. (16 June 2007). Taylor-Thomas, Antionette (ed.). "In the name of Jesus Christ". Lancaster Eagle-Gazette. Canal Winchester. p.7A. Man will share at church services how he was kicked out of the Navy for his prayers
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