Iris uniflora

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Iris uniflora
Iris uniflora 111948663.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Ruthenicae
Species:
I. uniflora
Binomial name
Iris uniflora
Pall. ex Link
Synonyms [1]
  • Iris ruthenica var. uniflora(Pall. ex Link) Baker
  • Iris uniflora f. caricina(Kitag.) P.Y.Fu & Y.A.Chen
  • Iris uniflora var. caricinaKitag.
  • Iris uniflora var. uniflora(unknown)
  • Limniris uniflora(Pall. ex Link) Rodion.

Iris uniflora is a species in the genus Iris and in the subgenus Limniris . It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Mongolia, China and Korea. It has thin grass-like leaves and stems, and purple, blue-purple or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Contents

Description

Iris uniflora differs from Iris ruthenica by having thick resilient bracts (leaf on flower stem, where a flower emerges) that remain green (or yellow-green), [2] [ unreliable source? ] until the seeds mature. [3] [4] [5] [ unreliable source? ] On Iris ruthenica, the bracts usually dry out and die, after flowering. [2] [ unreliable source? ]

It has a thin creeping rhizome that is brown and branched. [6] [7] The rhizome is covered with the remains of last years leaves. [2] [3] It also has fibrous roots. [6]

It has slender flowering stems that grow up to 15 cm long. [3] [7] [2] They are occasionally branched. [7]

It has thin grass-like leaves (linear and lanceolate). [2] [5] The 2–3 leaves are green and grow up from the base of the plant, measuring 10–40 cm long, 5–10 mm wide. [6] [3] [7] The leaves later grow longer than the flowers stems after the blooming period. [6] [7] [2]

It blooms between May and June. [6] [3] It normally has one flower but occasionally has two flowers, [6] [2] which have a violet-like fragrance. [8] It has perianth tube (that measures about) 1.5 cm. [6] [2]

The flowers come in shades of purple, from blue-purple to violet. [6] [3] [5] They are 4–4.5 cm in diameter. [6] [2] They have a white veined or striped signal (at the base of the fall of the flower). [2] [5]

It has 1.5 cm long stamens and 5 mm long ovary. [6]

Between July and August, it fruits (after the blooming period is over). [6] [3]

It has oval/globose seed capsules (measuring 8–10 mm in diameter). [6] Which differ from other irises by being un-ribbed. [5] Inside the capsule are round, black seeds that have a small fleshy appendage. [3] [7] [5]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [9] It has been examined several times to find its chromosome count: 2n=48, Scolovskaya; 2n=42, Doronkin 1984; 2n=16, Sok & Prob. 1986; 2n=42, Zakharjeva, 1990. [4]

In 1986, a study was carried out on 3 iris species in China, the chromosomes of Iris mandshurica , Iris uniflora and Iris bloudowii were counted. It was counted as 2n = 40. [10]

Taxonomy

Dried specimen from Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris Iris uniflora Pall. ex Link(MNHN P02155205).jpg
Dried specimen from Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris

It is written as 单花鸢尾 in Chinese script and 'dan hua yuan wei' in China. [6] [11] It has the common name of 'rock kris' in Tibet and the Tibetan name of 'Yuki Ozawa'. [12]

It is also known as 'single-flowered iris' in Russia. [3] [13]

It was first widely published by Peter Simon Pallas in 'Jahrbücher der Gewächskunde' (published in Berlin and Leipzig) in 1820. [11] [14] It was first found and named by Link, but he did not publish it widely. [1]

It was illustrated later in The Garden magazine page 187 on 5 September 1896. [8]

In 1892, it was thought to be a variety of Iris ruthenica (Iris ruthenica var. uniflora) by Baker (in his book, Handbook Irid. 4. 1892). which he noted was "a form with narrow leaves (2—6 mm wide at anthesis, ca. 10 mm wide in fruit". [6] [7] It was described as Iris uniflora var. caricina by Kitagawa in the Botanical Magazine (of Tokyo) in 1935, [6] which is still considered a variant by the American Iris Society. [4] In 1981, Brian Mathew notes in his book The Iris that "The Flora of the USSR separates this as a distinct species, distinguished from Iris ruthenica". [4]

Iris uniflora is a tentatively accepted name by the RHS. [15]

Distribution and habitat

Iris uniflora is native to temperate regions of Asia. [11] [16]

Range

It is found in Central Asia (including Transylvania), [8] Russia (including the states of Siberia, [11] Primorye [3] and Transbaikalia [3] ) Mongolia, [12] [11] [17] Tibet, [12] Korea and China (including Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Manchuria and Qinghai ). [8] [11] [16]

Habitat

It grows on the grasslands [5] (steppes) [3] on the forest margins, in deciduous woods, hillsides and mountain slopes. [6] [3] [7]

It was found in the Quercus forests in the Amur region of Russia. [18]

Conservation

It was rare in Russia and mentioned in an early version of the Russian Red Book of Endangered Species. [13] Currently not in the 2013 list. [19] One population of iris uniflora is now under the protection of Lazo Nature Reserve. [13]

Cultivation

It grows well in garden borders, but it only flowers in dry and sunny positions. [8] Stable in culture, winters without shelter. Can be used for rocky hills, curb and group plantings in the southern forest-steppe and steppe regions. Differ by more than I. ruthenica, confinement to dry soils. Tested: Moscow, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok. [3]

It is a specimen found in 7 Botanic Garden collections around the world. [19]

In east Siberia, Aphis neonewtoni (Pashtshenko) is found on the upper sides of the leaves of Iris uniflora. [20]

Uses

It is used within Tibetan herbal medicines, the seeds are an ingredient in a remedy used to treat de-toxification and as an insecticide. The flowers are used to treat eyesight problems and the root is used to cure freckles and ringworm. [12]

Variants

Iris uniflora has only one known variant, as others found were re-classed as synonyms.

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris japonica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris japonica, commonly known as fringed iris, shaga and butterfly flower, is a native of China and Japan. It is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and within the Lophiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with pale blue, lavender or white flowers with an orange or yellow crest. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris sanguinea</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris sanguinea is a rhizomatous flowering plant in the genus Iris and in the series Sibiricae. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is one of the species considered a Japanese iris. It is from Asia, found between Russia, Mongolia, China, Japan and Korea. It has grey green leaves, an unbranched flowering stem and flowers in reddish-purple shades, from blue to blue-purple, red-violet, with a rare white variant.

<i>Iris lactea</i> Species of plant

Iris lactea is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and is the only species in the series Ensatae. The Japanese water iris, Iris ensata, is actually in series Laevigatae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Asia, with pale blue or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris ruthenica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris ruthenica, sometimes called ever blooming iris, Russian iris, pilgrim iris and Hungarian iris, is a species in the genus Iris- subgenus Limniris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution, ranging from eastern Europe to Central Asia. It has grass-like leaves, thick stem and violet or bluish lavender flowers which are marked with violet veining.

<i>Iris setosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris setosa, the bristle-pointed iris, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris of the family Iridaceae, it belongs the subgenus Limniris and the series Tripetalae. It is a rhizomatous perennial from a wide range across the Arctic sea, including Alaska, Maine, Canada, Russia, northeastern Asia, China, Korea and southwards to Japan. The plant has tall branching stems, mid green leaves and violet, purple-blue, violet-blue, blue, to lavender flowers. There are also plants with pink and white flowers.

<i>Iris tenuifolia</i> Species of plant

Iris tenuifolia is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide region over central Asia, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, ; Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia and in China. It has long greyish-green leaves, short stem and pale violet, lilac, pale blue, or purple flowers.

Iris ventricosa is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Asia and the Russian Federation, to Mongolia and China. It has grey-green leaves, short flowers stems and 1–2 pale violet or pale blue flowers.

<i>Iris halophila</i> Species of plant

Iris halophila is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with yellow, white or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It comes from a wide range from eastern Europe to China in Asia. It was known for a long while as a subspecies of Iris spuria, before being treated as a separate species in its own right.

Iris ludwigii, with the common name Ludwig iris, is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant with violet-blue flowers. It is native to the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan meet. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris halophila var. sogdiana is a species in the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris and series Spuriae. It is a variety of Iris halophila. It was once a species in its own right as Iris sogdiana, before being re-classified as a synonym of Iris halophila, but it has been re-classed again as a variant of Iris halophila. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with blue-violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris sintenisii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris sintenisii is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae, with tall thin stems, violet-blue flowers and long grass-like leaves. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from grass meadows parts of Europe, Russia, and Turkey. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris humilis</i> Species of plant

Iris humilis is a plant species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution range from Europe to Russia to China, via Mongolia and Kazakhstan. It has sword-shaped leaves, a short stem and yellow flowers with an orange beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris mandshurica is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, it is found in Russia, China, and Korea. It has green sword-like leaves, smooth green stem and yellow flowers, with yellow-purple veining and a yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris ivanovae is a plant species in the genus Iris and part of the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from eastern Russia, China, and Mongolia.

<i>Iris tigridia</i> Species of plant of the genus Iris

Iris tigridia is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and China. It has dark green or greyish green, grass-like leaves, a short slender stem and a single flowers that are either violet, dark blue, blue-purple, dark purple, mauve, lilac, lavender, or light purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris glaucescens</i> Species of plant

Iris glaucescens is a plant species in the genus Iris and subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, found in Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has blue-grey sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem, and spring flowers in blue-violet, pale violet, lilac-purple, to deep purple, to light bluish, and almost white shades. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again, although some sources still call it a synonym of Iris scariosa.

<i>Iris scariosa</i> Species of plant

Iris scariosa is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the mountainsides of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has sword-like, or sickle shaped, blue green or grey-green leaves, a short flowering stem, 3 or 4 membranous or semi-transparent flower bud leaves, 2 violet, reddish violet, lilac, blue-purple, or blue flowers in late spring, with yellow or white beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and Iris glaucescens became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again. Although some sources still call it the main species, despite a slight colour difference.

Iris schachtii is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Anatolia, in Turkey. It has small, thin grey-green leaves, a short stem with 1–3 branches, which are normally, covered with a green leaf with purple staining. It has 2 or more fragrant flowers in late spring, which come in shades of yellow or purple, or violet and yellow,. It has a yellow or white with yellow-tips beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but prefers regions with dry, hot summers.

<i>Iris dichotoma</i> Species of plant

Iris dichotoma is a species in the genus Iris and is also in the subgenus of Iris. It was once formerly known as Pardanthopsis dichotoma as it was placed in a genus of its own before DNA testing resulted in it returning to the genus Iris. It is native to the forests and grasslands of Siberia, China, Mongolia and Korea. It has long greyish green leaves, long branched stems carrying many flowers in summer or late summer. In shades of violet, mauve to purple, lavender, pale blue, white or pink. They appear in the late afternoon at the time of Vespers.

References

  1. 1 2 "Iris uniflora Pall. ex Link". theplantlist.org. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "The Planzengattung Iris". orchideenkultur.net. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Iris ruthenia". flower.onego.ru. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Franco, Alain (30 November 2013). "(SPEC) Iris uniflora Pallas". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Walker, Ken (3 June 2007). "Iris uniflora". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "FOC Vol. 24 Page 303". efloras.org. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Komarov, V.L. (1935). "Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV" . Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Richard Lynch Book of the Iris&pg=PA64 grvYTul5CSUC , p. 64, at Google Books
  9. ↑ Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN   978-0881927306. OL   8176432M.
  10. ↑ Yutang, Zhao; Jingmei, Lu (February 1986). "Karyotype Studies Of 3 Species Of Genus Iris In China". Journal of Northeast Normal University. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iris uniflora". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Tibetan medicine Iris uniflora pall antioxidant extract and preparation method and application thereof". 18 December 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  13. 1 2 3 "The exhibition "Iris Russia"". flower-iris.ru. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  14. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris uniflora Pall. ex Link". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  15. ↑ "Iris uniflora". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  16. 1 2 "Iris uniflora Pall. ex Link". emonocot.org. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  17. ↑ "Iris uniflora Pall. ex Link". greif.uni-greifswald.de. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  18. ↑ Maria Shahgedanova (Editor) Physical Geography of Northern Eurasia&pg=PA240 3VznhD-4A_IC , p. 240, at Google Books
  19. 1 2 "BGCI > PlantSearch". bgci.org (Botanic Gardens Conservation International). Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  20. ↑ R. L. Blackman, Victor F. Eastop Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs , p. 1077, at Google Books
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