Guadalajara, Castilla–La Mancha

Guadalajara
Guadalajara
	Municipality
	; Flag ; Coat of arms
	Guadalajara Location in the Province of Guadalajara, Castilla–La Mancha and Spain Guadalajara Guadalajara (Castilla-La Mancha) Guadalajara Guadalajara (Spain)
	Coordinates: 40°38′1.36″N3°10′2.62″W / 40.6337111°N 3.1673944°W Coordinates: 40°38′1.36″N3°10′2.62″W / 40.6337111°N 3.1673944°W
Country	Spain
Autonomous community	Castilla–La Mancha
Province	Guadalajara
Comarca	La Alcarria
Judicial district	Guadalajara
Municipality	Guadalajara
Founded	8th century; possible prior Iberian origin
Government
• Mayor	Antonio Román Jasanada (PP)
Area
• Total	235.51 km2 (90.93 sq mi)
Elevation	708 m (2,323 ft)
Highest elevation	972 m (3,189 ft)
Lowest elevation	620 m (2,030 ft)
Population (2017)
• Total	84,145
• Density	360/km2 (930/sq mi)
Demonyms	Guadalajareño/a, arriacense, caracense and alcarreño/a (common throughout the region of La Alcarria)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	19001–5
Dialing code	949
Climate	Csa
Website	Official website

Last updated May 03, 2019

Guadalajara ( /ˌɡwɑːdələˈhɑːrə/ ; Spanish pronunciation: [ɣwaðalaˈxaɾa] ^[1]) is a city and municipality in the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha, Spain, and in the natural region of La Alcarria. It is the capital of the Province of Guadalajara. It is located roughly 60 kilometres (37 miles) northeast of Madrid on the Henares River, and has a population of 84,803 (2012).

A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. It is to be distinguished (usually) from the county, which may encompass rural territory or numerous small communities such as towns, villages and hamlets.

In Spain, an autonomous community is a first-level political and administrative division, created in accordance with the Spanish constitution of 1978, with the aim of guaranteeing limited autonomy of the nationalities and regions that make up Spain.

Castilla–La Mancha is an autonomous community of Spain. Comprised by the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. It is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions. Albacete is the largest and most populous city. Its capital city is Toledo, and its judicial capital city is Albacete.

History

Pre-Moorish Invasion and settlements

A Roman town called Arriaca, possibly founded by a pre-Roman culture, is known to have been located in that region. There is however no archeological proof of its existence, only references in texts such as the Ruta Antonina , which describe it as being in the hands of the Carpetani ^[2] when encountered by the Romans. The city, as Caracca,^[3] was incorporated into the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis. The city was on the high road from Emerita (modern Mérida) to Caesaraugusta (modern Zaragoza), 22 M. P. northeast of Complutum (modern Alcalá de Henares).

The Antonine Itinerary is a famous itinerarium, a register of the stations and distances along various roads. Seemingly based on official documents, possibly from a survey carried out under Augustus, it describes the roads of the Roman Empire. Owing to the scarcity of other extant records of this type, it is a valuable historical record.

The Carpetani were one of the Celtic pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, akin to the Celtiberians, dwelling in the central part of the meseta - the high central upland plain of the Iberian Peninsula.

The Roman Republic was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.

Al-Andalus foundation

The town of Guadalajara was founded by the Andalusians in the 8th century. They named it Wādī-al-Ḥajāra (Arabic : وَادِي ﭐلحَجَارَۃ‎), meaning "Valley of Stones"; in theory the literal translation of the Iberian name (Arriaca), meaning "Stony River".

Al-Andalus, also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain that in its early period occupied most of Iberia, today's Portugal and Spain. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied the northwest of the Iberian peninsula and a part of present day southern France Septimania and for nearly a century extended its control from Fraxinet over the Alpine passes which connect Italy with the remainder of Western Europe. The name more generally describes the parts of the peninsula governed by Muslims at various times between 711 and 1492, though the boundaries changed constantly as the Christian Reconquista progressed, eventually shrinking to the south around modern-day Andalusia and then to the Emirate of Granada.

The history of the town during the Al-Andalus period was significant. They built monuments including the Moorish Bridge over the Henares River, the now ruined old Alcázar (Arabic for "palace"), and a mosque which later became the former Cathedral of St. Mary.

An alcázar is a type of Moorish castle or palace in Spain and Portugal built during Muslim rule, although some were founded by Christians and others were built on earlier Roman or Visigothic fortifications. Most of the alcázars were built between the 8th and 15th centuries. Many cities in Spain have an alcázar. The term is sometimes used as a synonym for "castillo" or castle; palaces or forts built by Christian rulers were also often called alcázars.

Christian occupation and Middle Ages

Remains of the "Alcazar of Guadalajara", built in the 9th century RuinasAlcazarGuadalajara2006.jpg — Remains of the "Alcázar of Guadalajara", built in the 9th century

Drawing of Guadalajara in the 1560s, by Anton van den Wyngaerde. Anthonis van den Wijngaerde (1565) Guadalajara.png — Drawing of Guadalajara in the 1560s, by Anton van den Wyngaerde.

In 1085, Guadalajara was retaken by the Christian forces of Alfonso VI (king of Leon and Castile). The chronicles say that the Christian army was led by Alvar Fanez de Minaya, one of the lieutenants (and according to the legend, nephew) of El Cid. From 1085 until the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, the city suffered wars against the Almoravid and the Almohad Empires. In spite of the wars, the Christian population could definitely settle down in the area thanks to the repopulation with people from the North (Castilians from the mountains and Merindades, Basques and Navarreses mainly) who received their first fuero in 1133 from Alfonso VII. In 1219, the king Fernando III gave a new fuero to the city (the one known as Fuero Largo or Big Fuero). During the reign of Alfonso X of Castile, the protection of the king allowed the city to develop its economy by protecting merchants and allowing markets.

Alfonso VI, nicknamed the Brave or the Valiant, was king of León (1065–72) and of Galicia, and then king of the reunited Castile and León.

Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar was a Castilian nobleman and military leader in medieval Spain. The Moors called him El Cid, which meant the Lord, and the Christians, El Campeador, which stood for "Outstanding Warrior" or "The one who stands out in the battlefield". He was born in Vivar del Cid, a town near the city of Burgos. After his death, he became Castile's celebrated national hero and the protagonist of the most significant medieval Spanish epic poem, El Cantar de Mio Cid.

The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arab history as the Battle of Al-Uqab, took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the Reconquista and in the medieval history of Spain. The Christian forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his rivals, Sancho VII of Navarre, Peter II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal, in battle against the Almohad Muslim rulers of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. The Caliph al-Nasir led the Almohad army, made up of people from the whole Almohad empire. Most of the men in the Almohad army came from the African side of the empire.

Renaissance

During the 14th century, the Mendoza family was prominent in Guadalajara. This family included Íñigo López de Mendoza, also known as Marqués de Santillana (1398–1458), and Pedro González de Mendoza (1428–1495), Great Cardinal of Spain and adviser of the Catholic Monarchs. The Mendoza family held the title of Dukes and Duchesses of El Infantado from 1475. In 1460, King Henry IV gave Guadalajara the title of 'City' and other privileges like the Cortes. Guadalajara was the birthplace of conquistador Nuño de Guzmán, who commissioned in 1542 the foundation of Guadalajara, Mexico.

During the War of the Spanish Succession, Guadalajara was sacked. King Philip V ordered the establishment of the Real Fábrica de Paños (Royal Factory of Clothes) which was situated in the Alcazar till the early 19th century.

In this period, the Mendoza Family ordered the building of El Palacio del Infantado as their main residence. It was completed in the early 1480s and it is considered by many the oldest surviving building built in a pure Renaissance style outside Italy.

Contemporary times

Principal avenue of the Concordia Park ParquedelaConcordia2006.jpg — Principal avenue of the Concordia Park

The 19th century started with two major setbacks: the damages caused by the Peninsular War (1808–1814) and the closing of the Real Fábrica de Paños in 1822. In 1808, Guadalajara was taken by the French Army led by General Hugo and the city was destroyed.

In 1840 Guadalajara was established as the capital of the province with the same name by the Plan de Burgos. The Academy of Military Engineers was brought to the city. The development during the second half of the 19th century till the first quarter of the 20th century was slow and centered on the developing of the administration without any special interest in industrial development.

Guadalajara was the scene of many actions during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939).

On 24 July 1936, during the counter-revolution phase after the revolt of 19 July, the Communist-led militia murdered three Carmelite nuns in Guadalajara after they refused to renounce their faith. They were Sr. Maria of the Angels of St. Joseph (born Marciana Valtierra Tordesillas, 31 years old) Sr. Maria Pilar of St. Francis Borgia (born Jacoba Martinez Garcia, 58), and Sr. Teresa of the Child Jesus (born Eusebia Garcia y Garcia, 27). They were beatified by Pope John Paul II on 29 March 1987.^[4]

On 8 March 1937, the four divisions of the Italian Corpo Truppe Voluntarie (CTV), attacked Republican positions 16 kilometres (10 mi) outside Guadalajara as a supporting diversionary attack supporting the Nationalist Jarama Offensive launched at the beginning of February. After four days of slow, cautious advance during rainy weather, the tanks started attacking down substantial hard paved roads and outran their air and anti-aircraft artillery support. Shortly thereafter, Republican aviation assets airborne in newly cleared skies found the tanks and infantry in a traffic jam on the main road heading into Guadalajara.^[5] The Republican aircraft proceeded to attack and destroy all the vehicles in the mechanized spearhead. The CTV was thrown back with casualties in the thousands. Ernest Hemingway and other war correspondents labeled the attack, "Italian débâcle at Guadalajara." Republican forces enjoyed an increase in recruitment as a result of the victory.

This defeat at Guadalajara had two long-standing effects. First, the Italian Army of the Mussolini dictatorship acquired a reputation for incompetence that never left it before the armistice of 1943. Second, some observing nations adopted an armored doctrine that ruled out tanks operating as an independent force, but emphasized tying them tightly to large infantry formations.^[6]

The Civil War and the heavy fighting around the city caused significant damage. After two decades of slow rebuilding, Guadalajara was included in 1959 in the development plans addressing the congestion of Madrid's industrial estates (El Plan de Descongestión Industrial de Madrid en Castilla-La Mancha). These plans attempted to move industrial and accompanying residential growth to the periphery, resulting in increased industry presence in Guadalajara. Since then, Guadalajara has been one of the cities in Spain with greatest relative growth.

The José Cabrera Nuclear Power Station (better known as Zorita) was the first nuclear generator in Spain, and constructed within the area, situated beside the river Tajo. The installation was run by Unión Fenosa, and the site is now owned by its successor Gas Natural. The government of Spain closed its operations via a resolution of 20 April 2006,^[7] and it was subsequently disconnected from the electrical grid.^[8]

Nowadays, Guadalajara is involved in urban development plans that are quickly increasing the population of the city. New districts like Aguas Vivas (Live Waters) have recently been inaugurated.

Ciudad Valdeluz was planned to increase the number of inhabitants of Guadalajara by 30,000, creating a whole brand new city around the AVE Station (Spanish High-Speed Trains). Unfortunately, the company investing in the construction of Ciudad Valdeluz went bankrupt. Less than 500 inhabitants decided to occupy their flats and the remaining infrastructure is currently in slow degradation. The AVE trains are used by only 60 passengers a day.^[9]

The recent town-plannings have dramatically increased the cost of the new houses, changing in the last 10 years of being one of the cheapest provinces in Spain for house-buying to be the 3rd province in Spain with the most expensive square meter.

Mayoralty

Since the 2003 local election, the Town Hall is controlled by a coalition made up of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) members and also one IU town councilor. J. Alique (PSOE) has held the post of Mayor since then. Following the 2007 local elections Antonio Román (People's Party) replaced Alique in the mayoralty.

Main sights

The bridge across the Henares river is Arab but built on Roman foundations. It has several historic buildings such as the Palacio del Infantado, as well as many churches, such as the church of San Ginés. Although Guadalajara is the biggest city in its diocese, the cathedral is located in the nearby town of Sigüenza. However, in Guadalajara, there is a "co-cathedral", the church of Saint Mary, in Mudejar style. Very close to this church, is placed the chapel known as "Capilla de Luis de Lucena", which has several fresco paintings on its walls and ceiling. The Church of los Remedios was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1924, and currently serves as the auditorium of the University of Alcalá. The Church of la Piedad was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1931.

Guadalajara was strongly destroyed during the Spanish Civil War through various battles and bombings. Several of its landmarks are defunct because of that war, buildings such as the formerly magnificent Palacio del Infantado, of medieval Mudéjar and Spanish Renaissance architecture and medieval Gothic and Italian Renaissance murals some of beautiful halls do not exist today, however much of the palace survived. Some remains of the defunct rooms of the palace and of some other buildings are preserved in museums of the city. Guadalajara before the Civil War was also known to be among the cities with most number of antique azulejos in the Iberian Peninsula housed in their buildings, since the city housed the largest collection of azulejos from Talavera de la Reina pottery; now almost all of those azulejos are lost. The Alcázar of Guadalajara was a Castilian royal palace of Mudéjar style, it was first widely destroyed during the Revolt of the Comuneros in 1520 and also ruined during the Civil War. Today its ruins and walls are seen, now turned into a museum on the alcázar.

Monuments

Architecture in the districts

The districts of Iriépal, Taracena, Usanos, and Valdenoches are small agricultural districts, primarily dependent on the economic activity of Guadalajara and with little historical architecture, usually just a modest medieval or modern church. Thus, in Iriépal there is the Concepción church, constructed in the 16th century, which is known for its Mudejar tower. In Taracena there is the 17th century Church of the Immaculate, in a very simple Renaissance style. In Usanos, there is the 13th-century Romanesque church of the Assumption, considerably remodeled in later periods and which features a crenelated tower.

Other types of monuments that are also noteworthy are the Iriépal laundry, work of 1910 in historicist style with funding from the Jose Santa María de Hita Foundation, and Iriépal (1858) and Valdenoches (1656) funds.

Throughout all the villages there are examples of Castilian mansions, quite modest compared to those in the cities. Of note also is Villaflores, a farming village built in 1887, designed by Ricardo Velázquez Bosco and commissioned to Maria Diega Desmaissières.

Miscellaneous

The Mexican city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, was founded by Nuño de Guzmán, a native of the Spanish Guadalajara.

The Coat of Arms of Guadalajara represents Alvar Fanez de Minaya entering in the town at night during the conquest.

Distinguished people from or related to the town were:

Alvar Fanez de Minaya, "Conqueror of Guadalajara for the Christianity".
Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, founder of Guadalajara in Mexico.
Antonio Buero Vallejo, 20th-century writer.
María Diega Desmaissières y Sevillano, Countess of Vega del Pozo and Duchess of Sevillano.
Francisco Fernández Iparraguirre, pharmacist, linguist and botanist
José Ortiz-Echagüe, military engineer and photographer, Honorary lifetime president of SEAT and founder of CASA
Jose de Creeft, famous sculptor born in Guadalajara

Twin towns – sister cities

Guadalajara is twinned with:

Guadalajara, Mexico^[10] Guadalajara de Buga, Colombia Livorno, Italy Nitra, Slovakia	Nowy Sącz, Poland ^[11] Nuneaton, United Kingdom Parma, Italy Roanne, France

Climate

Guadalajara mountains seen from Trijueque Trijueque.JPG — Guadalajara mountains seen from Trijueque

Guadalajara enjoys a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa) with continental influences for being well inland at 700 meters above sea level. Summers are hot with relatively cool nights, while winters are cool with cold nights. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Guadalajara is −12.5 °C (9.5 °F) in January 12, 2009. The highest temperature ever recorded is 43.5 °C (110.3 °F) in August 10, 2012.^[12]

Climate data for Guadalajara (1981-2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	10.7 (51.3)	13.0 (55.4)	17.0 (62.6)	18.4 (65.1)	23.5 (74.3)	29.9 (85.8)	33.5 (92.3)	32.4 (90.3)	27.4 (81.3)	20.9 (69.6)	14.7 (58.5)	11.0 (51.8)	21.0 (69.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)	4.9 (40.8)	6.3 (43.3)	9.5 (49.1)	11.1 (52.0)	15.5 (59.9)	20.8 (69.4)	23.7 (74.7)	23.0 (73.4)	18.7 (65.7)	13.9 (57.0)	8.3 (46.9)	5.5 (41.9)	13.4 (56.1)
Average low °C (°F)	−1 (30)	−0.4 (31.3)	1.9 (35.4)	3.8 (38.8)	7.5 (45.5)	11.7 (53.1)	13.7 (56.7)	13.6 (56.5)	10.0 (50.0)	6.8 (44.2)	1.9 (35.4)	−0.1 (31.8)	5.8 (42.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	35 (1.4)	32 (1.3)	25 (1.0)	50 (2.0)	53 (2.1)	25 (1.0)	12 (0.5)	16 (0.6)	28 (1.1)	68 (2.7)	42 (1.7)	46 (1.8)	432 (17.2)
Average rainy days	6.1	5.9	4.7	8.0	7.3	3.8	1.8	2.1	4.0	8.1	5.7	6.3	63.8
Average snowy days	0.9	1.1	0.3	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.7	3.3
Source: ^[13]

Gallery

Panteón de la Duquesa de Sevillano.
San Nicolás El Real Church.
San Ginés Church.
San Gil Church, apse
(12th century).
Guadalajara City Hall.

Transport

Guadalajara is served by two railway stations:

Guadalajara railway station, located in the city centre and part of the classical railway lines, e.g., connecting Chamartín to Portbou/Cerbère.
Guadalajara–Yebes railway station, located 5.6 kilometres (3.5 mi) at the South-East of Guadalajara, on the Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line.

Notable people

Isabel Muñoz-Caravaca, teacher, writer and labour activist

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References

↑ "Guadalajara". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
↑ Antonine Itinerary pp. 436, 438.
↑ Greek: Κάραιεκα, Ptol. ii. 6. § 57; Geog. Rav. iv. 44) or Caraca (Friedrich August Ukert, i. 2. p. 429.
↑ "Saints of Carmel". Carmelslc.org. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
↑ Airpower: Theory and Practice, John Gooch, Psychology Press, 1995, ISBN 0-7146-4657-1
↑ Forging the Thunderbolt: History of the U.S. Army's Armored Force, 1917-45, Mildred Hanson Gillie/Jacob L. Devers, 1947, ISBN 0-8117-3343-2 Forging the Thunderbolt: History of the U.S. Army's Armored Force, 1917-45, Mildred Hanson Gillie/Jacob L. Devers, 1947, ISBN 0-8117-3343-2
↑ Orden ITC/1652/2006, de 20 de abril, por la que se declara el cese definitivo de la explotación de la Central Nuclear José Cabrera (BOE 128 de 30 May 2006 Sec 3 Pag 20400 a 20401).
↑ "Nota de Prensa de Unión Fenosa sobre el cierre". Salacomunicacion.unionfenosa.es. 30 April 2006. Archived from the original on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
↑ Giles Tremlett (3 October 2011). "Spain's €44m Niemeyer centre is shut in galleries glut". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
↑ "Sister Cities, Public Relations". Guadalajara municipal government. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
↑ "Miasta partnerskie i zaprzyjaźnione Nowego Sącza". Urząd Miasta Nowego Sącza (in Polish). Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
↑ Valores extremos. Guadalajara, El Serranillo - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España
↑ "Valores climatológicos normales: Guadalajara - Guadalajara, El Serranillo - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España" (in Spanish). Aemet.es. Retrieved 7 June 2010.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "article name needed" . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray.

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[Collins3-1] "Guadalajara". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 26 September 2014.

[2] Antonine Itinerary pp. 436, 438.

[3] Greek: Κάραιεκα, Ptol. ii. 6. § 57; Geog. Rav. iv. 44) or Caraca (Friedrich August Ukert, i. 2. p. 429.

[4] "Saints of Carmel". Carmelslc.org. Retrieved 26 March 2013.

[5] Airpower: Theory and Practice, John Gooch, Psychology Press, 1995, ISBN 0-7146-4657-1

[6] Forging the Thunderbolt: History of the U.S. Army's Armored Force, 1917-45, Mildred Hanson Gillie/Jacob L. Devers, 1947, ISBN 0-8117-3343-2 Forging the Thunderbolt: History of the U.S. Army's Armored Force, 1917-45, Mildred Hanson Gillie/Jacob L. Devers, 1947, ISBN 0-8117-3343-2

[7] Orden ITC/1652/2006, de 20 de abril, por la que se declara el cese definitivo de la explotación de la Central Nuclear José Cabrera (BOE 128 de 30 May 2006 Sec 3 Pag 20400 a 20401).

[8] "Nota de Prensa de Unión Fenosa sobre el cierre". Salacomunicacion.unionfenosa.es. 30 April 2006. Archived from the original on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2010.

[9] Giles Tremlett (3 October 2011). "Spain's €44m Niemeyer centre is shut in galleries glut". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 October 2011.

[Guadalajara_sisters-10] "Sister Cities, Public Relations". Guadalajara municipal government. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013.

[Nowy_Sącz_twinnings-11] "Miasta partnerskie i zaprzyjaźnione Nowego Sącza". Urząd Miasta Nowego Sącza (in Polish). Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.

[12] Valores extremos. Guadalajara, El Serranillo - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España

[13] "Valores climatológicos normales: Guadalajara - Guadalajara, El Serranillo - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España" (in Spanish). Aemet.es. Retrieved 7 June 2010.