Emerald was a 36-gun, 18-pounder, Amazon-class frigate built to William Rule's design.[lower-alpha 1][1] She and her sister ship, Amazon, were ordered on 24 May 1794 and were built to the same dimensions: 143feet 2+1⁄2inches (43.6m) along the gun deck, 119feet 5+1⁄2inches (36.4m) at the keel, with a beam of 38feet 4inches (11.7m) and a depth in the hold of 13feet 6inches (4.1m). They measured 933 67⁄94tons burthen.[1]
Completed at Thomas Pitcher's dockyard in Northfleet at a cost of £14,419, Emerald was launched on 31 July 1795, twenty-seven days after Amazon. Her coppering at Woolwich was finished on 12 October 1795, and she was fitted-out at a further cost of £9,390.[1]
Emerald was built to carry a main battery of twenty-six 18-pounder (8.2-kilogram)long guns on her gun deck, eight 9pdr (4.1kg) on the quarterdeck and two on the forecastle. She additionally carried eight 32pdr (15kg)carronades, six on the quarterdeck and two on the forecastle.[lower-alpha 2] When fully manned, Amazon-class frigates had a complement of 264.[1]
The Admiralty ordered a second pair of Amazon-class ships on 24 January 1795. They were marginally smaller at 92587⁄94 tons (bm) and were built from pitch pine.[1][lower-alpha 3]
Service
Mediterranean
Santisima Trinidad being rescued at the Battle of Cape St Vincent. Emerald was one of the British frigates sent out to track her down afterwards.
Spain had become allied to France and declared war on Britain in October 1796. Early in 1797, a Spanish fleet of 27 ships of the line was at Cartagena with orders to join the French fleet at Brest. A storm blew the Spanish fleet off course, enabling Jervis's fleet of 15 ships of the line to intercept it off Cape St Vincent on 14 February.[8] Although attached to the British fleet at the time, Emerald was not present at the battle; kept away by contrary wind. After making several attempts to join the action, she retired to nearby Lagos Bay with other vessels.[1][9] Consequently, the crew was denied a share of the prize money.[7][lower-alpha 4]
On 16 February, the victorious British fleet and its prizes entered the bay. Jervis ordered the three frigates—Emerald, Minerve and Niger, of 40 and 32 guns, respectively—to search for the disabled flagship, Santisima Trinidad, which had been towed from the battle. Two smaller craft—Bonne-Citoyenne, a corvette of 20 guns, and the 14-gun sloop Raven—joined the frigates.[1][9] The British squadron on 20 February sighted Santisima Trinidad under tow by a large frigate and in the company of a brig. Berkeley, considering the small squadron under his command insufficient, declined to engage and eventually the Spanish ships sailed from sight.[9][lower-alpha 5]
Following the Battle of Cape St Vincent, the British pursued the remainder of the Spanish fleet to Cádiz, where Jervis began a long-running blockade of the port.[11] On 26 April, while cruising in the company of the 74-gun Irresistible, Emerald helped to capture a 34-gun Spanish ship and to destroy another.[12] The Spanish vessels were close to the coast when Jervis's fleet sighted them. Sent to investigate, Emerald and Irresistible, under Captain George Martin, discovered the ships were the frigates Santa Elena and Ninfa[13]—the Spanish ships had been carrying silver from Havana to Cádiz, but had transferred their cargo the previous night to a fishing boat that had warned them of the proximity of the British fleet.[12]
The Spanish ships sought shelter from the British north of Trafalgar in Conil Bay, the entrance to which was protected by a large rocky ledge. Irresistible and Emerald negotiated this obstacle at around 14:30 and engaged the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the Bay.[14][15] The Spanish ships surrendered at approximately 16:00. Eighteen Spaniards were killed and 30 wounded during the fighting; one Briton was killed and one wounded.[15] The remaining crew of Santa Elena avoided capture by cutting her cables and drifting her on shore so they could flee on foot. The British managed to drag Santa Elena off the beach but, badly damaged, she sank at sea.[14][15]
The British took Ninfa into service as HMS Hamadryad, a 36-gun frigate with a main battery of 12-pounders,[13][16] but were unable to retrieve the cargo of silver, which later arrived safely in Cádiz.[12]
Captain Thomas Waller took command of Emerald in mid-1797, and was stationed with Admiral Jervis's fleet off Cádiz.[1][17] On 3July, Jervis attempted to end the protracted blockade by ordering a bombardment of the town. A first attempt resulted in the capture of two Spanish mortar boats but achieved little else.[18] During a second bombardment on the night of 5July, Emerald, in the company of Terpsichore and the 74-gun Theseus, provided a protective escort for three bomb vessels, Thunder, Terror and Strombolo. This attack caused considerable damage; the next morning, the Spanish hurriedly moved ten of their line-of-battle ships out of range.[19] The British cancelled a third bombardment, planned for 8July, when the weather became unfavourable.[17][19]
Attack on Santa Cruz
The British attack on Santa Cruz de Tenerife, painted in 1848 by Francisco de Aguilar
Later in July 1797, Emerald took part in an unsuccessful attack on Santa Cruz.[1] A planned attack in April, proposed by Admiral Nelson, had been aborted as the troops required to execute it were unavailable. When Jervis was subsequently advised that the Spanish treasure fleet was anchored there, he revived Nelson's idea.[20]
For the new attack, Nelson was to take three ships of the line, three frigates, including Emerald, and 200 marines, for an amphibious landing outside the Spanish stronghold.[1][20] The frigates would then engage the batteries to the north-east of Santa Cruz while the marines stormed the town. However, a combination of strong currents and heavy Spanish fire forced the British to abandon the attack. Several further attempts were made between 22 and 25 July; although the British were able to land troops, Spanish resistance was too strong and the British had to ask for an honourable withdrawal.[21] About 90 of Emerald's crew, including Waller, fought their way into the town alongside Thomas Troubridge; 17 died in the assault. Another 10 died before the landing; drowned when the hired-armed vessel, Fox, was sunk by a 24lb (11kg) cannonball.[22]
After the attack, Nelson sent Emerald with his report to Jervis, who in turn sent her on to England with dispatches. Waller arrived at the Admiralty on 1September, with the news of the failed attacks.[23]
Alexandria
While serving with Jervis on the Lisbon station in December 1797, Emerald, under the temporary command of Lord William Proby, captured the 8-gun privateer, Chasseur Basque. Waller returned as captain in April 1798.[1] In May, Jervis dispatched a squadron of five ships, including Emerald and commanded by Nelson in the 74-gun Vanguard, to locate a large invasion fleet that had left Toulon.[24][lower-alpha 6] After receiving intelligence on 22 May, Nelson correctly predicted the French fleet's destination and set course for Alexandria[25] where the British captured or destroyed all but two of the French ships at the Battle of the Nile, which occurred between 1–3 August 1798.[26]Emerald missed the battle; having previously become separated from the rest of the squadron in a storm on 21 May,[24] she arrived at Aboukir Bay on 12 August.[27]
When Nelson left for Naples on 19 August 1798, he left behind a squadron—comprising three 74sZealous, Goliath, Swiftsure, three frigates Emerald, Seahorse and Alcmene, and the corvette Bonne Citoyenne—under Samuel Hood to patrol the waters around the port and along the coast.[28] On 2 September, it encountered and destroyed the French avisoAnémone.[lower-alpha 7][30]
Emerald and Seahorse chased Anemone inshore, where she anchored in shallow water out of their reach. When they launched their boats to cut-out Anėmone, her crew cut the anchor cable and their ship drifted on to the shore; as the Frenchmen were attempting to escape along the coast, hostile Arabs captured them and stripped them of their clothes, shooting those who resisted. A heavy surf prevented the British boats from landing, so a midshipman from Emerald, the young Francis Fane, swam ashore with a line and empty cask to rescue the commander and seven others who had escaped naked to the beach.[30][31][lower-alpha 8]Anėmone had a crew of 60 men under the command of Enseigne de Vaisseau (Ensign) Garibou,[33] and was also carrying General Camin and Citoyen Valette, aide-de-camp to General Napoleon Bonaparte, with dispatches from Toulon. Camin and Valette were among those the Arabs killed.[30][lower-alpha 9]Emerald remained stationed off Alexandria for the rest of the year.[1]
Emerald and Minerve, while cruising together on 2June, took Caroline, a 16-gun French privateer, off the south-east coast of Sardinia.[35][36] Later, Emerald assisted in the capture of Junon, Alceste, Courageuse, Salamine and Alerte in the action of 18 June 1799.[1][36] The British fleet under George Elphinstone was some 69 miles off Cape Sicié when three French frigates and two brigs were spotted. Elphinstone engaged them with three seventy-fours, Centaur, Bellona and Captain, and two frigates, Emerald and Santa Teresa.[37] The next evening, after a 28-hour chase, the French ships were forced into an action. The French squadron had scattered, enabling the British to attack it piecemeal. Bellona fired the first shots at 19:00 as she, Captain, and the two frigates closed with Junon and Alceste, both of which struck their colours immediately. Bellona then joined Centaur in chasing Courageuse. Faced with overwhelming odds, Courageuse also surrendered. Emerald then overhauled Salamine, and Captain took Alerte at around 23:30.[36][38]
Rear-Admiral John Duckworth, commander of the squadron blockading Cádiz, of which Emerald was a part when she fought in the action of 7 April 1800
Emerald returned to blockade duty at Cádiz in April 1800, joining a squadron under Rear-Admiral John Thomas Duckworth that included the 74-gun ships Leviathan and Swiftsure, and the fire shipIncendiary. The squadron sighted a Spanish convoy on 5April, which comprised 13 merchant vessels and three accompanying frigates, and at once gave chase.[39] At 03:00 the following day, Emerald managed to overhaul and cross the bow of a 10-gun merchantman, which, having nowhere to go, immediately surrendered.[40] By daybreak, the remainder of the Spanish convoy had scattered and the only ship visible was a 14-gun brig, Los Anglese. The absence of wind prevented the becalmed British vessels approaching her. Instead, Leviathan and Emerald lowered boats that rowed towards the brig, which they captured after a short exchange of fire.[39][40]
Other sails were now spotted in the east, west and south, forcing the British to divide their force: Swiftsure went south, Emerald east, and Leviathan west.[39] At midday, Emerald signalled that there were six vessels to the north-east, and Leviathanwore round to pursue. By dusk, the two British ships had nine Spanish craft in sight. Three ships were seen at midnight to the north-north-west, and by 02:00 the following morning, two had been identified as the enemy frigates Carmen and Florentina.[41] Duckworth ordered Emerald to take a parallel course to the enemy frigates in anticipation of a dawn attack, and at first light, the British closed with their opponents.[42]
The Spaniards had assumed the approaching vessels were part of their convoy, but by daybreak they had realised their error and vainly set more sail to escape. Being close enough to hail the Spanish crews, Duckworth ordered them to surrender. When the Spaniards ignored the demand, he ordered Leviathan and Emerald to open fire on the rigging of the Spanish vessels in order to disable them. Both Spanish frigates quickly surrendered.[42]Carmen had had 11 men killed and 16 wounded; Florentina 12 killed and 10 wounded, including her first and second captains. The two Spanish frigates were each carrying 1,500 quintals of mercury.[43]
A third frigate was visible on the horizon. Emerald immediately set off in pursuit but Duckworth recalled her and instead ordered her to locate the merchant ships; she secured four of the largest vessels by nightfall. The need to make the two captured frigates ready to sail delayed Leviathan, and by the time this was completed the third frigate had made her escape.[42]Leviathan then returned to rendezvous with Emerald, managing to take a further enemy brig before night fell. The following day, both British vessels sailed for Gibraltar with their prizes. On arrival, they encountered Incendiary, which had made port the previous day with two captured vessels of its own.[44] The small British squadron managed to secure nine merchant vessels and two frigates in total.[43][44] In October 1800, Emerald returned to Portsmouth for repairs.[45]
Caribbean
1798 map showing the Dutch colonies of Essequibo and Demarara
Emerald was recommissioned in December 1800 under Captain James O'Bryen and early in 1801, escorted a convoy of 110 ships to the West Indies Station, where she continued in service during the short-lived Peace of Amiens.[46][45]
The ship struck a submerged reef in August. Emerald, flying a distress signal and firing her guns to attract attention was noticed by HMSMagnanime who sailed to her aid. In the meantime, in an attempt to lighten the load and float her off, O'Bryen had the ballast jettisoned and the cannons loaded into one of the ship's boats. Holed below the water line and taking on water at the rate of 1+3⁄4 inches (44.5mm) per hour, Emerald was able to make it into English Harbour for repairs. The work took 3 months to complete. O'Bryen was court-martialled over the affair in January 1802 and found not guilty of negligence.[45]
In April 1802, Emerald transported Lord Lavington, the governor general from Antigua to Bermuda.[lower-alpha 10] The following month, she intercepted a schooner carrying refugees from Guadeloupe, who were taken on board and delivered to Antigua.[47] War broke out again in May 1803, by which time Emerald had joined Samuel Hood's squadron in Barbados for an attack on St Lucia. Prior to the invasion on 21 June, she harassed enemy shipping, disrupting supplies to the island.[48]
The invasion force left on 20 June. It comprised Hood's 74-gun flagship Centaur, the 74-gun Courageux, the frigates Argo and Chichester,[lower-alpha 11] and the sloopsHornet and Cyane. The following morning, Emerald and the 18-gun sloop Osprey had joined them. By 11:00, the squadron was anchored in Choc Bay.[48][50] The troops were landed by 17:00 and half an hour later the town of Castries was in British hands.[51] In the island's main fortress, Morne-Fortunée, the French troops refused to surrender; the British stormed it at 04:00 on 22 June, and by 04:30 St Lucia was in British hands. Following this easy victory, the British sent a force to Tobago, which capitulated on 1July.[51]
Emerald was between St Lucia and Martinique on 24 June, when she captured the 16-gun French privateer Enfant Prodigue after a 72-hour chase. The French vessel was under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau Victor Lefbru and was carrying dispatches for Martinique.[48] The Royal Navy took Enfant Prodigue into service as HMS St Lucia.[52]
While in the company of the 22-gun brig HMSHeureux, Emerald intercepted and captured a Dutch merchant vessel travelling between Surinam and Amsterdam on 10 August.[53] On 5September, she captured two French schooners,[54] and later that month took part in attacks on Berbice, Essequibo and Demarara.[55]
In November 1803, Emerald ran aground again, this time off the north-east corner of English Harbour. Nearly 300 slaves from the local plantations and the 64th Regiment of Foot, were sent on board to supplement the crew at the pumps.[56] After 6 days of continual pumping, the ship was able to get off and return to harbour, where she remained for several months while the necessary repairs were carried out.[57]
Fort Diamond
Emerald's first lieutenant, Thomas Forest, commanded the 6-gun cutterFort Diamond on 13 March 1804 when, with 30 of Emerald's crew aboard, she captured a French privateer off Saint-Pierre, Martinique.[58] Contrary winds prevented the privateer, Mosambique, from entering St Pierre and she had sought shelter beneath the batteries at Seron.[59] Because Emerald was too far downwind, Captain O'Bryen used boats and crew from Emerald to create a diversion and draw fire from the battery while Fort Diamond approached from the opposite direction, rounded Pearl Rock (some two miles off the coast), and bore down on Mosambique.[58][59] Forest put the cutter alongside, with such force that a chain securing the privateer to the shore snapped. The 60-man French crew abandoned their vessel and swam ashore.[59] The Royal Navy took Mosambique into service.[60]
Capture of Surinam
1773 map of the Dutch colony of Surinam showing the respective positions of the Surinam and Commewine rivers, Warapee Creek, Braam's point, and the forts Leyden and New Amsterdam
In the spring of 1804, Emerald and her crew took part in an invasion of Surinam. The invasion force consisted of Hood's flagship Centaur, Emerald, the 44-gun heavy frigates Pandour and Serapis, the 28-gun sixth-rateAlligator, the 12-gun schoonerUnique, the 12-gun corvette Hippomenes, and the 8-gun Drake, together with 2,000 troops under Brigadier-General Sir Charles Green. The force arrived from Barbados on 25 April after a twenty-two-day journey.[61][62] The sloop Hippomenes, a transport and a further three armed vessels, landed Brigadier-General Frederick Maitland and 700 troops at Warapee Creek on the night of 30 April. The following night, O'Bryen was ordered to assist Brigadier-General Hughes in the taking of Braam's Point. A sandbar initially prevented Emerald from entering the Surinam River but O'Bryen forced her across on the rising tide, with Pandour and Drake following. Anchoring close by, the three British ships quickly put the Dutch battery of 18-pounders out of action and captured the fort without loss of life.[61][63]
Emerald, Pandour, and Drake then pushed up the river, sometimes in less water than the frigates required to float properly, until on 5May they arrived close to the forts Leyden and Frederici. The British landed a detachment of troops under Hughes some distance away, which marching under the cover of the forests and swamps, launched an attack that resulted in the swift capture of the two forts.[64] By this time, most of the squadron had managed to work its way up the river as far as Frederici, Maitland was advancing along the Commewine River, and with troops poised to attack the fort of New Amsterdam, the Batavian commandant, Lieutenant-Colonel Batenburg, duly surrendered.[65]
Emerald captured the vessel Augusta, which was under American colours, on 22 August and sent her into Antigua with the cargo of wine that she had been carrying from Leghorn to Guadeloupe.[66]Emerald left Tortola on 26 October as escort to a convoy of 50 vessels[67][68] but a few days later on 29 October, she ran into trouble in a storm. At 06:00 the top section of the rudder snapped off and at 09:15 Emerald sent a signal of distress to the convoy when further damage forced the crew to cut the rudder away in its entirety.[69] The signal was ignored but Emerald's carpenters were able to construct a replacement, row it into position and fit it.[47] They reached the stopping off point, Madeira, in December and while moored in Funchal Bay, a merchant ship collided with Emerald, taking out the quarter gallery on the left-hand side and carrying away the cutter. A few days later, a similar accident resulted in the loss of her starboard quarter gallery.[47] In order to finish the required repairs, O'Bryen had to put in to the Tagus and did not arrive home until 16 March 1805, when the ship paid off.[57]
Service on the Home Station
Between February and June 1806, Emerald underwent a refurbishment at Deptford dockyard and was recommissioned under Captain John Armour on 6 June with Frederick Lewis Maitland assuming command on 28 November.[1][70]Emerald spent much of her time under Maitland cruising in the Western Approaches and in the Bay of Biscay, off the Atlantic coast of France, where she preyed on enemy shipping.[71] In January 1807, she was in the company of the 74-gun Renown and the 36-gun Santa Margarita, when two French vessels were seen off the Ile de Groix. One, a lugger, was driven on to the shore and the other, a ketch, captured.[72] In April, Emerald's crew boarded a ship off Cape Finisterre. Formally the American vessel, Zulema, she had been captured by a French privateer ten days earlier while sailing from Philadelphia to Liverpool. She was sent into Plymouth, arriving under her master, Mr Howard, on 4 May.[73][74]
While in the Basque Roads in April, Emerald captured the 14-gun privateer Austerlitz, a brig from Nantes under the command of Captain Gatien Lafont.[75]Emerald, while escorting a Spanish polacca that she had taken, spotted and captured the privateer on 14 April after a ten-hour chase.[1][76]Austerlitz had been out of port two days but had made no captures; the polacca was the Spanish ship Prince of Asturias, which had sailed from La Guayra with a cargo of cocoa, bark and indigo. Emerald sent both prizes into Plymouth, where they arrived on 22 April. Emerald herself set off in pursuit of another vessel from La Guayra.[77][lower-alpha 12]
During December, Plymouth received more of Emerald's captures. At the beginning of the month, Young Elias was detained. Her master, Monsieur Delance, had been sailing from Philadelphia to Bordeaux.[79] On 26 December, Mr Seaton's vessel, Friendship was caught returning from France.[80]
Apropos
Emerald's boats participated in a cutting-out expedition in Viveiro harbour on 13 March 1808. While cruising inshore at around 17:00, Emerald spotted a large French schooner, Apropos,[lower-alpha 13] of 250 tons (bm), anchored in the bay. Apropos was armed with twelve 8-pounder guns, though pierced for 16, and had a crew of more than 70 men under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau Lagary.[81]
The crews of the schooner and of the two batteries guarding the harbour had seen Emerald but Maitland still made plans to attack Apropos.[1][82] He soon discovered it was not possible to place Emerald so as to engage both enemy batteries simultaneously, and instead sent landing parties to silence the guns, which had been firing on his ship since 17:30.[82] The first landing party, led by Lieutenant Bertram and accompanied by two marine lieutenants and two master mates, stormed the outer fort. Maitland then positioned Emerald close to the second battery while a boat under the command of his third lieutenant, Smith, landed about a mile along the shore. This second landing party encountered Spanish soldiers, but drove them off and pursued them inland. By the time Smith's party returned to the beach, Emerald had already silenced the battery. In the darkness, Smith subsequently failed to locate the fort.[82]
The crew of Apropos had run her ashore soon after Emerald had entered the harbour. The harbour batteries having been destroyed, Captain Maitland sent a further force under Midshipman Baird to secure and refloat the French ship. The original landing party under Lieutenant Bertram, which had already encountered and dispersed 60 members of the schooner's crew, met Baird's party on the beach. The British made several unsuccessful attempts to re-float the schooner before being forced to set her afire and depart.[82] British casualties were heavy. Emerald had nine men killed, and 16 wounded, including Lieutenant Bertram. Maitland estimated that French casualties too had been heavy.[81] In 1847 the Admiralty issued the clasp "Emerald 13 March 1808" to the Naval General Service Medal to the ten surviving claimants from the action.[83]
Between May and August 1808, Emerald was employed as a supply ship, running provisions from Plymouth to the fleet blockading the French coast.[84] A French schooner Amadea arrived in Plymouth on 15 December 1808 having previously been captured and sent in by Emerald.[85]
Back in the Basque Roads
British chart of the Basque Roads, 1757
Back in the Basque Roads on 23 February 1809, Emerald was this time part of a squadron under Robert Stopford. Stopford's flagship, the 80-gun Caesar, was also accompanied by the seventy-fours Defiance and Donegal, and the 36-gun frigates Amethyst and Naiad.[86] At 20:00, Stopford's squadron was anchored off the Chassiron Lighthouse, to the north-west of Ile d'Oléron, when the sighting of several rockets prompted him to investigate. About an hour later, sails were seen to the east which the British followed until daylight the following morning. The sails belonged to a French squadron that Stopford deduced to be out of Brest and which heaved to in the Pertuis d'Antioche.[86]
The French force comprised eight ships of the line and two frigates, and Stopford immediately sent Naiad to apprise Admiral James Gambier of the situation. Naiad had not gone too far however when she signalled that there were three other vessels to the north-west. Stopford ordered Amethyst and Emerald to remain while he and the rest of the squadron set off in pursuit. The British frigate Amelia and the sloop Doterel also joined the chase.[86]Caesar, Donegal, Defiance, and Amelia eventually drove the three French frigates ashore and destroyed them.[86][87]
Emerald and Amethyst had more success in the spring of 1809 when on 23 March they captured the brigs Caroline and Serpent. In April, Emerald assisted Amethyst in the chase of a large 44-gun frigate off Ushant.[88][89]Emerald sighted Niemen, with a main battery of 18-pounders and under the command of Captain Dupoter, at 11:00 on 5April and immediately signalled Amethyst for assistance. Amethyst caught a glimpse of the French forty-four just as she turned away to the south-east and gave chase but by 19:20 had lost sight of both Niemen and Emerald. Amethyst fell in with Niemen again at around 21:30 and engaged her. Niemen was forced to strike when a second British frigate, Arethusa came into view and fired a broadside.[89] The Royal Navy took Niemen into service under her existing name.[90]
On 26 March, Enfant de Patria arrived at Plymouth. Patria, of 500 tons (bm), 10 guns, and 60 men, had sailed from France for Île de France when Emerald and Amethyst captured her.[91][lower-alpha 14] Two days later Emerald captured a second letter of marque, the 4-gun Aventurier, bound for the relief of Guadeloupe. She had a crew of 30 men.[81]
Map illustrating the position of the anchored French fleet shortly before the British attack on the night of 11 April
Emerald was part of the fleet under Admiral Lord Gambier that fought the Battle of the Basque Roads in April 1809.[92] The French ships were anchored under the protection of the powerful batteries on the Isle d'Aix[93] when on 11 April Lord Cochrane attacked them with fireships and explosive vessels.[94]Emerald provided a diversion to the east of the island with the brigs Beagle, Doterel, Conflict, and Growler.[94] The fireships met with only partial success; the French, having anticipated such an attack, had rigged a boom across the channel.[95] One of the explosive vessels breached the boom, leading the French to cut their cables and drift on to the shoals.[96]
The following day, after much delay, Gambier ordered a battle squadron to reinforce Cochrane in the Basque Roads. The British ships anchored, with springs, in a crescent around some of the stranded French ships, and exchanged fire.[lower-alpha 15]Emerald took up position ahead of Indefatigable and behind Aigle and Unicorn, and directed her fire mainly towards the French ships of the line, Varsovie and Aquilon, both of which struck at around 17:30.[98]
At 20:00, Emerald, along with the other British frigates and brigs, weighed and anchored with the 74-gun HMSRevenge in the Maumusson passage to the south of Oléron while a second fireship attack was under preparation.[99] Although the fireships were ready in the early hours on the 13th, contrary winds prevented their deployment. The British instead set Varsovie and Aquilon alight just after 03:00, on the orders of Captain John Bligh, after removing their crews.[100]Emerald, and the other vessels moored with her, were recalled at 05:00 but owing to the lack of water, only the brigs were able to pass further up the river.[101]Emerald therefore took no further part in the attack, which continued until 29 April when the last French ship was able to free herself from the mud and escape up the river to Rochefort.[102]
Later service
Gambier received much disapproval for his inaction at Basque Roads and on 26 July 1809 was court-martialled. Maitland, who had been one of his critics, was by then serving with Emerald on the Irish station and did not attend the hearing.[103] That same month, Emerald captured two French sloops.[104]Deux Freres, en route for Guadeloupe from Rochelle when captured, arrived in Plymouth on 26 July.[105] A week later, Emerald captured the French schooner Balance, which had been sailing to France from Guadeloupe.[106] Both captures carried letters of marque. The first, of four guns, was carrying a small reinforcement for Guadeloupe's garrison. The second, also of four guns, was carrying a cargo of coffee and other colonial produce.[81][lower-alpha 16]
While off the coast of Ireland on 8 October, Emerald rescued a British brig by capturing Incomparable, an 8-gun French privateer. The Frenchman was about to take the British vessel when Emerald intervened.[108]Incomparable had a crew of 63 men and was four days out of Saint-Malo, but had not yet captured any other vessel.[81][lower-alpha 17] Still in Irish waters on 6 November, Emerald took the 16-gun French brig Fanfaron, two days out of Brest and bound for Guadeloupe.[111] After an all-night chase, Emerald caught up. Capitaine de fregate Croquet Deschateurs of Fanfaron resisted, firing several broadsides and a final double-shotted broadside. Unable to escape, Deschateurs prepared to board but Emerald evaded the manoeuvre and fired a broadside that dismasted Fanfaron, leaving Deschateurs no option but to surrender his vessel. The subsequent French court-martial not only absolved Deschateurs of any liability for the loss but also commended him for his conduct.[112] Four days later Emerald arrived at Cork with Fanfaron and Luna. Fanfaron, with a crew of 113, had been carrying a cargo of flour, salt and other provisions, as well as iron, lead and nails, all for Guadeloupe.[113][lower-alpha 18]
At the beginning of February 1810, Emerald captured and sent into Plymouth, Commerce, Hanson, master, which had been sailing from Drontheim to Bordeaux.[115] Then on 22 March, Emerald captured the 350-ton (bm) Belle Etoile in the Bay of Biscay. Caught after a twelve-hour chase during which she jettisoned much of her cargo; Belle Etoile, out of Bayonne, was pierced for 20 guns but only carried eight.[116] Carrying a cargo of wine, flour, oil, and other merchandise to Île de France,[81] she was sent into Cork with her 56-man crew.[117]Emerald captured an American ship, Wasp, in July 1810.[118]Wasp was carrying 91 passengers from New York to Bordeaux; they arrived at Plymouth on 30 July.[119]
Emerald was still serving on the Irish Station on 11 April 1811 when she sent into Cork a French privateer.[120] This was the 18-gun Auguste (or Augusta), which had been taken on 6 April.[118] Shortly after this however, Emerald put into Portsmouth for a two-month refit prior to escorting a convoy to the Cape of Good Hope. The newly-appointed governor of the colony, Lieutenant-General Sir John Craddock, his family and servants, joined Emerald for the journey.[121] Following a stop-over at Madeira, Emerald left on 5July, reportedly in the company of five East Indiamen[lower-alpha 19] and was spotted by a transport ship on 18 July, escorting thirteen vessels off the coast of West Africa.[122][123][lower-alpha 20]
Fate
The journey to the Cape Colony, proved to be Emerald's last duty of note; she returned home in November 1811, and after transporting the captain's wine to the custom house in Portsmouth, was laid up in ordinary.[1][121] She was fitted out as a receiving ship in 1822 but was eventually broken up in January 1836.[1]
↑ The original Amazon-class frigates were 32-gun, 12-pounder, frigates of 677 tons (bm), designed by Sir John Williams and built between 1771 and 1782.[2] In need of a larger frigate, in 1794, the Admiralty asked Sir William Rule to design a 36-gun, 18-pounder, Amazon-class frigate. Originally a series of four, by the time the first one had been launched in 1795, Rule had already drawn up plans for Naiad, an expanded version which was larger at 1,013 tons (bm), had a complement of 284 men and carried 38 guns.[1] A third design was unveiled in 1796, also with 38 guns but larger still at 1,038 tons (bm) and with a crew of 300 men. Two were ordered, one in April 1796 and a second in February 1797.[3]
↑ The gun-rating of a vessel was the number of long guns it was designed to carry and did not always match its actual armament. Before 1817, carronades were not counted at all unless they were direct replacements for long guns.[4][5] Carronades were lighter so could be manoeuvred with fewer men, and had a faster rate of fire but had a much shorter range than the long gun.[6]
↑ The second pair of Amazons were named Trent and Glenmore and were launched in 1796 on 24 February and 24 March, respectively.[1]
↑ This decision upset the boatswain, Patrick Toben, so much that he suggested the crew should mutiny. He was reported for his remarks and later court-martialled. Found guilty, he was hanged from Emerald's yardarm on 19 August.[7]
↑ Berkeley's reluctance to attack infuriated some of his fellow officers who asked for a court-martial. Minerve's captain, George Cockburn, however came down on Berkeley's side, opining to Jervis that, under a jury rig, Santisima Trinidad was still capable of making a defence.[10] The 32-gun HMSTerpsichore, while cruising alone, later located Santisima Trinidad and engaged her but the out-gunned British frigate had to abandon her attack.[9]
↑ In addition to Emerald and Vanguard, the squadron comprised Terpsichore, Bonne-Citoyenne and the 74-gun Orion. It left Gibraltar on 9 May 1798.[24]
↑ Anemone was the tartaneCincinnatus, which the French Navy had commissioned in June 1794 as an aviso, and renamed in May 1795. Her armament consisted of two 6-pounder and two 4-pounder guns, and four swivel guns.[29] She had left Toulon on 27 July and Malta on 26 August.[30]
↑ The Arabs captured some 17 to 20 survivors (accounts differ), and offered them to General Kleber, who ransomed them.[32]
↑ Adjutant General Jean-Baptiste Camin (1760–1798), came from Calais. After his death, the French erected a small fort on the outskirts of Cairo and named it in his honour.[34]
↑ Also on board was Lavington's aide-de-camp and six servants, along with the Speaker for the Assembly of Antigua, the Treasurer and the Chief Justice.[47]
↑ Chichester was a large two-decker that had been converted for use as a troopship. She was lightly-armed with twenty-two 12-pound guns.[49]
↑ Prince of Asturias was sold as a prize with the buyer being "McCarthy". Subsequently, Lloyd's Register for 1806 gave her burthen as 239 tons, her master's name as R. Harvey, and her home port as London.[78]
↑ Marshall described Enfant de Patria as a letter of marque of 640 tons (bm), armed with eight guns, and carrying a crew of 60 men.[81]
↑ A spring was a second rope attached to the anchor cable so that by pulling on it, the ship could be slewed round contrary to wind and tide, which would otherwise determine the angle of the vessel.[97]
↑ Deux freres, a ketch of about 100 tons (bm), and Balance, a schooner of about 50 tons (bm), and their cargoes, were auctioned at Plymouth on 30 September 1809.[107]
↑ The report in Lloyd's List described Incomparable as being armed with 14 guns.[109] French records show that she was commissioned in November 1807. She served under René Rosse until March 1808, Jean-Baptiste Dupuis from December, and from May 1809 made two cruises under Charles Tribalau.[110] A third account gave her armament as eight 6-pounder guns and her crew as numbering 60 men.[81]
↑ The report in Lloyd's List describes Fanfaron as being armed with 18 guns and having a crew of 135 men. Luna, of and from New York, Southwark, master, had been carrying cotton and rice for San Sebastián when Emerald detained her.[114]
HMS Galatea was a fifth-rate 32-gun sailing frigate of the British Royal Navy that George Parsons built at Bursledon and launched in 1794. Before she was broken up in 1809 she captured numerous prizes and participated in a number of actions, first in the Channel and off Ireland (1794–1803), and then in the Caribbean (1802–1809), including one that earned her crew the Naval General Service Medal.
HMS Polyphemus, a 64-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 27 April 1782 at Sheerness. She participated in the 1801 Battle of Copenhagen, the Battle of Trafalgar, and the Siege of Santo Domingo. In 1813 she became a powder hulk and was broken up in 1827.
HMS Naiad was a Royal Navy fifth-rate frigate that served in the Napoleonic Wars. She was built by Hall and Co. at Limehouse on the Thames, launched in 1797, and commissioned in 1798. She served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and her last actions occurred in 1824–5. She was paid off in 1826. She then served for many years in Latin America as a coal depot, first for the Royal Navy and then for the Pacific Steam Navigation Company. She was broken up in 1898, 101 years after her launching.
HMS Sirius was a 36-gun fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. Between 1797 and 1805, the Sirius was engaged in maintaining the blockade of Napoleonic Europe. She was lost in 1810 when her crew scuttled her after she grounded during the Battle of Grand Port.
HMS Boadicea was a frigate of the Royal Navy. She served in the Channel and in the East Indies during which service she captured many prizes. She participated in one action for which the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal. She was broken up in 1858.
HMS Goliath was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line in the Royal Navy. She was built by Adam Hayes at Deptford Dockyard and launched on 19 October 1781. She was present at the Battle of Cape St Vincent, Battle of the Nile, and Battle of Copenhagen. She was broken up in 1815.
HMS Phoenix was a 36-gun Perseverance-class fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. The shipbuilder George Parsons built her at Bursledon and launched her on 15 July 1783. She served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and was instrumental in the events leading up to the battle of Trafalgar. Phoenix was involved in several single-ship actions, the most notable occurring on 10 August 1805 when she captured the French frigate Didon, which was more heavily armed than her. She was wrecked, without loss of life, off Smyrna in 1816.
Bonne Citoyenne was a 20-gun corvette of the French Navy launched in 1794, the name ship of a four-vessel class. She was part of the French fleet active in the Bay of Biscay and English Channel. The Royal Navy captured her in 1796, commissioning her as the sloop-of-war HMS Bonne Citoyenne.
HMS Terpsichore was a 32-gun Amazon-class fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. She was built during the last years of the American War of Independence, but did not see action until the French Revolutionary Wars. She served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, in a career that spanned forty-five years.
The hired armed cutter Black Joke was a cutter that served the Royal Navy from 12 January 1795 to 19 October 1801. In 1799 she was renamed Suworow, and under that name she captured numerous prizes before she was paid off after the Treaty of Amiens.
L'Espoir was a French brig-sloop that served for 9½ years in the French Navy before HMS Thalia captured her in September 1797. In her subsequent short career in British service as HMS Espoir she captured three prizes, with the capture in 1798 of the more heavily armed Genoese pirate Liguria earning her crew a clasp to the Naval General Service Medal. Espoir was laid up in 1799 and sold in 1804.
The action of 7 April 1800 was a minor naval engagement fought between a British squadron blockading the Spanish naval base of Cádiz and a convoy of 13 Spanish merchant vessels escorted by three frigates, bound for the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The blockade squadron consisted of the ships of the line HMS Leviathan and HMS Swiftsure and the frigate HMS Emerald, commanded by Rear-Admiral John Thomas Duckworth on Leviathan. The Spanish convoy sailed from Cádiz on 3 April 1800 and encountered Duckworth's squadron two days later. The Spanish attempted to escape; Emerald succeeded in capturing one ship early on 6 April. The British captured a brig the following morning and the British squadron divided in pursuit of the remainder.
His Majesty's hired armed cutter Penelope served the Royal Navy from 29 January 1794 until the Spanish navy captured her off Gibraltar on 7 July 1799. The Spaniard then employed her as a guarda costa.
The hired armed brig Colpoys was a former French vessel, launched in 1803, that was acquired by a Plymouth owner in the same year. After some months as a privateer schooner in the West Indies, she was chartered to the Royal Navy as a hired armed vessel from April 1804 until 1807. Colpoys was apparently converted to a brig in early 1805. She participated in the blockade of Brest and captured numerous small vessels. Colpoys's contract ended in 1807, and her fate is unknown.
HMS Milbrook was one of six vessels built to an experimental design by Sir Samuel Bentham. After the Royal Navy took her into service in her decade-long career she took part in one notable single-ship action and captured several privateers and other vessels, all off the coast of Spain and Portugal. She was wrecked off the coast of Portugal in 1808.
HMS Acheron was the mercantile New Grove, launched at Whitby in 1799, that the Admiralty purchased in 1803 and fitted as a bomb-vessel. She served in the Mediterranean for about a year. On 3 February 1805 she and Arrow were escorting a convoy from Malta to England when they encountered two French frigates. Arrow and Acheron were able to save the majority of the vessels of the convoy by their resistance before they were compelled to strike. Arrow sank almost immediately after surrendering, and Acheron was so badly damaged that the French burnt her. However, the British vessels' self- sacrifice enabled almost all the vessels of the convoy to escape.
HMS Doterel, was an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop of the British Royal Navy. Launched on 6 October 1808, she saw action in the Napoleonic Wars and in the War of 1812. In February 1809 she took part in the Battle of Les Sables-d'Olonne, then in April the Battle of Basque Roads. She was laid up in 1827 at Bermuda, but not broken up until 1855.
HMS Aigle was a 36-gun, fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. Ordered on 15 September 1799 and built at Bucklers Hard shipyard, she was launched 23 September 1801. More than fifty of her crew were involved in the Easton Massacre when she visited Portland in April 1803 to press recruits. Her captain and three other officers stood trial for murder but were acquitted. Much of Aigle's career as a frigate was spent trying to keep the English Channel free of enemy warships and merchant vessels. On 22 March 1808, she was first into the action against two large French frigates, compelling one to seek the shelter of the Île de Groix batteries and forcing the other onto the shore.
Velters Cornewall Berkeley (1754–1804) was an officer in the Royal Navy. He served in both the American and French Revolutionary Wars but never rose above the rank of Captain. He died at his home in Oxford in 1804, aged 50.
HMS Melpomene was a 38-gun frigate of the Royal Navy. Originally a French vessel, she was captured at Calvi on 10 August 1794 and first saw British service in the English Channel, where she helped to contain enemy privateering. In October 1798, she chased a French frigate squadron sent to find the French fleet under Jean-Baptiste-François Bompart, that was routed at the Battle of Tory Island and in August 1799, she joined Andrew Mitchell's squadron for the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland.
References
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Clowes, William Laird (1997) [1900]. The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN1-86176-014-0.
Demerliac, Alain (2003). La Marine du Consulat et du Premier Empire: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1800 A 1815 (in French). Éditions Ancre. ISBN2-903179-30-1.
Dull, Jonathan R. (2009). The Age of the Ship of the Line. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN978-1-84832-549-4.
Fonds Marine. Campagnes (opérations; divisions et stations navales; missions diverses). Inventaire de la sous-série Marine BB4. Tome premier: BB4 1 à 209 (1790–1804)
Heathcote, Tony (2005). Nelson's Trafalgar Captains and Their Battles. Leo Cooper Ltd. ISBN978-1-84415-182-0.
Henderson, James (2011). Frigates, Sloops and Brigs. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN978-1-84884-526-8.
Ralfe, James (1828). Volume 3 of The Naval Biography of Great Britain: Consisting of Historical Memoirs of Those Officers of the British Navy who Distinguished Themselves During the Reign of His Majesty George III. London: Whitmore & Fenn. OCLC561188819.
Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. London: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN978-1-86176-246-7.
Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen S. (2015). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786–1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN978-1-84832-204-2.
Woodman, Richard (2014) [2001]. The Sea Warriors – Fighting Captains and Frigate Warfare in the Age of Nelson. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN978-1-84832-202-8.
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