Indian pond heron

Last updated

Indian pond heron
Indian pond heron (Ardeola grayii) non breeding.jpg
In non-breeding plumage (Sri Lanka)
Indian Pond Heron I2 IMG 1142.jpg
Breeding plumage (India)
Call
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Pelecaniformes
Family: Ardeidae
Genus: Ardeola
Species:
A. grayii
Binomial name
Ardeola grayii
(Sykes, 1832)
ArdeolaMap.svg
Synonyms

Ardeola leucoptera

The Indian pond heron or paddybird (Ardeola grayii) is a small heron. It is of Old World origins, breeding in southern Iran and east to the Indian subcontinent, Burma, and Sri Lanka. They are widespread and common but can be easily missed when they stalk prey at the edge of small water-bodies or even when they roost close to human habitations.

Contents

They are distinctive when they take off, with bright white wings flashing in contrast to the cryptic streaked olive and brown colours of the body. Their camouflage is so excellent that they can be approached closely before they take to flight, a behaviour which has resulted in folk names and beliefs that the birds are short-sighted or blind. [2] [3]

Description

Indian pond herons are stocky with short necks, short thick bills and buff-brown backs. In summer, adults have long neck feathers. Their appearance is transformed from dull colours when they take to flight and the white of the wings makes them very prominent. They are very similar to the squacco herons, Ardeola ralloides, but darker backed. To the east of their range, they are replaced by the Chinese pond herons, Ardeola bacchus.

During the breeding season, there are records of individuals with red legs. The numbers do not suggest that this is a normal change for adults during the breeding season and some have suggested the possibility of it being genetic variants. [4] [5] [6] [7]

Erythristic plumage has been noted. [8] The race phillipsi has been suggested for the populations found in the Maldives, without much acceptance. [9] It forms a superspecies with the closely related Chinese pond heron, Javan pond heron and the Madagascar pond heron.[ citation needed ]

They are usually silent but may make a harsh croak in alarm when flushed or near their nests. [9]

This bird was first described by Colonel W. H. Sykes in 1832 and given its scientific name in honour of John Edward Gray. Karyology studies indicate that pond herons have 68 chromosomes (2N). [10]

Behaviour and ecology

When flushed the contrasting white wings flash into view Indian Pond Heron I IMG 1098.jpg
When flushed the contrasting white wings flash into view
Usually hunched, they appear short necked Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii) in Breeding plumage walking cautiously in Kolkata I IMG 7936.jpg
Usually hunched, they appear short necked

They are very common in India, and are usually solitary foragers but numbers of them may sometimes feed in close proximity during the dry seasons [11] when small wetlands have a high concentration of prey. They are semi-colonial breeders. They may also forage at garbage heaps. During dry seasons, they sometimes take to foraging on well watered lawns or even dry grassland. When foraging, they allow close approach and flush only at close range. They sometimes form communal roosts, often in avenue trees over busy urban areas. [12]

Food and feeding

The Indian pond heron's feeding habitat is marshy wetlands. They usually feed at the edge of ponds but make extensive use of floating vegetation such as water hyacinth to access deeper water. They may also on occasion swim on water or fish from the air and land in deeper waters. [13] [14] [15] [16] They have also been observed to fly and capture fishes leaping out of water. [17] [18] Sometimes, they fly low over water to drive frogs and fishes towards the shore before settling along the shoreline. [19] They have been noted to pick up crumbs of bread and drop them on the water surface to bait fishes. [20]

The primary food of these birds includes crustaceans, aquatic insects, fishes, tadpoles and sometimes leeches (Herpobdelloides sp.). [21] Outside wetlands, these herons feed on insects (including crickets, dragonflies [22] and bees [23] ), fish ( Barilius noted as important in a study in Chandigarh) and amphibians. [24]

Breeding

Pair at nest in Kolkata, West Bengal, India Indian Pond Heron at Nest I IMG 8732.jpg
Pair at nest in Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Indian pond heron with bright red legs in breeding season Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii with red legs DSC 6410 2.jpg
Indian pond heron with bright red legs in breeding season

The breeding season begins with the onset of the monsoons. They nest in small colonies, often with other wading birds, usually on platforms of sticks in trees or shrubs. Most nests are built at a height of about 9 to 10 m in large leafy trees. The nest material is collected by the male while the female builds the nest. Three to five eggs are laid. [25] The eggs hatch asynchronously, taking 18 to 24 days to hatch. Both parents feed the young. [26] Fish are the main diet fed to young. [11] Nest sites that are not disturbed may be reused year after year. [27]

Mortality factors

They have few predators but injured birds may be taken by birds of prey. [28]

An arbovirus that causes "Balagodu", trematodes [29] and several other parasites have been isolated from the species. [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] Antibodies to Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus has been detected in pond herons and cattle egrets from southern India. [35] Traces of heavy metals acquired from feeding in polluted waters may be particularly concentrated in the tail feathers. [36]

In culture

Large numbers in a drying pond Indian Pond Herons (Ardeola grayii) feedingin drying sewage pond in Kolkata I IMG 7980.jpg
Large numbers in a drying pond

The habit of standing still and flushing only at the last moment has led to widespread folk beliefs that they are semi-blind and their name in many languages includes such suggestions. In Sri Lanka the bird is called kana koka which translates as "half-blind heron" in the Sinhala language. [2] The Hindustani phrase "bagla bhagat" has been used to describe a "wolf in sheep's clothing" or a hypocrite appearing like a meditating saint [37] and occurs in a Marathi proverb. [38] The paddy-bird also appears as a character in the Hitopadesha where, in one story, it takes injury to itself to save a king. [39] The bird was noted by Anglo-Indian naturalist-writers for the surprising transformation in colours. Phil Robinson described the bird as one that sits all dingy gray and flies all white. [40] It is said to have been eaten by many in India in former times. [41]

During the height of the plume trade, feathers were collected from the "paddy bird" and exported to Britain. [42]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cattle egret</span> Cosmopolitan species of heron

The cattle egret is a cosmopolitan species of heron found in the tropics, subtropics, and warm-temperate zones. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Bubulcus, although some authorities regard its two subspecies as full species, the western cattle egret and the eastern cattle egret. Despite the similarities in plumage to the egrets of the genus Egretta, it is more closely related to the herons of Ardea. Originally native to parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe, it has undergone a rapid expansion in its distribution and successfully colonised much of the rest of the world in the last century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesser whistling duck</span> Species of bird

The lesser whistling duck, also known as Indian whistling duck or lesser whistling teal, is a species of whistling duck that breeds in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. They are nocturnal feeders that during the day may be found in flocks around lakes and wet paddy fields. They can perch on trees and sometimes build their nest in the hollow of a tree. This brown and long-necked duck has broad wings that are visible in flight and produces a loud two-note wheezy call. It has a chestnut rump, differentiating it from its larger relative, the fulvous whistling duck, which has a creamy white rump.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western reef heron</span> Species of bird

The western reef heron, also called the western reef egret, is a medium-sized heron found in southern Europe, Africa and parts of Asia. It has a mainly coastal distribution and occurs in several plumage forms: a slaty-grey plumage in which it can only be confused with the rather uncommon dark morph of the Little egret ; a white form which can look very similar to the little egret although the bill tends to be paler and larger and the black form with white throat E. g. gularis of West Africa. There are also differences in size, structure and foraging behaviour. There have been suggestions that the species hybridizes with the Little Egret, and based on this, some authors treat schistacea and gularis as subspecies of Egretta garzetta. Works that consider the Western Reef Heron as a valid species include the nominate gularis and schistacea as subspecies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-wattled lapwing</span> Species of bird

The yellow-wattled lapwing is a lapwing that is endemic to the Indian Subcontinent. It is found mainly on the dry plains of peninsular India and has a sharp call and is capable of fast flight. Although they do not migrate, they are known to make seasonal movements in response to rains. They are dull grey brown with a black cap, yellow legs and a triangular wattle at the base of the beak. Like other lapwings and plovers, they are ground birds and their nest is a mere collection of tiny pebbles within which their well camouflaged eggs are laid. The chicks are nidifugous, leaving the nest shortly after hatching and following their parents to forage for food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oriental darter</span> Species of bird

The Oriental darter is a water bird of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia. It has a long and slender neck with a straight, pointed bill and, like the cormorant, it hunts for fish while its body is submerged in water. It spears a fish underwater, bringing it above the surface, tossing and juggling it before swallowing the fish head first. The body remains submerged as it swims, and the slender neck alone is visible above the water, which accounts for the colloquial name of snakebird. Like the cormorants, it has wettable feathers and it is often found perched on a rock or branch with its wings held open to dry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-necked stork</span> Species of bird

The black-necked stork is a tall long-necked wading bird in the stork family. It is a resident species across the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia with a disjunct population in Australia. It lives in wetland habitats and near fields of certain crops such as rice and wheat where it forages for a wide range of animal prey. Adult birds of both sexes have a heavy bill and are patterned in white and irridescent blacks, but the sexes differ in the colour of the iris with females sporting yellow irises and males having dark-coloured irises. In Australia, it is sometimes called a jabiru although that name refers to a stork species found in the Americas. It is one of the few storks that are strongly territorial when feeding and breeding.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spot-billed pelican</span> Species of bird

The spot-billed pelican or gray pelican is a member of the pelican family. It breeds in southern Asia from southern Iran across India east to Indonesia. It is a bird of large inland and coastal waters, especially large lakes. At a distance they are difficult to differentiate from other pelicans in the region although it is smaller but at close range the spots on the upper mandible, the lack of bright colours and the greyer plumage are distinctive. In some areas these birds nest in large colonies close to human habitations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little cormorant</span> Species of bird

The little cormorant is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. Slightly smaller than the Indian cormorant it lacks a peaked head and has a shorter beak. It is widely distributed across the Indian Subcontinent and extends east to Java, where it is sometimes called the Javanese cormorant. It forages singly or sometimes in loose groups in lowland freshwater bodies, including small ponds, large lakes, streams and sometimes coastal estuaries. Like other cormorants, it is often found perched on a waterside rock with its wings spread out after coming out of the water. The entire body is black in the breeding season but the plumage is brownish, and the throat has a small whitish patch in the non-breeding season. These birds breed gregariously in trees, often joining other waterbirds at heronries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Painted stork</span> Species of bird

The painted stork is a large wader in the stork family. It is found in the wetlands of the plains of tropical Asia south of the Himalayas in the Indian Subcontinent and extending into Southeast Asia. Their distinctive pink tertial feathers of the adults give them their name. They forage in flocks in shallow waters along rivers or lakes. They immerse their half open beaks in water and sweep them from side to side and snap up their prey of small fish that are sensed by touch. As they wade along they also stir the water with their feet to flush hiding fish. They nest colonially in trees, often along with other waterbirds. The only sounds they produce are weak moans or bill clattering at the nest. They are not migratory and only make short distance movements in some parts of their range in response to changes in weather or food availability or for breeding. Like other storks, they are often seen soaring on thermals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Purple sunbird</span> Species of bird

The purple sunbird is a small bird in the sunbird family found mainly in South and Southeast Asia but extending west into parts of the Arabian peninsula. Like other sunbirds they feed mainly on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. They have a fast and direct flight and can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird but often perch at the base of flowers. The males can appear all black in harsh sunlight but the purple iridescence is visible on closer observation or under good light conditions. Females are olive above and yellowish below.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Purple-rumped sunbird</span> Species of bird

The purple-rumped sunbird is a sunbird endemic to the Indian Subcontinent. Like other sunbirds, they are small in size, feeding mainly on nectar but sometimes take insects, particularly when feeding young. They can hover for short durations but usually perch to lap nectar from flowers. They build a hanging pouch nest made up of cobwebs, lichens and plant material. Males are contrastingly coloured but females are olive above and yellow to buff below. Males are easily distinguished from the purple sunbird by the light coloured underside while females can be told apart from females by their whitish throats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-vented bulbul</span> Species of bird

The red-vented bulbul is a member of the bulbul family of passerines. It is a resident breeder across the Indian subcontinent, including Sri Lanka extending east to Burma and parts of Bhutan and Nepal. It has been introduced in many other parts of the world and has established itself in New Zealand, Argentina, Tonga and Fiji, as well as parts of Samoa, Australia, USA and Cook Islands. It is included in the list of the world's 100 worst invasive alien species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian robin</span> Species of bird

The Indian robin is a species of passarine bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is widespread in the Indian subcontinent and ranges across Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The males of the northern subspecies have brown backs whose extent gradually reduces southwards, with the males of the southern subspecies having all-black backs. They are commonly found in open scrub areas and often seen running along the ground or perching on low thorny shrubs and rocks. The long tail is usually held up and the chestnut undertail coverts and dark body make them easily distinguishable from pied bushchats and Oriental magpie-robins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-necked crane</span> Species of large bird from Asia

The black-necked Crane is a medium-sized crane in Asia that breeds on the Tibetan Plateau and remote parts of India and Bhutan. It is 139 cm (55 in) long with a 235 cm (7.71 ft) wingspan, and it weighs 5.5 kg (12 lb). It is whitish-gray, with a black head, red crown patch, black upper neck and legs, and white patch to the rear of the eye. It has black primaries and secondaries. Both sexes are similar. Some populations are known to make seasonal movements. It is revered in Buddhist traditions and culturally protected across much of its range. A festival in Bhutan celebrates the bird while the Indian union territory of Ladakh has designated it as the state bird.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian pied myna</span> Species of bird

The Indian pied myna is a species of starling found in the Indian subcontinent. It is usually found in small groups mainly on the plains and low foothills. It is often seen within cities and villages although it is not as bold as the common myna. It produces a range of calls made up of liquid notes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baya weaver</span> Species of bird found in southeast Asia

The baya weaver is a weaverbird found across the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Flocks of these birds are found in grasslands, cultivated areas, scrub and secondary growth and they are best known for their hanging retort shaped nests woven from leaves. These nest colonies are usually found on thorny trees or palm fronds and the nests are often built near water or hanging over water where predators cannot reach easily. They are widespread and common within their range but are prone to local, seasonal movements mainly in response to rain and food availability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Large grey babbler</span> Species of bird

The large gray babbler is a member of the family Leiothrichidae found across India and far western Nepal. They are locally common in the scrub, open forest and gardenland. They are usually seen in small groups and are easily distinguished from other babblers in the region by their nasal call and the whitish outer feathers to their long tail. It is one of the largest babblers in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">K. K. Neelakantan</span>

K. K. Neelakantan better known by his pen name Induchoodan, was a leading Indian ornithologist. He is widely regarded as a pioneer of the environmental movement in Kerala for popularizing bird study through his books written in Malayalam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bank myna</span> Species of bird

The bank myna is a myna found in the northern parts of South Asia. It is smaller but similar in colouration to the common myna, only differing in having brick-red naked skin behind the eyes instead of yellow. It is greyer on the underside and in this and in the presence of a slight tuft of feathers bears some resemblance to the jungle myna. They are found in flocks on the plains of northern and central India, often within towns and cities. Their range appears to be extending southwards into India. The name is derived from their habit of nesting almost exclusively in the earthen banks of rivers, where they excavate burrows and breed in large colonies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern cattle egret</span> Species of bird

The eastern cattle egret is a species of heron found in the tropics, subtropics and warm temperate zones. Most taxonomic authorities lump this species and the western cattle egret together as subspecies of the cattle egret, but some separate them. Despite the similarities in plumage to the egrets of the genus Egretta, it is more closely related to the herons of Ardea. It is native to southern and eastern Asia, and Australasia.

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Ardeola grayii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22697128A93600400. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697128A93600400.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 Anonymous (1998). "Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent" (PDF). Buceros. 3 (1): 53–109.
  3. ↑ Yule, Henry; Burnell, A. C. (1903). Crooke, William (ed.). Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. London, UK: John Murray. p. 650.
  4. ↑ Gopisundar, K. S. (2004). "Abundance and seasonality of Indian Pond Herons Ardeola grayii with red legs in Uttar Pradesh, India" (PDF). Forktail. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-11.
  5. ↑ Abdulali, H. & Alexander, H. G. (1952). "Ardeidae with red legs". Ibis. 94 (2): 363. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01829.x.
  6. ↑ Wesley, H. D. (1993). "Genetics of the red tarsi and feet in the Pond Heron". Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 33 (4): 73.
  7. ↑ Sundar, Gopi KS (2005). "Distribution and extent of Pond Herons Ardeola grayii with red legs in India" (PDF). Indian Birds. 1 (5): 108–115.
  8. ↑ Parasharya, BM (1983). "An erythristic pond heron". Pavo. 21 (1&2): 107–108.
  9. 1 2 Rasmussen, PC; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia:The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
  10. ↑ M. K. Mohanty; S. P. Bhunya (1990). "Karyological studies in four species of ardeid birds (Ardeldae, Ciconiiformes)". Genetica. 81 (3): 211–214. doi:10.1007/BF00360867. S2CID   29647762.
  11. 1 2 Begum, S. (2003). "Colonial nesting behavior in Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii grayii) of Bangladesh" (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal. 18 (6): 1113–1116. doi: 10.11609/jott.zpj.18.6.1113-6 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-03. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  12. ↑ Gadgil, Madhav; Salim Ali (1975). "Communal roosting habits of Indian birds". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 72 (3): 716–727.
  13. ↑ Chandra-Bose, DA (1969). "The Paddybird, Ardeola grayii (Sykes) floating on water". Pavo. 7 (1&2): 74–75.
  14. ↑ Neelakantan, KK (1986). "Pond heron afloat". Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 26 (5–6): 11–13.
  15. ↑ Krishna, MB (1978). "Pond Herons". Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 18 (10): 12.
  16. ↑ Muir, G.B.F. (1916). "Paddy-birds Ardeola grayii fishing". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24 (2): 366–367.
  17. ↑ Grimwood, I.M .; Brocklehurst, M.J.C. (1984). "Unusual feeding behaviour in the Paddy Bird or Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 81 (3): 696–697.
  18. ↑ Sivasubramanian, C (1988). "Aerial feeding by Median Egret (Egretta intermedia), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) and Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 85 (3): 611–612.
  19. ↑ Kirkpatrick, K. M. (1953). "Feeding habit of the Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51 (2): 507.
  20. ↑ Réglade, Michel Antoine; Dilawar, Mohammed E.; Anand, Ulhas (2015). "Active bait-fishing in Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii". Indian Birds. 10 (5): 124–125.
  21. ↑ Mathew, DN; Narendran, TC; Zacharias, VJ (1978). "A comparative study of the feeding habits of certain species of Indian birds affecting agriculture". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75 (4): 1178–1197.
  22. ↑ Santharam, V. (2003). "Indian pond-herons Ardeola grayii feeding on dragonflies". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 100 (1): 108.
  23. ↑ Prasad, JN; Hemanth, J (1992). "Pond Heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes) feeding on bees". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (2): 246.
  24. ↑ Sodhi, N.S. (1986). "Feeding ecology of Indian pond heron and its comparison with that of little egret". Pavo. 24 (1&2): 97–112.
  25. ↑ Pandey, Deep Narayan (1991). "Nesting of the Pond Heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes) on Eucalyptus trees". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 88 (2): 281.
  26. ↑ Yesmin, R.; Rahman, K. & Haque, N. (2001). "The breeding biology of the Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii Sykes) in captivity". Tigerpaper. 28 (1): 15–18.
  27. ↑ Ali, S.; S. D. Ripley (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 63–64.
  28. ↑ Navarro, A (1962). "Pale Harrier taking a Pond Heron". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 59 (2): 653.
  29. ↑ Umadevi K; R. Madhavi (2000). "Observations on the morphology and life-cycle of Procerovum varium (Onji & Nishio, 1916) (Trematoda: Heterophyidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 46 (3): 215–225. doi:10.1023/A:1006398205390. PMID   10845654. S2CID   4497926.
  30. ↑ Pavri K, Sheikh BH, Singh KR, Rajagopalan PK, Casals J (1969). "Balagodu virus, a new arbovirus isolated from Ardeola grayii (Sykes) in Mysore State, South India". Indian J Med Res. 57 (4): 758–64. PMID   4979767.
  31. ↑ Pavri KM, Rajagopalan PK, Arnstein P (1968). "Isolation of Ornithosis bedsoniae from paddy birds, Ardeola grayii (Sykes), in Mysore State India". Indian J. Med. Res. 56 (11): 1592–4. PMID   5715959.
  32. ↑ Sahay S, Sahay U, Verma DK (1990). "On a new trematode of the genus Psilorchis (Psilostomidae Looss, 1900) from pond heron Ardeola grayii". Indian Journal of Parasitology. 14 (2): 203–205.
  33. ↑ Madhavi, R; Narasimha Rao, N; Rukmini, C (1989). "The life history of Echinochasmus bagulai Verma 1935 (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae)". Acta Parasitologica Polonica. 34 (3): 259–265.
  34. ↑ Deshmukh PG (1971). "On the male of Avioserpens multipapillosa Singh, 1949 from Ardeola grayii". Rivista di Parassitologia . 32 (2): 101–3. PMID   5166875.
  35. ↑ Paramasivan, R.; A.C. Mishra; D.T. Mourya (2003). "West Nile virus: the Indian scenario" (PDF). Indian J Med Res. 118: 101–108. PMID   14700342. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
  36. ↑ Muralidharan, S.; Jayakumar, R.; Vishnu, G (2004). "Heavy metals in feathers of six species of birds in the district Nilgiris, India". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 73 (2): 285–291. doi:10.1007/s00128-004-0425-x. PMID   15386041. S2CID   26914063.
  37. ↑ Pahwa, Munshi Thakardass (1919). The modern Hindustani scholar of the Pucca munshi. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.
  38. ↑ Manwaring, A. (1899). Marathi proverbs. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 40.
  39. ↑ Arnold, Edwin (1893). The Book of Good Counsels from the Sanskrit of the Hitopadesa. London: W.H.Allen and Co. p. 108.
  40. ↑ Dewar, Douglas (1896). Bombay Ducks. London: John Lane Company. pp. 111, 235–239.
  41. ↑ Susainathan, P. (1921). Bird friends and foes of the farmer. Bulletin NO. 81. Madras: Department of Agriculture. p. 48.
  42. ↑ Watt, George (1908). The Commercial Products of India. London: John Murray. p. 139.

Other sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.