Hybrid tilapia

Last updated

Hybrid tilapia
TilapiamossambicaBCN.jpg
Red tilapia, assigned to O. mossambicus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cichliformes
Family: Cichlidae
Genus: Oreochromis
Species:
O. ×spp.
Binomial name
Oreochromis ×spp.

Hybrid tilapias are crosses between different species of Oreochromis tilapias developed for aquaculture, either through natural hybridization, or more often artificially, in an effort to improve yields through improving various qualities of the fish, such as growth and hardiness. Hybrids are often divided into two varieties: gray tilapia and red tilapia, which are assigned variable binomial names based on the author, though the red hybrid is more often distinguished due to its distinct coloration.

Contents

Tilapia is an extremely important aquacultured resource; in 2022, worldwide production of tilapia (reported as Oreochromis niloticus) reached five million t (4,900,000 long tons; 5,500,000 short tons) produced from aquaculture and three hundred thousand t (300,000 long tons; 330,000 short tons) captured, ranking 5th among all aquacultured species produced behind whiteleg shrimp, cupped oysters, grass carp, and silver carp. [1]

Genetics

Hybrid tilapia are most often created through crossing Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ), Mozambique tilapia ( O. mossambicus ), blue tilapia ( O. aureus ), and/or the Wami tilapia ( O. hornorum ), [2] [3] [4] [5] though pure Wami tilapia is considered to have poorer growth rates. [6] The Nile tilapia is often considered the best overall in tropical aquaculture for its tolerance of dense stocking, Mozambique tilapias (and hybrids) tolerate salinities from brackish water conditions, and blue tilapias are the most cold tolerant. [6] Hybridization is done intentionally to try achieve superior qualities in the resultant offspring (hybrid vigor); in nature, tilapias hybridize readily between species and even genera, and there are no reports of sterility in hybrids (which is often the case in hybrids of other forms of animals, such as the mule). [4] Crossing stocks of the same species doesn't produce significant hybrid vigor, though it is useful in creating higher genetic variability for future breeding. [6]

Red hybrid tilapia, or plaathabthim (Pla thapthim) in Thai Pla thapthim.jpg
Red hybrid tilapia, or ปลาทับทิม (Pla thapthim) in Thai

Red hybrid tilapia (reported as Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus, [7] [8] [4] [9] O. niloticus × O. mossambicus, [10] [11] O. aureus × O. mossambicus, [12] [13] O. spp., [14] [15] [16] O. sp., [10] or simply not given a scientific name at all [3] ) possess multiple strains; among them are Taiwanese red tilapia (reddish-orange O. mossambicus ♀ × WT O. niloticus ♂), Florida red tilapia (WT O. hornorum ♀ × red-gold O. mossambicus ♂), [17] Israel red tilapia (red/pink Nile tilapia × WT blue tilapia), Malay red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus), [10] and other unknown strains originating from undocumented crosses between these "original" strains and wild type fish. [18] [19] Their color arises from a mutation in either or both parent, which may (F1) or may not be hybrids themselves. [18] [20]

Taiwanese red tilapia presumably originated from an "albino" (or leucistic) O. mossambicus; these color mutations were first noticed in 1968, 22 years after the species was first introduced in Taiwan, which started with a founding population of 12 adult fish. This strain was "fixed" by crossing O. mossambicus possessing mutant coloration with O. niloticus, which resulted in an increase of the mutant coloration in produced fry (from 30% in 1969 to 80% in 1974) along with a marked increase in yield. The strain was commercialized in 1979. [2] : 13–14 

National Tilapia Research and Development Program, Philippines Rednilejf.JPG
National Tilapia Research and Development Program, Philippines

Gray hybrid tilapia (reported as Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus) are often reported as one of their parent species or not reported to be hybrids at all, as their coloration conforms more closely to the wild type, so are less distinct than the red fish. [14] [8]

Molobicus strain tilapias, developed in the Philippines, were developed by crossing GIFT tilapia with feral O. mossambicus. [21]

The different strains of hybrids may be distinguished based on their morphometric characters; their genotypical difference is reflected in their phenotype. [22] Sexual dimorphism is observed even in F2 hybrids, the expression of which is regulated by the amh gene. The dusp2, rtn4r, bhmt1, adamts12, and s100p genes are linked to growth. [23]

YY male tilapias (sometimes referred to as "supermale tilapia") were developed in an effort to improve growth in tilapia cultures; these are produced through crossing estrogen-treated males (which become phenotypically female) with normal males, producing offspring which are phenotypically 75% male and 25% YY. Subsequent crossing of YY males with XX females produce offspring which were 99.6% males. [18] [24]

Production

Dozens of tilapia in a pond, West Sumatra School of presumably nile tilapia or mujair in the school's fishponds.jpg
Dozens of tilapia in a pond, West Sumatra

Tilapia are aquacultured in ponds both earthen and concrete, irrigation canals, reservoirs, paddy fields, and in natural waterways, such as lakes, either released to free-roam or in floating cages. [2] : 13  [9] [25] [3] [4] O. mossambicus and resultant hybrids may thrive in saltwater, reproducing well in salinities of 10-15 ppt, though fry do best at lower salinities. [18] [13] [7] O. aureus is the most cold tolerant and can survive in waters warmer than 7 °C (45 °F); the other species perish at 11–17 °C (52–63 °F). Tilapia can tolerate dissolved oxygen levels of less than 0.3 milligrams per litre (1.7×10−7 oz/cu in), lower than any other farmed fish that cannot breathe air. [18] Hybrids may be hardy, being tolerant of high salinities, high temperature, high concentrations of ammonia, and low oxygen levels, allowing them to be stocked at a high density. [18] All members of Oreochromis including hybrids are considered mouthbrooders. [18]

As they are omnivorous, tilapia can be fed phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic algae, insect larvae, artificial feed, or suspended debris in the water column. [18] [26] [13] They are fast growing, able to grow from 1–625 grams (0.035–22.046 oz) in 9 months, with males growing faster than females. [18] [24]

Care must be taken to prevent stunting, especially in high-density cultures. Methods to prevent stunting include the creation of monosex (all-male) cultures; through YY males; treating cultures with steroids/male hormones, which reverses the sex of potential female fish, [18] [24] crossing pure-strain Wami tilapia with either Niles or Mozambique tilapia, [24] or crossing Nile tilapia with blues.[ citation needed ] Additionally, tilapia populations are affected by multiple diseases, which is exacerbated when the fish are densely stocked. Outbreaks may result in fish-kills. [18] [27] [28] [29] [30] Supplementing cultured populations with various vitamins to prevent deficiency may improve growth and immunity. [31] [27]

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) often reports the production of these hybrids as one of their parent species; they are not always distinguished from their ancestral, wild species. [32] [33] Additionally, production may not always be reported to the FAO. [4] In 2015, the top producers of tilapias worldwide were China (31%, 1,779,500 t (1,751,400 long tons; 1,961,600 short tons)), Indonesia (20%, 1,120,400 t (1,102,700 long tons; 1,235,000 short tons)), Egypt (15%, 875,500 t (861,700 long tons; 965,100 short tons)), Bangladesh (324,300 t (319,200 long tons; 357,500 short tons)), and Viet Nam (283,000 t (279,000 long tons; 312,000 short tons)); worldwide, the total production of aquacultured tilapia in 2015 reached 5,671,000 t (5,581,000 long tons; 6,251,000 short tons), 68.9% of which was reported as "redbreast" tilapia, and 8% as hybrids between the blue and Nile tilapia. This yield was valued at $8.9 million. [18] In 2022 worldwide production was reported at five million t (4,900,000 long tons; 5,500,000 short tons) aquacultured. [1]

Red tilapia in a fish market, Kanchanaburi Oreochromis niloticus at Kanchanaburi market.jpg
Red tilapia in a fish market, Kanchanaburi

The Maonan Tilapia Aquaculture Park (with an area of 30,100 hectares (74,000 acres)) produced 220,000 t (220,000 long tons; 240,000 short tons) of tilapia annually for 286,000 t (281,000 long tons; 315,000 short tons) of aquafeed. [1] : 124  Farmed tilapia consists of 90% of desert-based aquaculture production in Egypt. [1] : 136 

Red tilapia are said to be preferred by consumers as their red coloration is appealing, as they resemble red colored marine fish such as coral cod (Epinephelinae) or rockfish (Sebastinae) which are highly valued. Additionally the flavor of their meat is less "off" or muddy-flavored when raised in saltwater, which is possible with hybrids descended from O. mossambicus. [18] [13] The FDA outlaws the sale of steroid-treated tilapia in the United States. [18] SeafoodWatch (a program maintained by the Monterey Bay Aquarium) deems hybrid red tilapia raised in "indoor recirculating tanks with wastewater treatment" as a "Best Choice" seafood option, [25] while those raised in outdoor ponds are rated as a "Good Alternative". [9]

A tilapia fillet represents about 30% of the fish, with the rest typically not consumed by humans. [1] : 71, 196  Collagen can be extracted from tilapia skin, which is used in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. [34]

Environmental impact

Many Oreochromis species has been introduced to countries around the world, where they regularly establish breeding populations in suitable habitats (tropical and subtropical waterways with adequate salinity). The majority of species were transplanted to different areas relatively close to their native territory (i;e to other African countries), with comparatively few species being introduced to Asian and Neotropical waterways, including Taiwan red tilapia. [35] O. mossambicus is claimed to represent the "earliest international movements of tilapiine cichlids", with a recorded appearance in Java from before 1939 (local name: mujair, taken from Mbah Moedjair's name). [35] [36] [37] [4]

Tilapia (reported as O. mossambicus) are on the IUCN's list of the 100 Worst Alien/Invasive Species in the World. [38] [18] Originally introduced as a protein source for impoverished rural communities, to improve fishery stocks, to provide live bait for tuna fishing, as a biocontrol agent to control aquatic weeds and mosquitoes, and for aquaculture, [4] various tilapia species have since been naturalized in waterways of the Indo-Pacific and Neotropical regions. [4] In the United States, tilapia of both wild species and hybrids are well recorded as being established, especially in the Southern states, Hawai'i, Puerto Rico, and Guam-Saipan. [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] Overall, tilapia have been introduced to 85 countries as of 2013; in 58% of these countries tilapias are established, and cause adverse ecological effects in 14%. [45]

Tilapia among other dead fish, Salton Sea Salton Sea Tilapia.jpg
Tilapia among other dead fish, Salton Sea

Floating cage aquaculture is deemed to have an "inevitable" chance of fish escaping. Escaped tilapia, which may reproduce prolifically, are thought to compete with native species for food and space, predate on their eggs and young, destroys submerged vegetation, reduces the abundance of planktonic micro-crustaceans, reduces water quality through bioturbation, and when present in large numbers risks eutrophication, all of which endangers the native ecosystem's integrity. [46] [47] Large tilapia populations in a non-flowing waterway has been consistently linked to algal blooms, which subsequently cause fish kill events that kill all animals in the waterway. [48] [49] [50]

In African countries, such as DR Congo, Tanzania, and Nigeria, non-native tilapia species/subspecies may contribute their genes into the native species, which may put populations and genetics of critically endangered species at risk. [51]

In the Pearl River Basin, South China, Nile tilapia were found to disrupt the trophic levels of native herbivorous and planktivorous fish by forcing them to feed on alternate food sources, as they were outcompeted and food resources decreased in abundance. Consequently, local abundance of mudcarp ( Cirrhinus molitorella ), black bream ( Megalobrama terminalis ), barbel chub ( Squaliobarbus curriculus ), and sawbelly ( Hemiculter leucisculus ) all decreased significantly, despite previously being the dominant species caught in these rivers. Additionally, the body condition of these native fish, such as "plumpness" (girth), body length, and body weight, all decreased in rivers with introduced tilapia. [46]

In Acari, Brazil, catches of croaker ( Plagioscion squamosissimus ), curimatã ( Prochilodus brevis ), and traíra ( Hoplias malabaricus ) were recorded to decrease in the 30 years after tilapia were introduced in a reservoir, without a decrease in CPUE (catch-per-unit-of-effort; amount of effort done to land fish). [52]

Additionally, it is believed that introduced tilapia has had ecological effects in the Kafue and Zambezi basins, Australia, Madagascar, Nicaragua, the Philippines, and Mexico. Species endemic to these waterways, such as Madagascar's endemic ichthyofauna and the relict populations of wild axolotl, are likely to be impacted by tilapia introductions. [45] [53] [54]

As tilapia reproduce prolifically, it is almost impossible to remove them from an ecosystem once established, and methods that may prove effective risks destroying native species as well. Tightening biosecurity measures and regulations in aquaculture operations is hoped to provide some relief. [46]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024: Blue Transformation in action. Rome, Italy: FAO. 2024. pp. 1–264. ISBN   978-92-5-138763-4 . Retrieved 15 March 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 Kuo, Ching Ming (1984). The development of tilapia culture in Taiwan. Taiwan: ICLARM Newsletter 7. pp. 12–14.
  3. 1 2 3 Olopade, Olaniyi Alaba; Taiwo, Ivabode Olusola; Lamidi, Atanda Akeem; Awonaike, Olawoyin Ayodeji (2016-05-18). "Proximate Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (Linnaeus, 1758) and Tilapia Hybrid (Red Tilapia) from Oyan Lake, Nigeria". Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Food Science and Technology. 73 (1). doi:10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:11973 . Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 De Silva, Sena S.; Subasinghe, Rohana P.; Bartley, Devin M.; Lowther, Alan (2004). "Tilapias as Alien Aquatics in Asia and the Pacific, a review" (PDF). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. 453. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  5. ↑ De Silva, Sena S.; Subasinghe, Rohana P.; Bartley, Devin M.; Lowther, Alan (2004). "Tilapias as Alien Aquatics in Asia and the Pacific, a review". FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. 453. ISBN   92-5-105227-1. ISSN   0429-9345 . Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  6. 1 2 3 Mair, Graham C. (December 2001). "Tilapia genetics: Applications and uptake". www.globalseafood.org. Global Seafood Alliance. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  7. 1 2 Mcdonal-Vera, Alejandro; Contreras-Sánchez, Wilfrido M.; Duncan, Neil J.; Fitzsimmons, Kevin; Contreras-García, Maria J.; Martinez-García, Rafael (2020). "Effect of Red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus) on growth and survival of the pacific shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in simultaneous polyculture under marine conditions" . Biotecnia. 22 (2). doi:10.18633/biotecnia.v22i2.1237 . Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  8. 1 2 Siddiqui, Abdul Qayyum; Al-Harbi, Ahmed H. (December 1995). "Evaluation of three species of tilapia, red tilapia and a hybrid tilapia as culture species in Saudi Arabia" . Aquaculture. 138 (1–4): 145–157. Bibcode:1995Aquac.138..145S. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(95)01088-2. ISSN   0044-8486.
  9. 1 2 3 "Hybrid red tilapia". www.seafoodwatch.org. The Monterey Bay Aquarium. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  10. 1 2 3 Amal, M.N.A.; Koh, C.B.; Nurliyana, M.; Suhaiba, M.; Nor-Amalina, Z.; Santha, S.; Diyana-Nadhirah, K.P.; Yusofd, M.T.; Ina-Salwany, M.Y.; Zamri-Saad, M. (2017). "A case of natural co-infection of Tilapia Lake Virus and Aeromonas veronii in a Malaysian red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus) farm experiencing high mortality" (PDF). Aquaculture. 485: 12–16. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.11.019 . Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  11. ↑ Alqahtani, Nashi K.; Ghazzawy, Hesham S.; Mathew, Roshmon Thomas; Alkhamis, Yousef Ahmed; Alngada, Rashid Saleh; Eissa, Moaheda E.H.; Abdelnour, Sameh A.; Ghanem, Sara F.; Almutairi, Layla A.; Eissa, El-Sayed Hemdan (15 April 2025). "Enhancing reproductive capacity in hybrid Red Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus) via dietary administration of date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera L.)". Aquaculture Reports. 41. Bibcode:2025AqRep..4102670A. doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102670 . ISSN   2352-5134.
  12. ↑ Snow, John. "Red Tilapia". mexican-fish.com. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Correia, Daniel; Escarcega-Miranda, Brandon; Barreto-Curiel, Fernando; Mata-Sotres, José; Del-Rio-Zaragoza, Oscar; Viana, María Teresa; Rombenso, Artur Nishioka (November 2019). "Growth performance and body composition of hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. aureus) fed with different protein levels raised in saltwater". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research. 47 (5): 853–859. Bibcode:2019LAJAR..47..853C. doi:10.3856/vol47-issue5-fulltext-15 . Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  14. 1 2 Mugimba, Kizito Kahoza; Tal, Shlomit; Dubey, Saurabh; Mutoloki, Stephen; Dishon, Arnon; Evensen, Øystein; Munang'andu, Hetron M (24 September 2019). "Gray (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus) and Red (Oreochromis spp.) Tilapia Show Equal Susceptibility and Proinflammatory Cytokine Responses to Experimental Tilapia Lake Virus Infection". Viruses. 11 (10): 893. doi: 10.3390/v11100893 . PMC   6832934 . PMID   31554184.
  15. ↑ MOHAMAD, SITI NORITA; NOORDIN, WAN NORHANA MOHD.; ISMAIL, NOOR FAIZAH; HAMZAH, AZHAR (2021). "Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Broodstock Development Programme in Malaysia: Status, Challenges and Prospects for Future Development". Asian Fisheries Science. 34: 73–81. doi: 10.33997/j.afs.2021.34.1.008 . ISSN   0116-6514 . Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  16. ↑ Mohamad, Siti Norita; Noordin, Wan Norhana Md; Ismail, Noor Faizah; Hamzah, Azhar (2021). "Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Broodstock Development Programme in Malaysia: Status, Challenges and Prospects for Future Development". Asian Fisheries Science. 34 (1). doi: 10.33997/j.afs.2021.34.1.008 . Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  17. ↑ "The Seafood List". www.hfpappexternal.fda.gov. US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Junhong, Xia. "The biology and culture status worldwide of tilapia" (PDF). fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  19. ↑ ZHARIF BIN RAMLI, MOHD (2017). "EVALUATION MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF FOUR RED HYBRID TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS SP.) STRAINS" (PDF). Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan: 1–116. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  20. ↑ Nwachi, Oster F. (2020). "Patterns of colour inheritance from crossbreeding between Red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)". Journal of Environmental Biology. 41 (5(SI)): 1289. Bibcode:2020JEnvB..41.1289N. doi:10.22438/jeb/41/5(SI)/MS_22 . Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  21. ↑ Bartie, Kerry L.; Taslima, Khanam; Bekaert, Michaël; Wehner, Stefanie; Syaifudin, Mochamad; Taggart, John B.; de Verdal, Hugues; Rosario, Westly; Muyalde, Nerafe; Benzie, John A.H.; McAndrew, Brendan J.; Penman, David J. (15 September 2020). "Species composition in the Molobicus hybrid tilapia strain". Aquaculture. 526. Bibcode:2020Aquac.52635433B. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735433. hdl: 1893/31474 . Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  22. ↑ Ramli, Mohd Zharif (May 2016). "Characterization of Four Red Hybrids Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) through Morphometric Characteristics". University of Malaysia Kelantan. doi:10.15413/ajar.2016.0156 (inactive 16 March 2025). Retrieved 14 March 2025.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2025 (link)
  23. ↑ Wang, Le; Sun, Fei; Yang, Zituo; Lee, May; Yeo, Shadame; Wong, Joey; Wen, Yanfei; Yue, Gen Hua (15 December 2024). "Mapping the genetic basis for sex determination and growth in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus)" . Aquaculture. 593. Bibcode:2024Aquac.59341310W. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741310 . Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  24. 1 2 3 4 "Tilapia genetics". lakewaytilapia.com. Lakeway Tilapia. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  25. 1 2 "Hybrid red tilapia". www.seafoodwatch.org. The Monterey Bay Aquarium. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  26. ↑ Yildirim-Aksoy, Mediha; Eljack, Rashida; Schrimsher, Cole; Beck, Benjamin H. (July 2020). "Use of dietary frass from black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens, in hybrid tilapia (Nile x Mozambique, Oreocromis niloticus x O. mozambique) diets improves growth and resistance to bacterial diseases". Aquaculture Reports. 17. Bibcode:2020AqRep..1700373Y. doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100373 . Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  27. 1 2 Dong, Ha Thanh. "Bacterial Diseases of Tilapia" (PDF). fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  28. ↑ Dong, Ha Thanh. "Emerging, re-emerging and new diseases of tilapia" (PDF). fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  29. ↑ Jansen, Mona Dverdal; Dong, Ha Thanh; Mohan, Chadag Vishnumurthy (10 April 2018). "Tilapia lake virus: a threat to the global tilapia industry?" (PDF). Reviews in Aquaculture. 11 (3): 725–739. doi:10.1111/raq.12254 . Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  30. ↑ Vogelbein, Wolfgang K.; Lovko, Vincent J.; Shields, Jeffrey D.; Reece, Kimberly S.; Mason, Patrice L.; Haas, Leonard W.; Walker, Calvin C. (2002-08-29). "Pfiesteria shumwayae kills fish by micropredation not exotoxin secretion". Nature. 418 (6901): 967–970. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..967V. doi:10.1038/nature01008. PMID   12198545.
  31. ↑ "Table 31. Dietary nutritional deficiency, vitamins" (PDF). fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  32. ↑ Bartley, D. M.; Rana, K.; Immink, A. J. "The use of inter-species hybrids in aquaculture and their reporting to FAO". fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  33. ↑ Rakocy, J. E.; Crespi, Valerio; New, Michael. "Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) [Cichlidae]". fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  34. ↑ Reátegui-Pinedo, Nataly; Salirrosas, David; Sánchez-Tuesta, Linda; Quiñones, Claudio; Jáuregui-Rosas, Segundo R; Barraza, Gabriela; Cabrera, Angelita; Ayala-Jara, Carmen; Martinez, Renata Miliani; Baby, André Rolim; Prieto, Zulita Adriana (8 Feb 2022). "Characterization of Collagen from Three Genetic Lines (Gray, Red and F1) of Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) Skin in Young and Old Adults". Molecules. 27 (3): 1123. doi: 10.3390/molecules27031123 . PMC   8838504 . PMID   35164387.
  35. 1 2 "REGISTER OF INTERNATIONAL INTRODUCTIONS OF INLAND AQUATIC SPECIES (N - O)". fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  36. ↑ Asnawi, A. (26 November 2022). "Mbah Moedjair, Sang "Pencipta" Ikan Mujair yang Terlupakan". Mongabay. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  37. ↑ Putri, Diva Lufiana; Dzulfaroh, Ahmad Naufal. "Asal-usul Ikan Mujair, Benarkah Ditemukan Sosok Mbah Moedjair?". Kompas Cyber Media. Kompas. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  38. ↑ Lowe, S.; Browne, M.; Boudjelas, S.; De Poorter, M. "100 OF THE WORLD'S WORST INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES" (PDF). portals.iucn.org. International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  39. ↑ "Oreochromis niloticus". nas.er.usgs.gov. United States Geological Service. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
  40. ↑ "Oreochromis niloticus × mossambicus". nas.er.usgs.gov. United States Geological Service. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
  41. ↑ "Oreochromis urolepis". nas.er.usgs.gov. United States Geological Service. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
  42. ↑ "Oreochromis urolepis hornorum". nas.er.usgs.gov. United States Geological Service. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
  43. ↑ "Oreochromis urolepis hornorum × mossambicus". nas.er.usgs.gov. United States Geological Service. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
  44. ↑ "Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, Tilapia sp. × sp". nas.er.usgs.gov. United States Geological Service. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
  45. 1 2 Canonico, Gabrielle; Arthington, Angela H; Mccrary, Jeffrey K; Thieme, Michele (September 2005). "The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 15 (5): 463–483. Bibcode:2005ACMFE..15..463C. doi:10.1002/aqc.699 . Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  46. 1 2 3 Shuai, Fangmin; Li, Jie (Nov 15, 2022). "Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) Invasion Caused Trophic Structure Disruptions of Fish Communities in the South China River—Pearl River". Biology (Basel). 11 (11): 1665. doi: 10.3390/biology11111665 . PMC   9687676 . PMID   36421379.
  47. ↑ Smith, Paul T.; Imbun, Benedict Y.; Duarte, Fernanda P. (January 2016). "Impacts of a Fish Kill at Lake Kutubu, Papua New Guinea 1". Pacific Science. 70 (1): 21–33. doi:10.2984/70.1.2 . Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  48. ↑ Fernando, Starling; Xavier, Lazzaro; Cristine, Cavalcanti; Ricardo, Moreira (Dec 2002). "Contribution of omnivorous tilapia to eutrophication of a shallow tropical reservoir: evidence from a fish kill" . Freshwater Biology. 47 (12): 2443–2452. Bibcode:2002FrBio..47.2443S. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.01013.x . Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  49. ↑ Mhlanga, Lindah; Day, Jenny; Chimbari, Moses; Siziba, Nqobizitha; Cronberg, Gertrud (22 May 2006). "Observations on limnological conditions associated with a fish kill of Oreochromis niloticus in Lake Chivero following collapse of an algal bloom" . African Journal of Ecology. 44 (2): 199–208. Bibcode:2006AfJEc..44..199M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00625.x . Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  50. ↑ Teng, Sing Tung; Law, Ing Kuo; Hanifah, Afiqah Hamilton; Bin Bojo, Othman; Idrus, Farah Akmal; Mannaf, Aini Hannani Naqiah Abdul; Lim, Po Teen; Leaw, Chui Pin (2021). "Bloom of a freshwater green alga Botryococcus braunii (Botryococcaceae, Trebouxiophyceae) and the associated mass fish mortality in a man-made lake, Sarawak, Malaysia". Plankton and Benthos Research. 16 (1): 59–68. Bibcode:2021PBenR..16...59T. doi:10.3800/pbr.16.59 . Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  51. ↑ Bradbeer, Stephanie J.; Harrington, Jack; Watson, Henry; Warraich, Abrahim; Shechonge, Asilatu; Smith, Alan; Tamatamah, Rashid; Ngatunga, Benjamin P.; Turner, George F.; Genner, Martin J. (18 April 2018). "Limited hybridization between introduced and Critically Endangered indigenous tilapia fishes in northern Tanzania". Hydrobiologia. 832 (1): 257–268. doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3572-5. PMC   6394572 . PMID   30880834.
  52. ↑ ATTAYDE, J. L.; BRASIL, J.; MENESCAL, R. A. (Dec 2011). "Impacts of introducing Nile tilapia on the fisheries of a tropical reservoir in North-eastern Brazil". Fisheries Management & Ecology. 18 (6): 437–443. Bibcode:2011FisME..18..437A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2400.2011.00796.x . Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  53. ↑ Alcaraz, Guillermina; López-Portela, Xarini; Robles-Mendoza, Cecilia (2015-07-01). "Response of a native endangered axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum (Amphibia), to exotic fish predator" . Hydrobiologia. 753 (1): 73–80. Bibcode:2015HyBio.753...73A. doi:10.1007/s10750-015-2194-4. ISSN   1573-5117. S2CID   254550469.
  54. ↑ Carvalho, Cintia Oliveira; Pazirgiannidi, Melina; Ravelomanana, Tsilavina; Andriambelomanana, Fetra; Schrøder-Nielsen, Audun; Ready, Jonathan Stuart; de Boer, Hugo; Fusari, Charles-Edouard; Mauvisseau, Quentin (3 September 2024). "Multi-method survey rediscovers critically endangered species and strengthens Madagascar's freshwater fish conservation". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 20427. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1420427O. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71398-z. PMC   11372049 . PMID   39227484.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.