Iris bloudowii

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Iris bloudowii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Psammiris
Species:
I. bloudowii
Binomial name
Iris bloudowii
Synonyms [1]
  • Iris flavissima var. bloudowii(Ledeb.) Baker
  • Iris flavissima var. umbrosaBunge

Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris . It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Contents

Description

It is similar in form to Iris humilis (another Psammiris species). [2]

It has a thick, short, irregularly shaped, fibrous rhizome. [3] [4] [5] They are 0.5–1.5 cm (0–1 in) in diameter. [6] Under the rhizome are numerous yellow-white, secondary roots. [5] [7] On top of the rhizome, are the brown, fibrous remains of old leaves. [3] [4] [8] The rhizome has many branches, creating a slowly, creeping plant. [3] [9]

It has 2–4 [4] linear, [5] [6] [9] lanceolate, [4] [9] or sword-shaped basal leaves. [3] [5] [7] They are slightly curved or sickle-shaped. [3] [4] [7] They appear in spring, as broad, brown shoots, [10] before turning greyish green [3] [5] [8] or light green. [11] They can grow up to between 8–12 cm (3–5 in) long and 4–8 mm wide at blooming time. [3] [7] Later, they extend up to between 15–25 cm (6–10 in) long and 8–13 mm wide. [6] [7] [10] They have 5–6 longitudinal veins, but no central mid-vein. [3] [7] [12] The leaves are deciduous, and die away after flowering. [5] [10]

It has a slender, erect stem, that can reach up to between 8–10 cm (3–4 in) long. [3] [7] After flowering, the stem extends up to 35 cm (14 in) long. [13] [14] [15] It is not branched and carries the flowers above the foliage. [2] [7]

The stem has 2 or 3 keeled, oblong-lanceolate, reddish purple, membranous spathes or bracts (leaves of the flower bud). [9] [10] They are 4 cm (2 in) long and 1.6–2 cm wide. [3] [7] [10]

The stems hold 2 terminal (top of stem) flowers, [12] [13] [16] blooming in late spring, [17] between April and May, [5] [11] or June (in Russia). [4] The flowers are held on pedicels (stalks) that are 0.5–2 cm long. [2] [3] [7]

The flowers are 5–6 cm (2–2 in) in diameter, [6] [7] come in shades of yellow, [15] [16] [17] from bright yellow, [2] [10] [18] to clear yellow, [7] [13] to dark yellow. [5] [12]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [19] The falls are obovate, [3] [4] [7] or ovate, [9] with purple or brown veins, [12] [13] [14] leading to the haft (the section closest to the stem), [2] and have a central yellow [5] [12] [14] or golden beard. [7] [13] They are 4 cm long and 2 cm wide. [3] [7] The upright standards are oblanceolate and 3–4.5 cm long and 1–1.2 cm wide. [3] [7] They are narrower and shorter than the falls. [9]

It has a 1–1.5 cm long perianth tube, [2] [3] [7] which is equal in length to the green, spindle-shaped [7] ovary. [3] [4] The ovary also has 6 purple stripes. [2] The plant also has 1.8–2.2 cm (1–1 in) long stamens, [3] [7] and bright yellow style branches that are flat and 2.5 cm long. [3] [7]

After the iris has flowered, between June and August, [3] [4] [7] it produces an oval or ovoid seed capsule, [3] on a 1–1.2 cm long stalk. [4] [7] Inside are dark brown, ellipsoid or oval seeds, which are 5 mm long and 3 mm wide. [3] [4] [7] They are wrinkled and have a white aril (appendage). [3] [4] [7]

Genetics

In a 1986 study, the chromosomes of 3 iris species in China, Iris mandshurica , Iris uniflora and Iris bloudowii, were counted. Iris bloudowii had a count of 2n=26. [20]

In 2005, a study was carried out on Iris bloudowii. [21]

In 2012, a genetic study was carried out on Iris laevigata and it is from several closely related iris species, including Iris ensata , Iris setosa , Iris halophila , Iris scariosa , Iris potaninii , Iris tenuifolia , Iris bloudowii, and Iris sanguinea . [22]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [19] It has been counted several times, 2n=22 (Marc Simonet, 1934), 2n=22 (Randolph, 1947), 2n=26 (Simonet, 1952) and 2n=26 (Doronkin, 1984). [2]
It is commonly published as 2n=22, 26, [12] [14] or 2n = 26. [5] [20]

Taxonomy

It has the common names of 'Bludov iris' or 'Bludova iris' (in Russia). [11] [15] [23] It was also known as 'Blondow's iris' [24] due to a spelling translation mistake.

It is written as 中亚鸢尾 in Chinese script, [3] and known as Zhōng Yà yuān wĕi in Pinyin in China. [3] [25] 'Zhong ya yuan wei' is translated into English as 'Central Asian iris', [25] or 'central iris'. [7]

The Latin specific epithet bloudowii refers to von Bloudow (or Count Dmitri N. Bludova, 1785–1864 [26] ), a former President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, founded in Saint Petersburg. [10]

It was first published and described by Carl Friedrich von Ledebour in Icones Plantarum (Icon. Pl.) Vol. 2 on page 5 in 1830. [27] [28] [29]

The type specimen for description was collected from the Altai Mountains. [7] [29]

It was also published in Flora Altaica, Volume 4 on page 331 in 1833. [2] [25] [30] Then in February 2007, Brian Mathew published an article in Curtis's Botanical Magazine Volume 24, Issue 1, pages 30–33. [31]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 2 October 2014. [25]

Iris bloudowii is an accepted name by the RHS. [32]

Distribution and habitat

Iris bloudowii is native to temperate regions of central Asia. [25] [28] [32]

Range

It is found within the Siberian region, [14] [28] [33] of the Russian Federation, [10] [32] in the states of Aga Buryat, Buryatia, Chita, Gorno-Altay, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva and Primorye. [25] It is also found in Kazakhstan, [4] [34] and Mongolia. [14] [25] [28] It is also found in China, [9] [12] [14] within the Chinese province of Xinjiang [7] [25] (also known as 'Chinese Turkestan'). [10] [13]

This includes the Altai Mountains, [13] [35] and Tien Shan Mountains. [2] [8] [14]

It is listed with Iris glaucescens , Iris humilis , Iris ruthenica , Iris sibirica , Iris tenuifolia and Iris tigridia being found in the Altai-Sayan region (where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together). [36]

Habitat

It grows on the grassy meadow slopes of mountains, [6] [7] [12] on the edge of woods and forests, [2] [4] [7] in sandy dunes, [3] [7] and coastal meadows. [4]

It prefers sandy soils similar to Iris humilis. [2]

Cultivation

It is hardy to between USDA Zone 4 to Zone 9. [18]

It is very cold hardy but prefers dry winter conditions. [2]

It prefers to be grown in well-drained, light sandy soils. [2] [6] It can grow in gravelly soils. [16]

It can tolerate mildly acidic or mildly alkaline soils (pH levels between 6.1 and 7.8). [18] [16]

It can tolerate positions in full sun. [2] [18]

It has average water needs during the growing season, [18] but it should be kept dry during the winter. [2] [13]

In the UK, it is best grown in a covered frame, [10] [13] but it can grown in the open in Russia. [4] It is rare in cultivation in the UK. [17]

It is grown in rock gardens. [16]

It has been grown in Russia since 1829. It was tested in botanical gardens of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Chita and Barnaul. [4] [16] [29]

Aphis newtoni Theobald can be found on Iris bloudowii, Iris latifolia , Iris spuria and Tigridia pavonia . [37]

Propagation

It can be propagated by division or by seed growing. [6] [18]

In 2003, a study was carried out on pollinating and germinating seeds of Iris bloudowii. It was concluded that if the pollination was around 12:00 in the morning. It is self-incompatibile. [38]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris bloudowii is rarely used in hybridizing, but a cross with Iris lutescens called 'Promise' was successful. [2] It also has 2 cultivars, 'Bloudowii Rupestris' and 'Bloudowii Turkestanica'. [2]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [18]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris sibirica</i> Species of plant

Iris sibirica, commonly known as Siberian iris or Siberian flag, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Europe and Central Asia. It has long green grass-like leaves, tall stem, 2–5 violet-blue, to blue, and occasionally white flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris lactea</i> Species of plant

Iris lactea is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and is the only species in the series Ensatae. The Japanese water iris, Iris ensata, is actually in series Laevigatae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Asia, with pale blue or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris ruthenica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris ruthenica, sometimes called ever blooming iris, Russian iris, pilgrim iris and Hungarian iris, is a species in the genus Iris- subgenus Limniris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution, ranging from eastern Europe to Central Asia. It has grass-like leaves, thick stem and violet or bluish lavender flowers which are marked with violet veining.

<i>Iris uniflora</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris uniflora is a species in the genus Iris and in the subgenus Limniris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Mongolia, China and Korea. It has thin grass-like leaves and stems, and purple, blue-purple or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris loczyi is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide area of Asia, including Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Tibet and China. It has long thin grey green leaves, long stems and 1 flower in pale violet, blue violet, lavender or light blue.

<i>Iris tenuifolia</i> Species of plant

Iris tenuifolia is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide region over central Asia, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, ; Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia and in China. It has long greyish-green leaves, short stem and pale violet, lilac, pale blue, or purple flowers.

Iris ludwigii, with the common name Ludwig iris, is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant with violet-blue flowers. It is native to the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan meet. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris pontica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris pontica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a dwarf rhizomatous perennial plant from eastern Europe, the Causcasus region and Russia, with a short stem and violet-blue and white flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris longiscapa is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Hexapogon. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the deserts of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. They have grass-like leaves and lilac-violet or blue-purple flowers on a tall slender stem.

Iris curvifolia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris, and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has sickle-shaped long leaves, short stem and yellow or bright yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris humilis</i> Species of plant

Iris humilis is a plant species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution range from Europe to Russia to China, via Mongolia and Kazakhstan. It has sword-shaped leaves, a short stem and yellow flowers with an orange beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris mandshurica is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, it is found in Russia, China, and Korea. It has green sword-like leaves, smooth green stem and yellow flowers, with yellow-purple veining and a yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris potaninii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris potaninii is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Siberia in Russia, Mongolia and China. It is a dwarf plant, having either subterranean or very small stems, long thin leaves and yellow, or dark violet to purplish blue flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris vorobievii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris vorobievii is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia close to the Chinese border. It has long and thin green leaves, similar sized stem and pale yellow or bright yellow flowers with a pale yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris korolkowii</i> Species of plant

Iris korolkowii is a plant species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Tien Shan, Pamir and Altai, in Afghanistan and Turkestan. It is commonly known as the Redvein Iris. It has long, sword-shaped grey-green leaves, slender stem, and 2 to 3 white, cream, pale green or light purple flowers which are veined with maroon, chocolate brown or dark purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris cuniculiformis is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China, it has long and thin green leaves, and 1 lilac large flowers, that have yellow or grey beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris ivanovae is a plant species in the genus Iris and part of the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from eastern Russia, China, and Mongolia.

<i>Iris tigridia</i> Species of plant of the genus Iris

Iris tigridia is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and China. It has dark green or greyish green, grass-like leaves, a short slender stem and a single flowers that are either violet, dark blue, blue-purple, dark purple, mauve, lilac, lavender, or light purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris glaucescens</i> Species of plant

Iris glaucescens is a plant species in the genus Iris and subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, found in Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has blue-grey sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem, and spring flowers in blue-violet, pale violet, lilac-purple, to deep purple, to light bluish, and almost white shades. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again, although some sources still call it a synonym of Iris scariosa.

<i>Iris scariosa</i> Species of plant

Iris scariosa is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the mountainsides of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has sword-like, or sickle shaped, blue green or grey-green leaves, a short flowering stem, 3 or 4 membranous or semi-transparent flower bud leaves, 2 violet, reddish violet, lilac, blue-purple, or blue flowers in late spring, with yellow or white beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and Iris glaucescens became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again. Although some sources still call it the main species, despite a slight colour difference.

References

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  21. ↑ Ning, Li; YuZhi, Dong; FengLi, Liang (2005). "Studies on microsporogenesis and the formation of male gametophyte (plant cell) in Iris bloudowii". Bulletin of Botanical Research. 25 (2): 140–143. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  22. ↑ Sun, Ming-Zhou; Li, Ming-Rui; Shi, Feng-Xue; Li, Lin; Liu, Ying; Li, Lin-Feng; Xiao, Hong-Xing (July 2012). "Genomic and EST-derived microsatellite markers for Iris laevigata (Iridaceae) and other congeneric species". American Journal of Botany. 99 (7): 286–288. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100608. PMID   22739712.(subscription required)
  23. ↑ Kuznetsova, Olga (19 January 2015). "Iris bloudowii". mycoweb.ru. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
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  30. ↑ Carl Friedrich von Ledebour 'Flora Altaica', Volume 4 , p. 14, at Google Books
  31. ↑ Mathew, Brian (2007). "577. Iris Bloudowii". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 24: 30–33. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00556.x.
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  33. ↑ Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  34. ↑ "Three irises of the Altai". prairebreak.blogspot.co.uk. 26 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  35. ↑ "THE ALTAI, CENTRAL ASIA'S GOLDEN MOUNTAINS". greentours.co.uk. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  36. ↑ "Biodiversity of Altai-Sayan Ecoregion". bioaltai-sayan.ru. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  37. ↑ Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology June 2002 Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology June 2002 , p. 128, at Google Books
  38. ↑ Dong, Yuzho; Zan, Shaoping; Ning, Li; Wei, Wu; Lin, Zhang (2003). "The Pollen Living Ability and Pollination of Iris bloudowii". Journal of Northeast Forestry University. 31 (6): 78–79. Retrieved 30 April 2015.

Sources

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