The Ungjin Commandery was an administrative division of the Chinese Tang dynasty that existed between 660 and 671 on the Korean Peninsula. It was created in place of Baekje in present-day Chungcheong Province after its defeat by a joint Silla-Tang alliance. The Tang dynasty incorporated the Ungjin Commandery into the Protectorate General to Pacify the East and furthermore proposed to Munmu of Silla to set up the Great Commandery of Gyerim in place of Silla.[1] Those political organizations renamed the newly conquered areas under the Jimi system.
In the year of 660,Ungjin Commandery is a colony set up for the purpose of governing the old Baekje area which is current Chungcheong Province. At that time,Ungjin (Administrative center・Sabi castle also known as Goma castle,which is currently called Chungcheong Province,Buyeo County),Mahan confederacy (Gosaburi castle,North Jeolla Province,Jeongeup),Dongmyeong Province,Ungjin castle,Chungcheong Province,Gonju city),Deongan Province,Deugan castle,Chungcheong Province,Nonsan city,Eunjin area,Gimnan Province castle,Chungcheong Province,Seosan city) and Daemang (대망;帶方) Province (Jukgun castle,South Jeolla Province,Naju city,Hoejin).
Ungjin Commandery governed following 13 prefectures under jurisdiction. Ui (우이;嵎夷),Singu(신구;神丘),Rindeok (린덕;麟徳),Yunseong (윤성;尹城),Sangon (산곤;散昆),Anwon (안원;安遠),Binmun (빈문;賓汶),Gwiwa (귀와;帰化) or known as Masaryang (마사량;麻斯良),Maena (매나;邁羅),Gamgae (감개;甘蓋) or known as Gomagburi (고막부리;古莫夫里),Naseo (나서;奈西),Deongan (덕안;徳安),Nongsan (농산;龍山). Angdong Territory Area Command governed 4 prefectures which were Naejin (내진;熊津),Nosin (노신;鹵辛) or known as Anogog (아노곡;阿老谷),Guji (구지;久遅) or known as Guji (구지;仇知) and Burim (부림;富林) or known as Beoreum (벌음;伐音). Gimnan Province governed Pyeoni (편이;平夷) prefecture also known as Juryu (주류;周留) or Jiryu (지류;知留),Mahan Territory Area Command governed Pyoeonwa (편와;平倭),Biri (비리;比利),Mijung (미중;辟中),Bomi (보미;布弥),Jiban (지반;支半). Daemang Province governed Jiryu (지류;至留) also known as Jiryu,Gunna (군나;軍那) or known as Gurna (굴나;屈那),Dosan (도산;徒山) or known as Chusan (추산;抽山),Banna (반나;半那) or known as Bannaburi (반나부리;半那夫里),Jukgu or known as Duhil (두힐;豆肸) and Bohyeon (보현;布賢) or known as Panomi (파노미;巴老弥).
As Wang Wendu,the general of Tang dynasty has died,the momentum of Baekje revival movements has raised. Gwisil Boksin who was the retainer of Mu of Baekje made use of political turmoil of Wang Wendu,called Buyeo Pung back from Japan and based at Juryu castle. They attacked Tang dynasty together with Japanese army. In 661,Tang dynasty nominated Liu Renyuan as the commander of Ungjin Commandery and Daemang Province. In 663,Baekje and Japanese army has defeated in the Battle of Baekgang and they failed in retrieving Baekje.
After the Battle of Baekgang,Liu Renyuan returned to Tang dynasty and Liu Renzhi was sent to govern the Barkeje area. Liu Renzhi tried to reconstruct battlefields. In 665,he promoted merger of territorial area commands,states and prefecture. As a result,6 territorial area command have integrated and transformed into 7 states (Dongmyeong,Jisim,Nosan,Gosa,Saban Daemang,and Buncha) and 13 prefectures under Ungjin (웅진;熊津). The central government have set at Sabi castle (Chungcheong Province,Buyeo County). Buyeo Yung (부여륭;扶余隆) who was a former prince of Barkje was nominated a commander of Ungjin Territory Area. He was given this position to command and to manage battlefield of Baekje and its survivors,however,he was afraid of Silla's invasion and did not take his position. For his replacement,Liu Rengui took over the position. After Goguryeo was overthrown,Liu Rengui and Liu Rengui returned to Tang dynasty. Buyeo Yung refused to take position of commander,his position was deputized by Nagan (나간;難汗) and Yegun (예군;禰軍).
After that,Silla rebelled and attached Ungjin Commandery in July,670. 82 castle have been surrendered. Even after the invasion of Silla never stop and majority of former Baekje's land have occupied and they reached to Ungjin and Sabi where Tang dynasty set central government to manage former Baekje's land. Tang dynasty nominated Xue Rengui as a commander of Gyerim Territory Area Command and fought against Silla,but in the end,they are failed and Ungjin Commandery was occupied by Silla.
After the disturbance,Tang dynasty transferred Ungjin Territory Area Command to Geonan (건안;建安) castle (present-day Yingkou,Liaoning). It has merged with Anju (안주;安州) Territorial Area Command which governed by Protectorate General to Pacify the East.
In 686,Silla established Ungjin Territorial Area Command and renamed it as Ungcheon (웅천;熊川) in 757. In 940,Ungcheon was renamed as Gongju and Territorial Area Command was set,and in 983,it was promoted as Gongju province.
Baekje or Paekche was a Korean kingdom located in southwestern Korea from 18 BC to 660 AD. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea,together with Goguryeo and Silla. While the three kingdoms were in separate existence,Baekje had the highest population of approximately 3,800,000 people,which was similar to that of Goguryeo and much larger than that of Silla.
The Three Kingdoms of Korea or Samhan competed for hegemony over the Korean Peninsula during the ancient period of Korean history. During the Three Kingdoms period,many states and statelets consolidated until,after Buyeo was annexed in 494 and Gaya was annexed in 562,only three remained on the Korean Peninsula:Goguryeo,Baekje and Silla. The "Korean Three Kingdoms" contributed to what would become Korea;and the Goguryeo,Baekje and Silla peoples became what we know as the Korean people.
Sabi was the third and final capital of the Korean kingdom of Baekje,from 538 until Baekje’s fall in 660 CE. The site of Sabi is located in modern-day Buyeo County,South Chungcheong Province,in South Korea.
Ungjin,also known as Gomanaru is a former city on the Korean Peninsula. It was located in modern-day Gongju,South Chungcheong province,South Korea. It was the capital of Baekje from AD 475 to 538,during a period when Baekje was under threat from Goguryeo,the previous capital of Wiryeseong having been overrun. In 538,King Seong moved the capital to Sabi. Ungjin is now known as Gongju.
Seong of Baekje was the 26th king of Baekje,one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was a son of Muryeong of Baekje and is best known for making Buddhism the state religion,moving the national capital to Sabi,and reclaiming the center of the Korean Peninsula. His demise eventually came at the hands of an ally who betrayed him. The name Seong translates as 'The Holy.'
Uija of Baekje was the 31st and final ruler of Baekje,one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. His reign ended when Baekje was conquered by an alliance of the rival Korean kingdom Silla and China's Tang dynasty.
The Protectorate-General to Pacify the East was an administrative division of the Chinese Tang dynasty in Manchuria and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. It was established after the Tang dynasty defeated Goguryeo and annexed its territories. In the place of Baekje and Goguryeo,the Tang dynasty created the Protectorate General to Pacify the East and the Ungjin Commandery. A proposal to set up the Great Commandery of Gyerim by the Emperor Gaozong of Tang to King Munmu of Silla was refused.
Buyeo Yung (615–682) was the eldest son of King Uija,the last king of Baekje. He was appointed crown prince in 644,and would have been the kingdom's 32nd ruler. He is known as the progenitor of Buyeo Seo Clan where he changed his surname to Seo.
Emperor Gaozong of Tang,personal name Li Zhi,was the third emperor of the Tang dynasty in China,ruling from 649 to 683;after January 665,he handed power over the empire to his second wife Empress Wu,and her decrees were carried out with greater force than the decrees of Emperor Gaozong's. Emperor Gaozong was the youngest son of Emperor Taizong and Empress Zhangsun;his elder brothers were Li Chengqian and Li Tai.
Korea's military history spans thousands of years,beginning with the ancient nation of Gojoseon and continuing into the present day with the countries of North Korea and South Korea,and is notable for its many successful triumphs over invaders. Throughout its history,Korea has boasted numerous exceptional leaders who gained outstanding victories against numerically superior enemies. Famed leaders credited with defending Korea against foreign invasions include:Eulji Mundeok of Goguryeo,who defeated Sui China during the Goguryeo–Sui War;Yeon Gaesomun of Goguryeo,who defeated Emperor Taizong of Tang China during the Goguryeo–Tang War;Gang Gam-chan of Goryeo,who defeated the Khitan Empire during the Goryeo-Khitan War;Choe Yeong and Yi Seong-gye of Goryeo,who defeated the Red Turbans during the Red Turban Invasions;and Yi Sun-shin of Joseon,who defeated the Japanese at sea during the Imjin War. Other notable leaders include:Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo,who created a great empire in Northeast Asia through conquest,and subjugated the other Korean kingdoms of Baekje,Silla and Gaya to bring about a brief unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea;Geunchogo of Baekje,who captured Pyongyang and established overseas territories to control much of the Korean peninsula and dominate the seas;Munmu and Kim Yu-sin of Silla,who united the Three Kingdoms of Korea and defeated Tang China to gain complete control of the Korean peninsula;Dae Jo-yeong,who created Balhae from Goguryeo's ashes and reconquered Goguryeo lands lost during the Goguryeo-Tang War;Jang Bogo of Later Silla,who created a maritime empire and commanded a powerful fleet;Wang Geon,who united the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea and established Goryeo as the successor to Goguryeo;and Yun Gwan of Goryeo,who defeated the Jurchens and constructed nine fortresses in Manchuria.
Liu Rengui (劉仁軌),courtesy name Zhengze (正則),formally Duke Wenxian of Lecheng (樂城文獻公),was a Chinese military general and politician during the Tang Dynasty,serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Gaozong that was dominated by Empress Wu,and the subsequent regency of Empress Dowager Wu over his sons Emperor Zhongzong and Emperor Ruizong. He was known for his military prowess,particularly displayed in the conquest of Baekje,as well as political skills that allowed him to maintain good relationships with colleagues and the strong-willed Empress Wu.
Heukchi Sangji,courtesy name Hangwon(恒元),was a Korean-born Chinese military general of Baekje,one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He is remembered primarily as a leader of the Baekje Revival Movement to restore the kingdom after the capital fell in 660 to the Silla–Tang alliance. Later after their defeat he became a general of the Tang dynasty. In China he was known as "Heichi Changzhi".
Gwisil Jipsa,was the son of Gwisil Boksin (鬼室福信),a general of Baekje,one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Gwisil clan was a collateral branch of the royal family,the Buyeo clan (扶餘氏). He settled in Japan after the fall of the kingdom and death of his father where he became a member of the Japanese court where they called him Kishitsu Shushi after the Japanese reading of his name.
The Gwisil clan were a collateral branch of the royal family of the Korean kingdom of Baekje,one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea who settled in Japan. They descended from the third son of the 26th king,Seong of Baekje,whose name is unknown. The characters "鬼" and "室" literally mean "demon" and "house".
Gwisil Boksin was a military general of Baekje,one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He is remembered primarily as a leader of the Baekje Revival Movement to restore the kingdom after the capital fell in 660 to the Silla–Tang alliance.
The Silla–Tang War (670–676) occurred between Silla and the Tang dynasty. It began in the geopolitical context immediately following the conquest of Goguryeo and Baekje by the joint forces of Silla and Tang. The conflict ended with a truce between Tang and Silla due to the internal political situation in both states,with the dividing territorial line at the Taedong River basin.
The Baekje–Tang War was fought between Baekje and the allied forces of Tang China and Silla between 660 and 663. It was in some respect a spillover of the,at the time,ongoing Goguryeo–Tang War. After numerous attacks and raids by the combined forces of Baekje and Goguryeo,King Muyeol of Silla sought help from Emperor Gaozong of Tang to aid his exhausted kingdom. Emperor Gaozong granted his request and launched the invasion of Baekje in 660. After the conquest of Baekje later that year,loyalist forces from Baekje with the aid of Yamato allies attempted to resist the occupation of their kingdom until the two allied forces were destroyed in 663.
The Baekje Historic Areas are a group of monuments located in three South Korean cities:Gongju,Buyeo,and Iksan. They relate to the last period of the Baekje Kingdom,representing the period from 475 to 660 CE,which was one of the three kingdoms that flourished from 18 BC to 660 CE. The property designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site has eight archaeological sites. These are:The Gongsanseong fortress and the royal tombs at Songsan-ri,related to the capital city of Ungjin,now Gongju;the Busosanseong Fortress and Gwanbuk-ri administrative buildings,the Jeongnimsa Temple,the Neungsan-ri royal tombs,and the Naseong city wall in Sabi,now Buyeo;and the Wanggung-ri Palace and the Mireuksa Temple in Iksan,a subsidiary capital region of Sabi.
The Gyerim Territory Area Command was a proposed autonomous administration to be established in Silla territory by the Tang dynasty. In the place of Baekje and Goguryeo,the Tang created the Protectorate General to Pacify the East,Ungjin Commandery.
Dochim was a Buddhist monk of Baekje,one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He is remembered primarily as a leader of a movement for the restoration of Baekje after the kingdom fell in 660 along with Gwisil Boksin.
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