Havertown, Pennsylvania

Last updated

Havertown
Unincorporated community
1683 Haverford Friends.jpg
Old Haverford Friends Meetinghouse
USA Pennsylvania location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Havertown
Location of Havertown in Pennsylvania
Usa edcp location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Havertown
Havertown (the United States)
Coordinates: 39°58′51″N75°18′31″W / 39.98083°N 75.30861°W / 39.98083; -75.30861
CountryUnited States
StatePennsylvania
County Delaware
Township Haverford
Founded1681
Elevation
276 ft (84 m)
Time zone UTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST) UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Code
19083
Area codes 610 and 484
Haverford Township 1681 1681 32 settlements.png
Haverford Township 1681

Havertown is a residential suburban unincorporated community in Haverford Township, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located approximately 9 miles west of the center of Philadelphia. Havertown's ZIP Code is 19083 and "Havertown" is a postal address. The name "Havertown" was coined by the U.S. Post Office and came into use on January 1, 1946. [1] Before then, each constituent community was known by its local name: Bon Air, Brookline, Penfield, Beechwood, Llanerch, Manoa, Oakmont, Coopertown, and Ardmore. Under William Penn's land divisions these communities were part of the Welsh Tract. [2]

Contents

History

Haverford Township was founded by Welsh Quakers in 1681 on land purchased from William Penn. The settlers named their new home after Haverfordwest (Hwlffordd) in Wales. The township is home to many historic sites. The Grange Estate entertained the Revolutionary War figures George Washington and General Lafayette. Nitre Hall, along Karakung (Cobb's) Creek, supplied the United States with over 800,000 pounds of gunpowder during the War of 1812. Leedom Hall [3] was the probable home of William Howell, the founder of Haverford Mills, which date from 1688. [4] Other Havertown sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places include the Federal School and Lawrence Cabin. Coopertown appears as early as 1848 as the first community, and the earliest post office is found at the Spread Eagle Tavern at the junction of the present Eagle and Manoa Roads. [5] The Haverford Township Historical Society maintains a survey of historic resources notable to the township.

Haverford Township c. 1902 Havertown 1902.jpg
Haverford Township c. 1902

Historic roads

The Haverford Road is one of the earliest roads laid out by civil ordinance. Dates for its layout and completion vary from 1687 to 1703. Darby Road, known earlier as Coopertown Road, dates from 1687. Records show its extension to Radnor, the "principal market for corn," ordered in 1696. [6] Mill Road, at one time called Dickinson Mill Road, may be one of the earliest roads of popular use. Its zig-zag pattern illustrates the indirect path required by horse and cart going up or down hill. Eagle Road, which takes its present name from the Spread Eagle Tavern, c.1814, led Quaker settlers to the Haverford Meeting House.

The railroads and planned communities

Brookline Manor c. 1925 Brookline.png
Brookline Manor c. 1925

Prior to the First World War Haverford was a township of extensive farms. Property maps in 1862 indicate that the landowners were descendants of the same families that arrived with William Penn: among them, the Lawrences, the Ellises, the Humphreys and the Lewises. In 1895 the Philadelphia and West Chester Traction Company began service between 69th Street and West Chester with a major junction at Llanerch. By 1902 the maps indicated a significant change in land ownership. Most of the old family names no longer appeared. In that same year on May 29, the trolley line opened the branch from Llanerch to Ardmore. Llanerch first appeared as a small community with numbered streets. Darby Road was called Coopertown Road. A commercial rail line, now removed, served Boyle Fuel, Lobb Lumber and the Swell Bubble Gum factory up until the 1960s (see map).

Llanerch

Llanerch, situated at the intersection of West Chester Pike and Darby Road, was the first planned community of Haverford Township. [7] Like many other suburban communities, Llanerch was the child of the railroad companies. The railroad built houses for commuters who bought tickets for the rail lines. In 1897 the community was composed of twelve houses and Saint Andrew's Church. These were all designed by Philadelphia architect Frank Allison Hayes (1866–1930). [8] Llanerch's first school followed in 1905. The present school structure, no longer functioning as a school and converted to an apartment complex, dates from 1913. [9]

Brookline

The Boulevard Theater grand opening, 1928 Boulevard Theater 1928.jpg
The Boulevard Theater grand opening, 1928

Brookline, while not the first planned community, was the most fully executed. The Mueller Atlas of Delaware County, 1909, shows the initial layout for Brookline. [10] At that time Darby Road between Eagle Road and Llanerch was called Haverford Road.

Some construction began around that year, but it was not until after the First World War that the Manor Real Estate Company, a subsidiary of the railroads, set out a plan for a housing development that offered every service, amenity and community need: "Brookline Manor" (see map). As in the 1909 plan, there is an arrangement of regular streets divided by a broad boulevard. The boulevard intersected at a "T" juncture with the major township thoroughfare, Darby Road. The Boulevard would be home to commercial, religious and educational services. At the upper end of the Boulevard, mercantile stores provided shoe makers, tap rooms, florists, bakery, barbers, a five and ten store, the Quaker Store, the A&P grocery store and the Boulevard movie theater. [11] Along the length of the Boulevard the community found their religious houses of worship: the Methodist Church, Saint Faith Episcopal Church, Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and Temple Lutheran. On Earlington Road, to the side of the Boulevard's far end, the Brookline School (1913) met educational needs. [12]

Brookline Country Club and Airport Brookline Country Club.jpg
Brookline Country Club and Airport

Just west of the intersection of the Boulevard with Darby Road was the Brookline Fire Company (1916). Just beyond on Darby Road were the Brookline Library (1938) and the Haverford High School (1923). In the early days the Brookline County Club and the Brookline airport were situated just behind Haverford High School. Back at the intersection of Brookline Boulevard and Darby Road, at the corner of Manoa Road were the police station on the west side and Shearer's greenhouse and nursery on the east side.

The railroad company attended to their needs to sell tickets as well as to that of Brookline Manor for transportation. The Red Arrow Trolley line #103 ran from Ardmore down Darby Road, then on to West Chester Pike to 69th and Market Streets, thus offering commuters quick access to the city. The tracks which divided Darby Road were lined with fences of early blooming red roses. A bus line ran from Ardmore to 69th and Market by way of Brookline Boulevard and Earlington Road. The junction of the two lines was at the intersection of Darby Road and Brookline Boulevard. At the far end of Brookline Boulevard commuters found the services of the P&W, The Philadelphia and Western high-speed line, an electric train system that even today is one of the most rapid. With trolley lines at one end, the P&W at the other, and a bus that ran between the two, transportation to Philadelphia could not have been more convenient. The electric trolley lines were dismantled in 1966 in favor of gasoline operated buses.

The Irish in Havertown

The arrival of the Irish in Haverford Township occurred in three phases: the 19th-century mill era, the early 20th-century railroad communities, and the post-World War II suburban housing tracts.

Born in Ireland in 1779, Dennis Kelly arrived in Philadelphia in 1806. After several years of manual labor he became the prosperous owner of the complex of mills along Karakung Creek. He and his mills attracted the first Irish Catholics to the otherwise Protestant community. 1860 census records attest to the Irish presence and their occupations in the mills. In 1822, mindful of duty to community and faith, Kelly bought and donated land opposite the Friends' Meeting House on the hilltop above the mills for the construction of the first Catholic church.

The second and more significant arrival of the Irish came with the planned community of Brookline, c.1925, and portions of Manoa and Oakmont. In 1927 the Church of the Annunciation and the Church of the Sacred Heart together with their schools assured Catholics seeking life in the suburbs of a religious home.

The third and largest phase of the Irish move came with the large brick house tract developments of Beechwood, Chatham Park and Manoa.

Today, according to the 2000 US Census, Haverford Twp. ranks in the top 60 of census-recognized municipalities nationwide in percentage of population with Irish ancestry. [13]

Around Town

Eagle Road, Haverford Road, Manoa Road, and West Chester Pike are the main streets. As you drive a long the fairly democratic area, you will see local staples, pars, and the pack-fille Fiji Nails and Spa. The Haverford Area YMCA is on Eagle Road and a very busy YMCA. [14]

Arts and culture

Haverford Music Festival

Ardmore Trolley Line, 1966 Ardmore route tram, December 1966.jpg
Ardmore Trolley Line, 1966

The concept for the Haverford Music Festival was introduced by the Haverford Township Civic Council (HTCC), [15] a private, non-profit organization that funds historic, environmental, business, and community initiatives in Haverford Township. Inspired by the Philadelphia Folk Festival, Bethlehem Musikfest and other music festivals in the area, [16] the all-day, family-oriented Haverford Music Festival has taken place annually in the Oakmont Business District of Havertown since 2011. In 2012, the festival attracted more than 15,000 people, who enjoyed over 30 bands on three stages. HTCC benefits from festival proceeds and uses to fund community-based programs within Haverford Township. Proceeds from the 2011 Music Festival were given to the Haverford Partnership for Economic Development for Oakmont Business District Beautification. [17]

Parks and recreation

Havertown is home to over 30 outdoor parks and playing fields. The town also provides other recreation facilities, including the Haverford Township Free Library, and the Haverford Township Skatium, a multi-use ice rink for Havertown residents. [18]

Parks in Havertown include Llanerch Park, Karakung Field/Drive, Chatham Glen, the Grange Field, and Haverford Reserve/Freedom Playground.[ citation needed ]

Education

Haverford High School HHS Aud.JPG
Haverford High School

Havertown is served by the School District of Haverford Township, which has one high school, one middle school, and five elementary schools. A newly refurbished elementary school, Chestnutwold Elementary, re-opened its doors in early September 2008. It replaced Oakmont Elementary, which became home to the district offices. In 2009, Manoa Elementary School moved from Manoa Road to the intersection of Manoa and Eagle Roads, taking part of the field that had been there for many years. In 2021, Lynnewood Elementary opened its doors to the newly refurbished school. The Haverford High School sports teams are called the "Fords," and they have a Model T Ford as mascot.

Cardinal John Foley Regional School is the area's Catholic school. It formed in 2012 from a merger of Annunciation B.V.M. and St. Denis Catholic schools. [19]

Infrastructure

Havertown post office Havertown post office.jpg
Havertown post office

Police and fire

The town is protected by the Haverford Township Police Department and five volunteer fire companies that make up the Haverford Township Bureau of Fire.

Environmental remediation

Haverford Area YMCA, built on the remediated Havertown PCP Superfund site Havertown YMCA built on the Havertown PCP Superfund site. The groundwater treatment plant is seen across the street.jpg
Haverford Area YMCA, built on the remediated Havertown PCP Superfund site

The Havertown Superfund site was caused by the National Wood Preservers wood treatment facility, which was in operation from 1947 to 1991. Chemicals used to treat wood and waste products were dumped into a well on the property. These chemicals fed directly into Naylor's Run Creek and eventually into the Delaware River, for which the creek is a tributary. [20] The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ranked the site the eighth worst cleanup project in the United States [21] and initiated remediation efforts in 1976. The site was added to the National Priorities List in 1983 and designated as a Superfund cleanup site in early 1990s. The EPA transferred control of the site to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection in 2013. [22] Although approximately 26,000 people live within a mile of the site, there are no known users of the groundwater within a one-mile radius of the site. The nearby population is on the public water supply. [20]

The site was deemed to be "short-term protective of human health and the environment" in the sixth five-year report conducted by the EPA in 2020. A self storage facility and a YMCA facility were built over parts of the remediated site. Treatment of contaminated groundwater and monitoring of the site are ongoing. [23]

Notable people

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Delaware County, Pennsylvania</span> County in Pennsylvania, United States

Delaware County, colloquially referred to as Delco, is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. With a population of 576,830 as of the 2020 census, it is the fifth-most populous county in Pennsylvania and the third-smallest in area. The county was created on September 26, 1789, from part of Chester County and named for the Delaware River. The county is part of the Southeast Pennsylvania region of the state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haverford Township, Pennsylvania</span> Place in Pennsylvania

Haverford Township is a home rule municipality township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. Haverford is named after the town of Haverfordwest in Wales. It is a commuting suburb located due west of Philadelphia and is officially known as the Township of Haverford. Despite being under a home rule charter since 1977, it continues to operate under a Board of Commissioners divided into wards, as do "First Class" townships that are still under the Pennsylvania Township Code. Haverford Township was founded in 1682 and incorporated in 1911.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania</span> Home rule township in Pennsylvania, United States

Upper Darby Township, often shortened to Upper Darby, is a home rule township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the township had a total population of 85,681, making it the state's sixth-most populated municipality after Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Reading, and Erie. Upper Darby borders Philadelphia, the nation's sixth-most populous city, and constitutes part of the Delaware Valley, also known as the Philadelphia metropolitan area, the nation's seventh-largest metropolitan area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ardmore, Pennsylvania</span> Census-designated place in Pennsylvania, United States

Ardmore is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) spanning the border between Delaware and Montgomery counties in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The population was 12,455 at the time of the 2010 census and had risen to 13,566 in the 2020 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philadelphia Main Line</span> Collection of suburban communities in Pennsylvania, United States

The Philadelphia Main Line, known simply as the Main Line, is an informally delineated historical and social region of suburban Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Lying along the former Pennsylvania Railroad's once prestigious Main Line, it runs northwest from Center City Philadelphia parallel to Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, also known as U.S. Route 30.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haverford, Pennsylvania</span> Place in Pennsylvania, United States

Haverford is an unincorporated community located in both Haverford Township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States, and Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County, approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) opened Haverford Station in 1880 on their Main Line west out of Broad Street Station in Philadelphia. Haverford sits at milepost 9.17.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darby Creek (Pennsylvania)</span> Creek in Pennsylvania, USA

Darby Creek is a tributary of the Delaware River in Chester, Delaware and Philadelphia counties, in the U.S. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is approximately 26 miles (42 km) long. The watershed of the creek has an area of 77.2 square miles (200 km2). It has twelve named direct tributaries, including Cobbs Creek, Little Darby Creek, Ithan Creek, and Muckinipattis Creek. The creek has a low level of water quality for most of its length. The lower Darby Creek area was deemed a Superfund site by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) due to contamination with dangerous chemicals from two landfills.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Media–Sharon Hill Line</span> Light rail line in Delaware County, Pennsylvania

The Media–Sharon Hill Line (MSHL), currently rebranding as the D, is a light rail line in the SEPTA Metro network serving portions of Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The line compromises two services which terminate at 69th Street Transportation Center in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania: Route 101 to Media and Route 102 to Sharon Hill. Service is operated by the Suburban Transit Division of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA). Altogether, the two services operate on approximately 11.9 miles (19.2 km) of route. The line is one of the few remaining interurban systems in the United States, along with the South Shore Line in Illinois and Indiana, the River Line in New Jersey, and the Norristown High Speed Line, also in the Philadelphia area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cobbs Creek</span> River in Pennsylvania, United States

Cobbs Creek is an 11.8-mile-long (19.0 km) tributary of Darby Creek in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It forms an approximate border between Montgomery County and Delaware County. After Cobbs Creek passes underneath Township Line Road, it forms the border between Philadelphia County and Delaware County. It runs directly through the two sides of Mount Moriah Cemetery which spans the border of Southwest Philadelphia and Yeadon, Pennsylvania. It later joins Darby Creek before flowing into the Delaware River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pennsylvania Route 3</span> State highway in Chester, Delaware, and Philadelphia counties in Pennsylvania, US

Pennsylvania Route 3 is a 24.3-mile (39.1 km) state highway located in the southeastern portion of Pennsylvania. The route runs from U.S. Route 322 Business in West Chester east to PA 611 in Philadelphia.

Route 104 is a bus route operated by SEPTA between Upper Darby's 69th Street Transportation Center and the North Campus of West Chester University in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Route 104 initially was a streetcar line which operated parallel to the West Chester Pike and was operated by the Philadelphia Suburban Transportation Company. The former line spurred the development of streetcar suburbs in Upper Darby, Haverford Township, and communities in Chester County.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lawrence Cabin</span>

The Lawrence Cabin is a log cabin located on Cobbs Creek in Powder Mill Valley Park in Havertown, Pennsylvania, near Nitre Hall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naylors Run</span>

Naylors Run is a 4.6-mile-long (7.4 km) tributary of Cobbs Creek in Haverford and Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania, United States.

The School District of Haverford Township is a school district in Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was created in 1944.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haverford High School</span> High school in Havertown, Pennsylvania

Haverford Senior High School is the public high school of Haverford Township, Pennsylvania, United States, operated by the School District of Haverford Township. It is at 200 Mill Road in Havertown. The school serves the entirety of Haverford Township, including all of the unincorporated community of "Havertown", and the Haverford Township portions of the unincorporated communities of Haverford, Bryn Mawr, Ardmore, Drexel Hill, and Wynnewood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Havertown Superfund</span> Superfund site in Pennsylvania

Havertown Superfund is a 13-acre polluted groundwater site in Havertown, Pennsylvania contaminated by the dumping of industrial waste by National Wood Preservers from 1947 to 1991. The state first became aware of the pollution in 1962 and initiated legal action against the owners in 1973 to force them to cleanup the site. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ranked the site the eighth worst cleanup project in the United States. The site was added to the National Priorities List in 1983 and designated as a Superfund cleanup site in the early 1990s. Remediation and monitoring efforts are ongoing and the EPA transferred control of the site to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection in 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SEPTA Route 103</span> Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority bus route

Route 103 is a bus route operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) on the outskirts of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Route 103 runs between Ardmore and the 69th Street Transportation Center in Upper Darby.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Newtown Square Branch</span> Former railroad in Pennsylvania, United States

The Newtown Square Branch was a branch line of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) that diverged from the West Chester Branch in Yeadon, Pennsylvania, and ended in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">State Route 2005 (Delaware County, Pennsylvania)</span>

State Route 2005 is a major 9.3 mile (15 km) long road, running in a southeast–northwest direction in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at Pennsylvania Route 320 in Haverford Township, Pennsylvania. Its eastern terminus is at a Cobbs Creek bridge in Darby, Pennsylvania. Past this bridge is State Route 3023, which continues into Philadelphia. SR 2005 is known as Darby Road in Haverford Township, Lansdowne Avenue from U.S. Route 1 to Darby, and Main Street in Darby.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Llanerch, Pennsylvania</span> Unincorporated community in Delaware County, Pennsylvania

Llanerch is an unincorporated community in Haverford Township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. Llanerch is located at the intersection of U.S. Route 1, Pennsylvania Route 3, and Darby Road. The name Llanerch means "Open Space" in Welsh.

References

  1. ↑ ""Havertown New Postal Address"". The Philadelphia Inquirer. January 2, 1946. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  2. ↑ Browning, Charles Henry. Welsh Settlement of Pennsylvania. P, Charles Henry (1912). Welsh Settlement of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Campbell.
  3. ↑ "Haverford Her. Trail-Site 8". www.havtrail.com.
  4. ↑ Ashmead. History of Delaware County. p. 569.
  5. ↑ "01978 - Eagle Hotel- Manoa, PA". Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved September 23, 2018.
  6. ↑ Record of the courts of Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1681–1697. p. 399.
  7. ↑ "History of Llanerch". Andrea E. Smith. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  8. ↑ "Hays, Frank Allison (1866 - 1930) -- Philadelphia Architects and Buildings".
  9. ↑ Jablow, Paul. "A tale of two Haverford schools: One converted to apartments, the other headed for demolition". www.inquirer.com. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  10. ↑ LLC, Historic Map Works. "Plate 001 - Haverford and Upper Darby Townships Left, Atlas: Delaware County 1909 Vol 1, Pennsylvania Historical Map". www.historicmapworks.com. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  11. ↑ "Brookline Theatre in Havertown, PA - Cinema Treasures". cinematreasures.org. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  12. ↑ "Haverford Township Schools". Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  13. ↑ "Ancestry Search - Genealogy by City - ePodunk.com". www.epodunk.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  14. ↑ Haverford Area YMCA
  15. ↑ "Haverford Township Civic Council". www.haverfordciviccouncil.org. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  16. ↑ "iradiophilly – News – Haverford Music Festival Q and A with Tom Kelly, Chairman". iradiophilly. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  17. ↑ "Blog – Haverford Music Festival". haverfordmusicfestival.org. Archived from the original on September 12, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  18. ↑ "Skatium". Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  19. ↑ "2012 Catholic grade school consolidations/closings". Catholicphilly.com. July 15, 2012. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  20. 1 2 "HAVERTOWN PCP HAVERFORD, PA Cleanup Activities". www.cumulis.epa.gov. Archived from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  21. ↑ GAO Findings on Superfund Cleanup: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on National Economic Growth, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight - House of Representatives One Hundred Fifth Congress First Session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1997. p. 170. ISBN   0-16-055328-8 . Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  22. ↑ Puglionesi, Lois. "Transition of Havertown Superfund site reviewed in Haverford Township". www.mainlinemedianews.com. Retrieved December 27, 2020.[ permanent dead link ]
  23. ↑ Leonard, Paul. "SIXTH FIVE YEAR REVIEW REPORT FOR HAVERTOWN PCP SUPERFUND SITE DELAWARE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA" (PDF). www.semspub.epa.gov. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  24. ↑ DeLuca, Dan (December 7, 2014). "Alex G: One-man band a Philly indie success". The Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  25. ↑ "Republic of Ireland - S. Farrelly - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway". us.soccerway.com. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  26. ↑ "Sam Venuto". Pro-Football-Reference.Com. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.