Iris ludwigii

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Iris ludwigii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Spuriae
Species:
I. ludwigii
Binomial name
Iris ludwigii
Synonyms [1]
  • Chamaeiris ludwigii(Maxim.) M.B.Crespo
  • Xyridion ludwigii(Maxim.) Rodion.

Iris ludwigii, with the common name Ludwig iris, is a species in the genus Iris . It is also in the subgenus Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Spuriae . It is a rhizomatous perennial plant with violet-blue flowers. It is native to the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan meet. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Contents

Description

Iris ludwigii is similar in form to Iris pontica , but differs in shape and size of the rhizome. [2]

It has a stout, creeping rhizome. [3] That forms compact and often crowded plants. [2]

It has between 2 and 4, linear, grass-like, lanceolate, 20–40 cm (8–16 in) long, [4] [5] [6] and 5 mm wide leaves. [3] The leaves have 3–7 veins. [3] [6]

It has very variable sized stems that can be obsolete or underground, [2] or 2–3 cm long, [3] [7] or up to 10–20 cm (4–8 in) cm long. [4] [5]

It has lanceolate and green, paper-like spathes (leaves of the flower bud). [2] [3] [6]

The stems hold 1–2 terminal (top of stem) flowers, [2] [3] [4] between May and June. [3] [6] The flowers last on the plant between 6–8 days. [6]

It has flowers that are 5–6 cm (2–2 in) in diameter, [6] that are violet-blue. [3] [4] [7] It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'. [8] The falls are lanceolate, with white marks and violet-blue veining. The centre of the falls is covered with short unicellular hairs, [3] (looking similar to a yellow beard). [4] [5] The standards are erect, narrow and oblong. [3]

It has a slender filiform (thread-like), perianth tube. [3] [6]

It has linear style branches, that white with violet-blue tips. [3] It has yellow or white filaments and orange anthers. [3] [6]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule (not described) between August and September. [6]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [8] It has a chromosome count: 2n=38. [7]

In 2003, a study was carried out on the chromosome sequencing of various irises from the Siberian region of central Asia. They sequenced the rbcL gene from some Siberian iris species belonging to different subgenera, including Iris halophila , Iris ludwigi, Iris uniflora , Iris pseudacorus , Iris glaucescens , Iris tigridia , and Iris laevigata . Their results supported Brian Mathew's classification from 1989. That Iris halophila and Iris ludwigii form a cluster. [9]

Taxonomy

The Latin specific epithet ludwigii refers to the 18th century Professor of natural history and medicine, Christian Gottlieb Ludwig. [10]

It has the common name of Ludwig Iris. [11] [12] [13]

It was originally published and described by Karl Johann Maximowicz in the 'Bulletin of the Academy of Imperial Science, Saint-Pétersburg Vol.26 pages508-509 in 1880. [14]

It was later published in Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg Vol.10 page721 in 1880 (Diagn. pl. nov. asiat.). [15]

In his book (Iris, 1913) William Rickatson Dykes was once thought Iris ludwigii to a form of Iris humilis with stoloniferous rhizomes, the Academy of Imperial Science, Saint-Pétersburg did not agree with this. [3] It was later treated as a separate species by Brian Mathew. [5] Georgi Rodionenko had proposed Series Ludwigia for this species. [7] But after chromosomal studies were carried out it was then placed in Series Spuriae. [9]

It was mentioned in 'Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the Former USSR)'. [16]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003. [15]

Distribution and habitat

Iris ludwigii is native to temperate regions of Asia. [14] [15]

Range

It is found in Altai Mountains, [2] [4] [7] [14] between east Kazakhstan, [6] [13] [17] and Siberia, [7] [14] and Altai Republic in Russia. [3] [15]

It is listed with Iris bloudowii , Iris psammocola , Iris ruthenica , Iris sibirica , Iris tenuifolia and Iris tigridia as being found in the Altai-Sayan region (where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together). [18]

It is also found in the Altai-Dzungarian region of the Altai mountains (between Mongolia and China). [19]

Habitat

It grows on the steppes, [2] in meadows, in thickets of Stipa splendens , and on gravelly slopes. [3] [6]

Conservation

It is listed in the IUCN Red Book of the Altai Territory. [6]

It is at risk due to the effects of cattle grazing, ploughing and other farming methods. [13]

In April 2005, a Working draft of Species Action Plan for Iris ludwigii was created for the at risk plants on the Altai Mountains. [20]

It is mentioned as one of the 17 species of plants are included in the 'Red Book of Kazakhstan', and they are: Steppe peony ( Paeonia hybrida ), Spring asphodel, ( Adonis vernalis ), Pink rhodiola ( Rhodiola rosea ), Altai rhubarb ( Rheum altaicum ), Altai daphne ( Daphne altaica ), Snow ( Macropodium nivale ), Siberian adder's-tongue ( Erythronium sibiricum ), Maral root ( Rhaponticum carthamoides ), Vereschagin ( Limnas veresczaginii ), Heteropetals tulip ( Tulipa heteropetala ), Small-fruit cranberry ( Oxycoccus microcarpus ), ( Cymbaria dahyrica ), Altai anthrax ( Sibiraea altaiensis ), Stemless ( Leiospora excapa ), Altai gimnospermium ( Gimnospermium altaicum ) and Fir club moss ( Lycopodium selago ). 5 species of plant were put into the 'Red Book of Russian Federation', they are Steppe peony (Paeonia hybrida), Altai rhubarb (Rheum altaicum), Altai daphne (Daphne altaica), Ludwig iris (Iris ludwigii) and Siberian adder's-tongue (Erythronium sibiricum). [11] [12]

Cultivation

Iris ludwigii is cultivated as an ornamental plant for gardens. It prefers locations in full sun, on soils with good drainage. [2]

In nature and in cultivation, it was found that the plant, flowers but they are sterile with underdeveloped stamens. Therefore, does not produce seeds. [11]

It is hardy enough to grow and be cultivated in the botanical gardens of Barnaul, Novosibirsk and Chita, Zabaykalsky Kra, in Russia. It was trialled at The Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg in 1971. It bloomed three times but then died after flowering. [11]

Propagation

It can be propagated by division or by seed growing. [6]

Related Research Articles

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Iris sibirica, commonly known as Siberian iris or Siberian flag, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Europe and Central Asia. It has long green grass-like leaves, tall stem, 2–5 violet-blue, to blue, and occasionally white flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris spuria</i> Species of plant

Iris spuria, or blue flag, is a species of the genus Iris, part of the subgenus Limniris and the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Europe, Asia and Africa. It has purple or lilac flowers, and slender, elongated leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and hybridized for use in the garden. It has several subspecies; Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. demetrii B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. maritima (Dykes) P.Fourn. and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now been re-classified as separate species; Iris spuria subsp. halophila, Iris spuria ssp. sogdiana and Iris spuria subsp. notha . It has many common names including 'blue iris', 'spurious iris' and 'bastard iris'.

The Altai-Sayan region is an area of Inner Asia proximate to the Altai Mountains and the Sayan Mountains, near to where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together. This region is one of the world centers of temperate plant diversity. Its biological, landscape, historical, cultural and religious diversity is unique. 3,726 species of vascular plants are registered in the region including 700 threatened or rare species, 317 of which are endemic; fauna consists of 680 species, 6% of which are endemic. Its ecosystem is comparatively unchanged since the last ice age, and it is the host of endangered species that include the saiga, nerpa, and snow leopard. It is the focus of ongoing international and regional environmental conservation initiatives.

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Spuriae</i> Group of flowering plants

Iris series Spuriae are a series of the genus Iris, in Iris subg. Limniris. They are sometimes commonly known as butterfly irises.

<i>Iris lactea</i> Species of plant

Iris lactea is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and is the only species in the series Ensatae. The Japanese water iris, Iris ensata, is actually in series Laevigatae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Asia, with pale blue or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris ruthenica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris ruthenica, sometimes called ever blooming iris, Russian iris, pilgrim iris and Hungarian iris, is a species in the genus Iris- subgenus Limniris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution, ranging from eastern Europe to Central Asia. It has grass-like leaves, thick stem and violet or bluish lavender flowers which are marked with violet veining.

<i>Iris uniflora</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris uniflora is a species in the genus Iris and in the subgenus Limniris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Mongolia, China and Korea. It has thin grass-like leaves and stems, and purple, blue-purple or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris bungei is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Mongolia, Tibet and China. It has green leaves, short stem and 2 violet, purple, lavender or blue flowers.

Iris loczyi is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide area of Asia, including Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Tibet and China. It has long thin grey green leaves, long stems and 1 flower in pale violet, blue violet, lavender or light blue.

<i>Iris tenuifolia</i> Species of plant

Iris tenuifolia is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide region over central Asia, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, ; Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia and in China. It has long greyish-green leaves, short stem and pale violet, lilac, pale blue, or purple flowers.

Iris ventricosa is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Asia and the Russian Federation, to Mongolia and China. It has grey-green leaves, short flowers stems and 1–2 pale violet or pale blue flowers.

Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris humilis</i> Species of plant

Iris humilis is a plant species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution range from Europe to Russia to China, via Mongolia and Kazakhstan. It has sword-shaped leaves, a short stem and yellow flowers with an orange beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris mandshurica is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, it is found in Russia, China, and Korea. It has green sword-like leaves, smooth green stem and yellow flowers, with yellow-purple veining and a yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris potaninii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris potaninii is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Siberia in Russia, Mongolia and China. It is a dwarf plant, having either subterranean or very small stems, long thin leaves and yellow, or dark violet to purplish blue flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris cuniculiformis is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China, it has long and thin green leaves, and 1 lilac large flowers, that have yellow or grey beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris ivanovae is a plant species in the genus Iris and part of the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from eastern Russia, China, and Mongolia.

<i>Iris tigridia</i> Species of plant of the genus Iris

Iris tigridia is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and China. It has dark green or greyish green, grass-like leaves, a short slender stem and a single flowers that are either violet, dark blue, blue-purple, dark purple, mauve, lilac, lavender, or light purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris glaucescens</i> Species of plant

Iris glaucescens is a plant species in the genus Iris and subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, found in Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has blue-grey sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem, and spring flowers in blue-violet, pale violet, lilac-purple, to deep purple, to light bluish, and almost white shades. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again, although some sources still call it a synonym of Iris scariosa.

<i>Iris scariosa</i> Species of plant

Iris scariosa is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the mountainsides of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has sword-like, or sickle shaped, blue green or grey-green leaves, a short flowering stem, 3 or 4 membranous or semi-transparent flower bud leaves, 2 violet, reddish violet, lilac, blue-purple, or blue flowers in late spring, with yellow or white beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and Iris glaucescens became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again. Although some sources still call it the main species, despite a slight colour difference.

References

  1. ↑ "Iris ludwigii Maxim. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kramb, D (28 March 2005). "Iris ludwigii". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Komarov, V.L. (1935). "Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV" . Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. ISBN   0-88192-089-4.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Franco, Alain (29 November 2013). "(SPEC) Iris Ludwigii Maxim". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Silanteva., M.M. "IRIS LUDWIGII MAXIM. – IRIS (iris) Ludwig". lesnoj-atlas.com. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  8. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN   978-0881927306. OL   8176432M.}
  9. 1 2 Makarevitch, Irina; Golovnina, Kseniya; Scherbik, Svetlana; Blinov, Alexander (2003). "Phylogenetic Relationships of the Siberian Iris Species Inferred from Noncoding Chloroplast DNA Sequences". Int. J. Plant Sci. The University of Chicago. 164 (2): 229–237. doi:10.1086/346160 . Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  10. ↑ "Searching Dave's Garden". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "The exhibition "Iris Russia"". flower-iris.ru. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  12. 1 2 "Burkhatskiy Pass". kazakhstan.orexca.com. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 Doronkin, B. M. "Iris (Iris) Ludwig (Iris ludwigii)". calc.ru. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Iridaceae Iris ludwigii Maxim". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Iris ludwigii". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  16. ↑ Sergeĭ Kirillovich Cherepanov (1981) Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the Former USSR)&pg=PA280 Up0XgqTk2pkC , p. 280, at Google Books
  17. ↑ "Red Book (Flora) 2". innature.kz. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  18. ↑ "Biodiversity of Altai-Sayan Ecoregion". bioaltai-sayan.ru. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  19. ↑ Olonova, Marina V.; Zhang, Daoyuan; Duan, Shiming; Yin, Linke; Pan, Borong (2010). "Rare and endangered plant species of the Chinese Altai Mountains" (PDF). Journal of Arid Land. 2 (3): 222–230. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1227.2010.00222 . Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  20. ↑ "Darwin Initiative for the Survival of Species Project: 162 / 11 / 025 Cross-border conservation strategies for Altai Mountain endemics (Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan) Annual Report (Year 3)" (PDF). darwininitiative.org.uk. April 2005. Retrieved 11 February 2015.

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