Horizontal mobility is the mobility of the individual or group in the same social class, in the same situation category, without changing the level of power or status. [1] Horizontal mobility, which is a type of social mobility, refers to the change of physical space or profession without changes in the economic situation, prestige, and lifestyle of the individual, or the forward or backward movement from one similar group or status to another. [1]
Pitirim Sorokin defines horizontal mobility as a change in religious, regional, political, or other horizontal shifts without any change in vertical position. [2] According to Andrew W. Lind, horizontal mobility occurs when a person changes their profession, but their social status remains unchanged. Eg. if a doctor switches from a job in health care to teaching in medical school, the profession changes, but dignity and social status remain the same. [3] According to Cameron Anderson, social status is the level of social value that a person is considered to have. [4] The American sociologist Linda K. George listed the social status factors in horizontal mobility as work, wealth, success, education, ethnicity, and marital status. [5]
Pitirim Sorokin defined social mobility between positions as two types: vertical and horizontal. According to Sorokin, the first period in which horizontal mobility tended to increase was the second half of the nineteenth century. [6] Academic studies have been carried out on the direction of the movement that will maintain and improve this distinction made by Sorokin. The vertical or horizontal social mobility that a person shows in his own life is called intragenerational mobility. [7] According to Weber, when mobility changes, up or down, class conflicts lose their central importance and group solidarity gives way to competition. [8] According to the conflict theorists, the diversification of social roles due to competition and industrialization led to the emergence of horizontal mobility. [8]
Horizontal mobility is one of the quantitative research methods. Werrett Wallace Charters conducted a horizontal mobility study on American teachers called "The Social Background of Teaching". [9] John W. Alspaugh from the University of Missouri referred to the Charters, in his research called An Index of Teacher Horizontal Mobility, "The properties of horizontal mobility and attempting to measure it arose from an interest in testing research hypotheses regarding the mobility of various types of educators." [10] Alspaugh, developed formulas for measuring the horizontal mobility of teachers. [11]
The goal of Alspaugh's study was to develop an index of teacher mobility that would be used as research. [12]
| YEARS | TEACHERS | TEACHER MOBILITY TABLE | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 1 | ● | ||||||||||||||
| 2 | 2 | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 3 | ● | ||||||||||||||
| MOVES | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
| Teacher 1 changed jobs only once, at the end of the third year. Teacher 2 changed jobs three times at the end of the second, tenth, and thirteenth years. Teacher 3 changed jobs at the end of the second and fourth years. Teacher 1 is the least mobile and teacher 2 is the most mobile. | ||||||||||||||||
For the mobility index to be valid, the trainer must have accepted the general mobility concept. The table above is a ranking of the 3 career orders from least to most. [11]
The Power Elite is a book published in 1956 by the American sociologist C. Wright Mills. [13] In this book, Mills dealt with the horizontal mobility of the relationship between the political, military and economic elites. Mills has written that horizontal mobility moves within and between three institutional structures. [14]
Rural sociology is a field of sociology traditionally associated with the study of social structure and conflict in rural areas. It is an active academic field in much of the world, originating in the United States in the 1910s with close ties to the national Department of Agriculture and land-grant university colleges of agriculture.
Social status is the relative level of social value a person is considered to possess. Such social value includes respect, honor, assumed competence, and deference. On one hand, social scientists view status as a "reward" for group members who treat others well and take initiative. This is one explanation for its apparent cross-cultural universality. On the other hand, while people with higher status experience a litany of benefits—such as greater health, admiration, resources, influence, and freedom—those with lower status experience poorer outcomes across all of those metrics.
Robert King Merton was an American sociologist who is considered a founding father of modern sociology, and a major contributor to the subfield of criminology. He served as the 47th president of the American Sociological Association. He spent most of his career teaching at Columbia University, where he attained the rank of University Professor. In 1994 he was awarded the National Medal of Science for his contributions to the field and for having founded the sociology of science.
Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. It is a change in social status relative to one's current social location within a given society. This movement occurs between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification. Open stratification systems are those in which at least some value is given to achieved status characteristics in a society. The movement can be in a downward or upward direction. Markers for social mobility such as education and class, are used to predict, discuss and learn more about an individual or a group's mobility in society.
Charles Wright Mills was an American sociologist, and a professor of sociology at Columbia University from 1946 until his death in 1962. Mills published widely in both popular and intellectual journals, and is remembered for several books, such as The Power Elite, White Collar: The American Middle Classes, and The Sociological Imagination. Mills was concerned with the responsibilities of intellectuals in post–World War II society, and he advocated public and political engagement over disinterested observation. One of Mills's biographers, Daniel Geary, writes that Mills's writings had a "particularly significant impact on New Left social movements of the 1960s era." It was Mills who popularized the term New Left in the U.S. in a 1960 open letter, "Letter to the New Left".
Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kondratiev was a Russian Soviet economist and proponent of the New Economic Policy (NEP) best known for the business cycle theory known as Kondratiev waves.
Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power. It is a hierarchy within groups that ascribe them to different levels of privileges. As such, stratification is the relative social position of persons within a social group, category, geographic region, or social unit.
In political and sociological theory, the elite are a small group of powerful people who hold a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege, political power, or skill in a group. Defined by the Cambridge Dictionary, the "elite" are "the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society."
Otis Dudley Duncan was an American sociologist and statistician. According to sociologist and statistician Leo Goodman he was "the most important quantitative sociologist in the world in the latter half of the 20th century". His book The American Occupational Structure, which received the American Sociological Association's Sorokin Award, documented how parents transmit their societal status to their children. Duncan compiled his thoughts on the major issues of the field into Notes on Social Measurement, which he considered his greatest work.
Comparative history is the comparison of different societies which existed during the same time period or shared similar cultural conditions.
Sociologists use the concept of occupational prestige to measure the relative social-class positions people may achieve by practicing a given occupation. Occupational prestige results from the consensual rating of a job - based on the belief of that job's worthiness. The term prestige itself refers to the admiration and respect that a particular occupation holds in a society. Occupational prestige is prestige independent of particular individuals who occupy a job. Sociologists have identified prestige rankings for more than 700 occupations based on results from a series of national surveys. They have created a scale and then rank given occupations based on survey results. Occupational prestige differentials have wide ranging implications regarding the distribution of social resources and life chances, which can translate into nested sets of social inclusion and exclusion.
Ralph Wild Larkin is an American sociologist and research consultant. He is the author of Suburban Youth in Cultural Crisis (1979), Beyond Revolution: A New Theory of Social Movements (1986), and Comprehending Columbine (2007). He obtained his bachelor's degree from the University of California, Santa Barbara and received a master's degree in education from California State University at Northridge.
The Wisconsin model of socio-economic attainment is a model that describes and explains an individual's social mobility and its economic, social, and psychological determinants. The logistics of this model are primarily attributed to William H. Sewell and colleagues including Archibald Haller, Alejandro Portes and Robert M. Hauser. The model receives its name from the state in which a significant amount of the research and analysis was completed. Unlike the previous research on this topic by Peter Blau and Otis Dudley Duncan, this model encompasses more than just educational and occupational factors and their effect on social mobility for American males. The Wisconsin model has been described as "pervasive in its influence on the style and content of research in several subfields of sociology."
The following events related to sociology occurred in the 1920s.
The following events related to sociology occurred in the 1950s.
In economics, a monopsony is a market structure in which a single buyer substantially controls the market as the major purchaser of goods and services offered by many would-be sellers. The microeconomic theory of monopsony assumes a single entity to have market power over all sellers as the only purchaser of a good or service. This is a similar power to that of a monopolist, which can influence the price for its buyers in a monopoly, where multiple buyers have only one seller of a good or service available to purchase from.
Sociology in Russia has developed since the beginning of the 20th century, despite an official ban on sociology in the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1956 and the dominance until recently of Marxist sociology. Despite sharp divisions since the breakup of the Soviet Union, the field of sociology in Russia now includes over 300 university departments, approximately 30 academic journals and several professional associations.
Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin was a Russian American sociologist and political activist, who contributed to the social cycle theory.
Sociology of Revolution is a 1925 book by Russian American sociologist Pitirim Sorokin. Sociology of revolution as branch of sociology was developed by Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan. to a certain extent earlier than Sorokin. Hobbes lived and created in the period of English Revolution. In the opinion by Hobbes, "the war of all against all" begins in the period of revolution and of Civil War, when all men threaten by each man, when each man has the right to all things by right of strong man, when "Man Is Wolf to Man" Sorokin had generalized the data about the new revolutions, unknowns for Hobbes – French Revolution, Russian Revolution (1917), etc.
Carle Clark Zimmerman was an American sociologist, and an inaugural member of Harvard University's Department of Sociology.
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