Hyperoliidae

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Hyperoliidae
Heterixalus alboguttatus01.jpg
Heterixalus alboguttatus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Clade: Afrobatrachia
Family: Hyperoliidae
Laurent, 1943
Genera

17 genera (see text)

The Hyperoliidae, or sedge frogs and bush frogs, are a large family of small to medium-sized, brightly colored frogs which contains more than 250 species in 19 genera. Seventeen genera are native to sub-Saharan Africa. [1] In addition, the monotypic genus Tachycnemis occurs on the Seychelles Islands, and the genus Heterixalus (currently 10 species) is endemic to Madagascar.

Contents

Hyperoliids range from 1.5 to 8 cm (0.59 to 3.15 in) in body length. Many species have smooth, brightly patterned skin that almost looks enameled. [2]

Most hyperoliids are arboreal, but some are terrestrial, including several Kassina species that move by walking or running rather than hopping. Diets vary widely, with examples including Paracassina , which specializes on snails, [3] and Afrixalus fornasini , the only terrestrial frog known to prey on eggs of other species of anurans.

Breeding in this family begins at the start of the rainy season, where hyperoliids congregate at breeding sites. Most hyperoliids lay their eggs in water, although foam nesting, tree-hole breeding, and laying of eggs in vegetation above water are all known behaviors. [2] Afrixalus builds leaf nests for its eggs, by folding and gluing the edges of the leaves. Tadpoles are pond type larvae with large dorsal fins on their tails.

No fossil hyperoliids are known.

Classification

As of mid-2022, there are 17 genera with 224 species, more than half of them in the very species-rich Hyperolius: [4] The genera are divided between three subfamilies, with three genera unplaced.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthroleptidae</span> Family of amphibians

The Arthroleptidae are a family of frogs found in sub-Saharan Africa. This group includes African treefrogs in the genus Leptopelis along with the terrestrial breeding squeakers Arthroleptis, and several genera restricted to the Guinean forests of central and west Africa, such as the hairy frog (Trichobatrachus).

<i>Kassina</i> Genus of amphibians

Kassina is a genus of hyperoliid frogs, commonly referred to as running frogs or kassinas. They are found throughout sub-Saharan Africa. They are characterized by preferring a distinctive "walking" with the back legs instead of the more traditional frog-hopping.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden banana frog</span> Species of amphibian

The golden banana frog, golden dwarf reed frog, golden spiny reed frog, or golden leaf-folding frog is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is found in lowland coastal plains of eastern South Africa, Eswatini, and southern Mozambique. The AmphibiaWeb includes Afrixalus crotalus in this species as a subspecies, whereas the Amphibian Species of the World and the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species treat A. crotalus as a full species.

<i>Afrixalus</i> Genus of amphibians

Afrixalus, commonly known as the banana frogs, spiny reed frogs, cat's eye reed frogs, or leaf-folding frogs, is a genus of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. They occur in the Subsaharan Africa. They lay their eggs in vegetation above water, often folding leaves around the eggs for protection—hence the common name "leaf-folding frogs".

<i>Afrixalus crotalus</i> Species of amphibian

Afrixalus crotalus is a species of frogs in the family Hyperoliidae. It is found in southern Malawi, central Mozambique, and eastern Zimbabwe. It might be a subspecies of Afrixalus aureus, a position adopted by the AmphibiaWeb. It is sometimes known as the Zimbabwe banana frog or snoring spiny reed frog.

Afrixalus equatorialis, also known as the Congo banana frog, is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is found in the central parts of the Congo Basin in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and southeastern Cameroon, and is likely to be found in the Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic too. It might be conspecific with Afrixalus nigeriensis and is closely related to Afrixalus leucostictus.

Afrixalus leucostictus is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is endemic to eastern and central Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its relationship with Afrixalus equatorialis is not fully understood. Common names Makese banana frog and speckled spiny reed frog have been proposed for it.

<i>Afrixalus paradorsalis</i> Species of frog

Afrixalus paradorsalis, also called Foulassi banana frog and the false striped spiny reed frog, is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is native to Africa, where it occurs in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Nigeria.

Hyperolius diaphanus is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is endemic to the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and is known from near the Itombwe Mountains and the mountains to the west of Lake Kivu. Limits of its range are not clear and might extend into the adjacent Burundi and Rwanda. Common names Kigulube reed frog and translucent reed frog have been proposed for this species.

Hyperolius frontalis is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is found in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, from northwest of Mount Rwenzori, south to west of Lake Kivu, extending into extreme south-western Uganda in the Bwindi Forest. Common names Bushoho reed frog and white-snouted reed frog have been coined for this species.

Hyperolius rhodesianus is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. H. rhodesianus is part of the Hyperolius viridiflavus superspecies, and it remains debated whether it should be considered a distinct species. It is currently known from extreme western Zimbabwe, but it is quite likely that its range extends into the adjacent Zambia and possibly Botswana. Common name Laurent's reed frog has been proposed for it.

Hyperolius schoutedeni is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is known from the northern half of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, central-west and southeastern Republic of the Congo, and southeastern Gabon; its true range probably extends into the adjacent Central African Republic and South Sudan. It is morphologically very similar to Hyperolius cinnamomeoventris and has been confused with that species. However, molecular data suggests that its closest relatives include Hyperolius kivuensis, Hyperolius balfouri, and Hyperolius quinquevittatus, rather than H. cinnamomeoventris.

<i>Hyperolius semidiscus</i> Species of amphibian

Hyperolius semidiscus is a species of frogs in the family Hyperoliidae. It is found in southern and eastern South Africa and in Eswatini, and it is likely to be present in Mozambique. Common names yellow-striped reed frog, yellow-flanked reed frog, and Hewitt's reed frog have been coined for it.

Hyperolius wermuthi is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is found in Ivory Coast, southern Guinea, and Liberia. The correct name for this species is likely Hyperolius soror. It is so similar to Hyperolius fusciventris that it has likely been overlooked elsewhere in West Africa. Common name Wermuth's reed frog has been coined for this species.

Paracassina kounhiensis is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is endemic to Ethiopian highlands east of the Rift Valley. Its natural habitats is montane grassland, less commonly the margins of montane forest. It breeds in marshes and pools. While still locally abundant, it is threatened by habitat loss. A part of its range is within the Bale Mountains National Park.

Paracassina obscura is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is endemic to Ethiopian highlands west of the Rift Valley. Its natural habitats are montane grasslands, less commonly forest margins. It is also known from a few clearings in tropical deciduous forest, rural gardens, and urban areas. It could be threatened by habitat loss.

References

  1. Schiotz, A. (1999). Treefrogs of Africa. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt. ISBN   3-930612-24-0.
  2. 1 2 Zweifel, Robert G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 100–101. ISBN   0-12-178560-2.
  3. Duellman, William E.; Trueb, Linda (1994). Biology of Amphibians. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 230. ISBN   978-0-8018-4780-6.
  4. Frost, Darrel R. "Hyperoliidae". Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Retrieved 29 June 2022.

Further reading

Burton, R.; Burton, M. (2002). "Reed frogs" (PDF). Marshall Cavendish International Wildlife Encyclopedia. Vol. 15 (3rd ed.). Marshall Cavendish. pp. 2146–2147. ISBN   978-0-7614-7266-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-29.