Heliomonadida

Heliomonadida
Heliomorpha mutans (= Dimorpha mutans), fig. 9-11
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Sar
Clade:	Rhizaria
Phylum:	Cercozoa
Class:	Granofilosea
Order:	Heliomonadida Cavalier-Smith, 1993
Families [1] [2] [3]
Heliomorphidae Tetradimorphidae

The Heliomonadida ^[4] (formerly Dimorphida ^[5] ) are a small group of heliozoan amoeboids that are unusual in possessing flagella throughout their life cycle.

Classification

Genetic studies place them among the Cercozoa, a group including various other flagellates that form filose pseudopodia. This order has been placed into the new class of naked filose cercozoans called Granofilosea. ^[4] There are two genera in this order:

• Heliomorpha , a tiny organism found in freshwater
• the larger Tetradimorpha , which is distinguished by having four rather than two flagella.

Morphology

Bundles of microtubules, typically in square array, arise from a body near the flagellar bases and support the numerous axopods that project from the cell surface.

Heliomonads have a single nucleus, and mitochondria with tubular cristae.

References

1. Cavalier‐Smith, Thomas (1993-09). "The Protozoan Phylum Opalozoa". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 40 (5): 609–615. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb06117.x. ISSN   1066-5234.{{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
2. Yabuki, Akinori; Chao, Ema E.; Ishida, Ken-Ichiro; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2012-05-01). "Microheliella maris (Microhelida ord. n.), an Ultrastructurally Highly Distinctive New Axopodial Protist Species and Genus, and the Unity of Phylum Heliozoa". Protist. 163 (3): 356–388. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.10.001. ISSN   1434-4610.
3. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2022-05-01). "Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi". Protoplasma. 259 (3): 487–593. doi:10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7. ISSN   1615-6102. PMC   9010356 . PMID   34940909.
4. Bass D, Chao EE, Nikolaev S, et al. (February 2009). "Phylogeny of novel naked Filose and Reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised". Protist. 160 (1): 75–109. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.07.002. PMID   18952499.
5. Nikolaev SI, Berney C, Fahrni JF, et al. (May 2004). "The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (21): 8066–71. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0308602101 . PMC   419558 . PMID   15148395.