| Gyerim Territory Area Command | |||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 鷄林州都督府 | ||||||
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| Korean name | |||||||
| Hangul | 계림주도독부 | ||||||
| Hanja | 鷄林州都督府 | ||||||
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The Gyerim Territory Area Command was a proposed autonomous administration to be established in Silla territory by the Tang dynasty. In the place of Baekje and Goguryeo,the Tang created the Protectorate General to Pacify the East,Ungjin Commandery.
In 660,when a joint Silla-Tang alliance destroyed Baekje,the Tang dynasty established a protectorate named the Ungjin Commandery in its place. Furthermore,the Tang emperor offered to Munmu of Silla that he take over a proposed protectorate called the "Great Commandery of Gyerim",which was refused. [1]
Following the offer Silla launched a surprise attack against the Tang forces and destroyed the Ungjin commandery. Over the course of several battles Tang forces would be driven north of the Taedong river by the Silla army. [2]
In the south of Silla another administrative subdivision named Jimizhou was to be set up. Munmu of Silla was to be nominated as first "commander." [3] [4] After that the position was to be inherited by the line of rulers of Silla.
In the 8th century,An Lushan Rebellion began,Ping Lu Fanzhen (Hanja:平盧藩鎮) was moved to Shandong Peninsula and renamed as Zi Qing Ping Lu Fanzhen (Hanja:淄青平盧藩鎮),Fanzhen attempted to hold a post of Commander of Gyerim Protectorate and crossed the sea for it.
Goguryeo also later known as Goryeo,was a Korean kingdom which was located on the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of modern-day Northeast China (Manchuria). At its peak of power,Goguryeo encompassed most of the Korean Peninsula and large parts of Manchuria,along with parts of eastern Mongolia,Inner Mongolia,and modern-day Russia.
Baekje or Paekche was a Korean kingdom located in southwestern Korea from 18 BCE to 660 CE. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea,together with Goguryeo and Silla. While the three kingdoms were in separate existence,Baekje had the highest population of approximately 3,800,000 people,which was much larger than that of Silla and similar to that of Goguryeo.
The Portraits of Periodical Offering were tributary documentative paintings produced by various Chinese dynasties and later as well in other East Asian dynasties,such as Japan and Vietnam. These paintings were official historical documents by the imperial courts. The term "職貢圖" roughly translates to "duty offering pictorial". Throughout Chinese history,tributary states and tribes were required to send ambassadors to the imperial court periodically and pay tribute with valuable gifts.
Silla was a Korean kingdom that existed between 57 BCE –935 CE and was located on the southern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula. Silla,along with Baekje and Goguryeo,formed the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Silla had the lowest population of the three,approximately 850,000 people,significantly smaller than those of Baekje and Goguryeo.
Munmu of Silla (626–681),personal name Kim Pŏm-min,was a Korean monarch who served as the 30th king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. He is usually considered to have been the first ruler of the Unified Silla period. Munmu was the son of King Muyeol and Munmyeong,who was the younger sister of Kim Yu-sin. Under his father's reign,he held the office of pajinchan,who apparently was responsible for maritime affairs,and played a key role in developing the country's diplomatic links with Tang China. He was born as Kim Pŏm-min and took the name Munmu when he succeeded his father to the throne. After his death,he was known by the title of Dragon King. Munmu is known as one of the great rulers in the land of Korea. During his rule,he tried to achieve the welfare and happiness of the people and to improve the political and social system. He paid great attention to justice and equality and tried to avoid neglecting the people. Munmu also attached great importance to the development of culture and art and tried to promote them in the society. He even paid attention to creating an advanced cultural and educational environment.
Unified Silla,or Late Silla,is the name often applied to the historical period of the Korean kingdom of Silla after its conquest of Goguryeo in 668 AD,which marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. In the 7th century,a Silla–Tang alliance conquered Baekje in the Baekje–Tang War. Following the Goguryeo–Tang War and Silla–Tang War in the 7th century,Silla annexed the southern part of Goguryeo,unifying the central and southern regions of the Korean peninsula.
Mahan was a tribal grouping in southwestern Korea described in Chinese sources from the 3rd century. It was the largest of the 'three Hans',along with Byeonhan and Jinhan. During the 4th century,the kingdom of Baekje rose in the territory of Mahan and became one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century AD in the southern Korean Peninsula,to the east of the Nakdong River valley,Gyeongsang Province. Jinhan was one of the Samhan,along with Byeonhan and Mahan. Apparently descending from the Jin state of southern Korea,Jinhan was absorbed by the later Silla,one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
The Protectorate-General to Pacify the East was an administrative division of the Chinese Tang dynasty in Manchuria and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. It was established after the Tang dynasty defeated Goguryeo and annexed its territories. In the place of Baekje and Goguryeo,the Tang dynasty created the Protectorate General to Pacify the East and the Ungjin Commandery. A proposal to set up the Great Commandery of Gyerim by the Emperor Gaozong of Tang to King Munmu of Silla was refused.
Bojang of Goguryeo was the 28th and last monarch of Goguryeo the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was placed on the throne by the military leader Yeon Gaesomun. His reign ended when Goguryeo fell to the allied forces of the southern Korean kingdom of Silla and the Chinese Tang dynasty.
Buyeo Yung (615–682) was the eldest son of King Uija,the last king of Baekje. He was appointed crown prince in 644,and would have been the kingdom's 32nd ruler. He is known as the progenitor of Buyeo Seo Clan where he changed his surname to Seo.
The jiedushi or jiedu,was a regional military governor in China;the title was established in the Tang dynasty and abolished in the Yuan dynasty. The post of jiedushi has been translated as "military commissioner","legate",or "regional commander". Originally introduced in 711 to counter external threats,the jiedushi were posts authorized with the supervision of a defense command often encompassing several prefectures,the ability to maintain their own armies,collect taxes and promote and appoint subordinates.
Korea's military history spans thousands of years,beginning with the ancient nation of Gojoseon and continuing into the present day with the countries of North Korea and South Korea,and is notable for its many successful triumphs over invaders.
The Goguryeo–Tang War occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war,the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660,Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661,but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666,Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension,numerous defections,and widespread demoralization. The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year,aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng. In late 668,exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos,Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla.
The first conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War started when Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty led a military campaign against Goguryeo in 645 to protect Silla and punish Generalissimo Yeon Gaesomun for the killing of King Yeongnyu. The Tang forces were commanded by Emperor Taizong himself,and generals Li Shiji,Li Daozong,and Zhangsun Wuji.
The Protectorate General to Pacify the North or Grand Protectorate General to Pacify the North (647–784) was a Chinese military government established by the Tang dynasty in 647 to pacify the former territory of Xueyantuo,which extended from Lake Baikal to the north,the Gobi Desert to the south,the Khingan Mountains to the east,and the Altay Mountains to the west. It controlled the Mongolian Plateau from 647 to 682.
The Silla–Tang War (670–676) occurred between the Silla kingdom of Korea and the Tang dynasty of China. It began in the geopolitical context immediately following the conquest of Goguryeo and Baekje by the joint forces of Silla and Tang. The conflict ended with a truce between Tang and Silla due to the internal political situation in both states,with the dividing territorial line at the Taedong River basin.
The Baekje–Tang War was fought between Baekje and the allied forces of the Tang dynasty and Silla between 660 and 663. The war was caused by the ongoing Goguryeo–Tang War in which numerous attacks and raids were made by Baekje and Goguryeo against Silla. King Muyeol of Silla sought help from Emperor Gaozong of Tang,who launched the invasion of Baekje in 660. After the conquest of Baekje later that year,loyalist forces from Baekje with the aid of Yamato allies attempted to resist the occupation of their kingdom until the two allied forces were destroyed in 663.
The Tang dynasty of China administered territory using a hierarchical system of three descending divisions:circuits,prefectures,and counties. Prefectures have been called jùn (郡) as well as zhōu (州) interchangeably throughout history,leading to cases of confusion,but in reality their political status was the same. The prefectures were furthered classified as either Upper Prefectures,Middle Prefectures,or Lower Prefectures depending on population. An Upper Prefecture consisted of 40,000 households and above,a Middle Prefecture 20,000 households and above,and a Lower Prefecture anything below 20,000 households. Some prefectures were further categorized as bulwark prefectures,grand prefectures,renowned prefectures,or key prefectures for strategic purposes. A superior prefecture was called a fu (府).
The Ungjin Commandery was an administrative division of the Chinese Tang dynasty that existed between 660 and 671 on the Korean Peninsula. It was created in place of Baekje in present-day Chungcheong Province after its defeat by a joint Silla-Tang alliance,but was destroyed only a few years after due to a counterattack by Silla and remnant Baekje forces. The Tang dynasty moved the now nonexistent Ungjin Commandery into the Protectorate General to Pacify the East. Those political organizations renamed the newly conquered areas under the Jimi system.
