Hedyotis

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Hedyotis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Rubiaceae
Subfamily: Rubioideae
Tribe: Spermacoceae
Genus: Hedyotis
L.
Type species
Hedyotis fruticosa
L.
Species

~ 115 species, see text

Hedyotis (starviolet) [1] is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Many species of this genus such as Hedyotis biflora, H. corymbosa and H. diffusa are well known medicinal plants. Hedyotis is native to tropical and subtropical Asia and to islands of the northwest Pacific. [2] It comprises about 115 species. [3] The type species for the genus is Hedyotis fruticosa . [4]

Contents

Hedyotis was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in Species Plantarum . [5] This generic name is derived from two Greek words, hedys, "sweet", and otos, "ear", in reference to the sweet-scented, ear-shaped leaves of some species. [6]

Taxonomy

Hedyotis was formerly defined very broadly by some authors, and included species now placed in Oldenlandia , Oldenlandiopsis , Houstonia , Kadua , and other genera. It is now circumscribed more narrowly, as a monophyletic group that is closely related to Agathisanthemum . [7]

The genus Pleiocraterium was erected by Bremekamp with Hedyotis verticillaris moved to it as P. verticillare along with the species P. plantaginifolium from Sri Lanka, P. sumatranum and P. gentianifolium, both of Sumatra. Molecular phylogenetic studies however have found this genus to nest within other representatives of the genus Hedyotis with little support for a separate genus. [8]

Species

As of March 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species: [9]

Research

In traditional medicine, over 20 Hedyotis species have been used for treatment of diseases and in healing practices. The most popular among these are Hedyotis diffusa and Hedyotis corymbosa which are active principles in several Chinese remedies such as bai hua she she cao, peh hue juwa chi cao and feibao syrup. They are taken for treatment of cancers, infections and other diseases. Phytochemical investigation of Hedyotis species was first published in 1933 upon examining the active components of the medicinal plant H. auricularia. [10] Since then, over 50 novel compounds have been isolated from various member of the genus Hedyotis. These compounds have highly divergent structures including alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, iridoids, triterpenoids, sterols, lignans and a number of other compounds. [10]

Recently, two novel biological active peptides, hedyotide B1 and B2 (hedyotide = hedyotis + peptide), have been isolated from the ariel parts of the medicinal plant Hedyotis biflora. [11] H. biflora is a small annual herb traditionally used to treat body pain in fever and malaria. Both hedyotide B1 and B2 belong to the cyclotide superfamily which was known to be an important part of plant innate defense. Hedyotide B1 has a cyclic-cystine-knot motif and displayed potent broad-spectrum activities against many bacteria including E. coli, S. salivarius, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus and B. megaterium. [12] Hedyotide B1 and cyclotides are likely to exerted their antimicrobial actions by disrupting the bacteria membranes which eventually leads to cell death. As they target directly bacterial membranes. it is unlikely for bacteria to develop resistance. Therefore, hedyotide B1 with a novel mode of action has potential as a novel antimicrobial agent against drug-resistance bacteria.

Related Research Articles

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<i>Canthium</i> Genus of plants

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<i>Lasianthus</i> Genus of flowering plants

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Prismatomeris is a genus of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It includes 17 species native to the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, southern China, and western Malesia.

<i>Psydrax</i> Genus of flowering plants

Psydrax is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It consists of trees, shrubs, and a few lianas in the paleotropics.

<i>Saprosma</i> Genus of plants

Saprosma is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. There are about 40 species distributed from south China to tropical Asia.

Urophyllum is a genus of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae, native to from south China to Tropical Asia. The genus was established by Nathaniel Wallich in 1824.

<i>Argostemma</i> Genus of flowering plants

Argostemma is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It can be found in (sub)tropical Asia and western and west-central tropical Africa.

Acranthera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is found from India to South Central China south to Borneo and the Philippines.

Dimetia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus is found from the Indian subcontinent to south-central China and west and central Malesia.

<i>Scleromitrion</i>

Scleromitrion is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae, native to tropical and subtropical Asia and the western Pacific. The genus was first established in 1834 as a section of the genus Hedyotis, H. sect. Scleromitrion, and was raised to a full genus in 1838.

<i>Mussaenda</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Diplospora</i> Genus of plants

Diplospora is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus is found in tropical and subtropical Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spermacoceae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

Spermacoceae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains about 1346 species in 57 genera. Its representatives are found in the tropics and subtropics.

<i>Sonerila</i> Genus of flowering plants

Sonerila is a genus of plants in the family Melastomataceae. This genus is characterized the by presence of three petals as opposed to five in the other members of the family. Most members of the genus prefer growing in shady habitats. It is a large genus including about 175 species.

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<i>Paramignya</i>

Paramignya is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Rutaceae.

References

  1. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Hedyotis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  2. ↑ David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN   978-0-521-82071-4
  3. ↑ Inge Groeninckx, Steven Dessein, Helga Ochoterena, Claes Persson, Timothy J. Motley, Jesper Kårehed, Birgitta Bremer, Suzy Huysmans, and Erik Smets. 2009. "Phylogeny of the herbaceous tribe Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) based on plastid DNA data". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden96(1):109-132.
  4. ↑ Hedyotis In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see External links below).
  5. ↑ Carolus Linnaeus. 1753. Species Plantarum 1:101. Laurentii Salvii. (see External Links below).
  6. ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume II. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN   978-0-8493-2676-9.
  7. ↑ Jesper Kårehed, Inge Groeninckx, Steven Dessein, Timothy J. Motley, and Birgitta Bremer. 2008. "The phylogenetic utility of chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers and the phylogeny of the Rubiaceae tribe Spermacoceae". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution49(3):843-866. doi : 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.09.025
  8. ↑ Wikström, Niklas; Suman Neupane; Jesper Kårehed; Timothy J. Motley & Birgitta Bremer (2013). "Phylogeny of Hedyotis L. (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae): Redefining a complex Asian-Pacific assemblage" (PDF). Taxon. 62 (2): 357–374. doi:10.12705/622.2.
  9. ↑ "Hedyotis L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  10. 1 2 Ahmad NHLaR: Phytochemical studies and pharmacological activities of plants in genus Hedyotis/Oldenlandia Studies in Natural Products Chemistry 2006, 33(13):1057-1090.
  11. ↑ Nguyen GK, Zhang S, Wang W, Wong CT, Nguyen NT, Tam JP: Discovery of a linear cyclotide from the bracelet subfamily and its disulfide mapping by top-down mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem. http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2011/10/06/jbc.M111.290296.abstract
  12. ↑ Wong CTT, Taichi M, Nishio H, Nishiuchi Y, Tam JP: Optimal Oxidative Folding of the Novel Antimicrobial Cyclotide from Hedyotis biflora Requires High Alcohol Concentrations. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2011, 50(33):7275-7283.
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