Iris goniocarpa

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Iris goniocarpa
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Pseudoregelia
Species:
I. goniocarpa
Binomial name
Iris goniocarpa
Synonyms [1]
  • Iris goniocarpa var. tenellaY.T.Zhao
  • Iris gracilisMaxim. [Illegitimate]

Iris goniocarpa is a plant species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China, India, Burma (or Myanmar) and Bhutan. It has yellow green to dark green, long leaves, slender stem and, one flower between blue, lavender-blue, lilac, blue-violet or blue-purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Contents

Description

Iris goniocarpa is very similar in form to Iris hookeriana , but differs in being more slender in growth, [2] and it also produces one flower (in May). [3]

It has short rhizomes, that grow very slowly, [4] and also has very slender secondary roots underneath the rhizome. [5]

It has yellow green, [4] [5] green, [6] or dark green leaves. [7] That are linear, [4] [5] and can grow up to between 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long, and between 0.2 and 0.3 cm wide. [5] [8] They do not have a mid-vein, [5] and are similar in form to Liriope foliage. [7]

It has a slender stem, that can grow up to between 10–30 cm (4–12 in) tall. [5] [9] [10]

The stem is either leafless, [5] or has 1–2 green, [8] lanceolate spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are 2–4 cm (1–2 in) long and between 0.5 and 0.8 cm wide. [5]

The stems hold 1 terminal (top of stem) flower, [3] [5] [9] blooming in spring, [7] or summer, [11] between April and May, [5] [6] [7] or May and June. [4]

The flowers are 2.5–5 cm (1–2 in) in diameter, [5] [8] [9] come in shades of blue, [6] [8] from blue-violet, [4] [7] lilac, [8] [9] lavender-blue, [10] to blue-purple, [3] [4] [9] or purple. [2] [12] Very rarely, there is a white form. [2] [8] [10]

It has 2 pairs of petals, (like other irises) 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [13] The falls are obovate to elliptic in shape, [5] with a retuse (or rounded) apex. [5] It has a deeper or a darker shade, mottling or blotching. [2] [3] [5] In the centre, they have a white beard, [5] [7] which has yellow, [5] or orange tipped hairs. [3] [8] [9] The erect, [8] standards are oblong shaped, with a retuse apex. [5] 1.8–2.2 cm (1–1 in) long and 0.5 cm wide. [5] [8]

It has a 1.5–2 cm long perianth tube, 1.5 cm long stamens, yellow anthers, 1–1.5 cm long ovary and 1.8 cm long style branches. [5]

After the iris has flowered, between June and August, it produces an ellipsoid seed capsule, that is 3.2–4 cm (1–2 in) long and 1.2–1.8 cm in diameter. It has a short beak-like apex. [5]

Biochemistry

In 2009, a karyotype analysis was carried out on 10 irises found in China, it found the chromosome counts. [14]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [13] It has a chromosome count: 2n=26. [4] [14]

Taxonomy

It is written as 锐果鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as rui guo yuan wei in Pidgin. [5] [15] [16]

It has the common name of angular-fruit iris in China. [15]

It is known as ko tha o pa and dkar po cig thub in Tibet. [17]

The Latin specific epithet goniocarpa refers to the Greek word 'goniocarpa' with angular fruits [18] Also used by Eucalyptus goniocarpa, Hippophae goniocarpa and Psychotria goniocarpa.

A specimen was found in China, in 1873 by Mr. N.M. Przewalski and then given to Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh herbarium collection. [19]

It was first published and described by Baker in Gardeners' Chronicle (Gard. Chron.) Vol.6 page 710 in 1876. [5] [15] [20]

It was later published in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society Vol.42 Issue1 on page 79 in October 1916. [9]

An albino form of the iris, was found by Farrer in Western China, although there is a great deal of variation in the species. [3]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, and then updated on 2 December 2004. [15]

Iris goniocarpa is an accepted name by the RHS and it was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2011. [21]

Distribution and habitat

Iris goniocarpa is native to temperate and tropical Asia. [4] [12] [15]

Range

It is found within China, [4] [10] [19] in many Provinces of China, (including Guangxi (Gansu), Hubei, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang (also referred to as Tibet, [3] [10] [17] )and Yunnan, [22] ). [5] [15] In Sichuan, it is found on 'Haizi Shan', part of the Daxue Mountains. [11] It is also found within tropical Asia, in India (including Sikkim, [2] [3] [8] and Nepal, [4] [8] [10] ), Bhutan, [4] and Myanmar (also known as Burma). [5] [15]

It is found on the slopes of the Himalayan mountains. [4] [9] [10]

Habitat

It grows on alpine grasslands and meadows, [4] [5] [11] and in open forests of mountain valleys, [8] on granite soils. [11]

They can be found at an altitude of 2,700 to 5,500 m (8,900 to 18,000 ft) above sea level. [4] [5] [8]

Cultivation

It is not hardy to in the UK, but can be grown in an alpine house or bulb frame. [2] It is hardy in Europe, but needs shelter from winter wetness. [4]

It can be grown in well-drained soils. [2] [4] It is tolerant of different pH levels. [12]

It prefers positions in sun. [2] [7] [12]

It needs moisture during the spring but not at winter times. It also needs a dry summer period. [4]

It is thought to be best planted in September and October, to get blooms for the next year. [3]

Propagation

It can be propagated by division or by seed growing. Original herbarium specimens were grown from seed. [3]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris goniocarpa has the following varieties; 'Felina', 'Goniocarpa Alpina', 'Goniocarpa Pratensis', 'Pardaline', 'Tenella'. [9]

Note, Iris goniocarpa var. grossa Y.T.Zhao is classified as a synonym of Iris cuniculiformis [23]

Uses

It is used in native Tibetan folk medicine. [17]

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References

  1. ↑ "Iris goniocarpa Baker is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 126. ISBN   978-0-88192-089-5.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Chapter I (Part 7) Pseudoregelia". irisbotanique.com. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 "FOC Vol. 24 Page 311". efloras (Flora of China). Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 "Iris goniocarpa". degentiaan.com. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Iris goniocarpa". hessenhof.nl. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Taggart, Peter (7 March 2010). "Iris goniocarpa". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Franco, Alain (5 December 2013). "(SPEC) Iris goniocarpa Baker". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner Flora of the Silk Road: The Complete Illustrated Guide , p. 319, at Google Books
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Iris goniocarpa". lumen.fr. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  13. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN   978-0881927306.
  14. 1 2 Yu, Xiao-Fang; Zhang, Hai-Qing; Yuan, Ming; Zhou, Yong-Hong (2009). "Karyotype studies on ten Iris species (Iridaceae) from Sichuan, China" (PDF). Caryologia. 62 (3): 253–260. doi: 10.1080/00087114.2004.10589690 . S2CID   83329044 . Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Iris goniocarpa". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  16. ↑ "Iris goniocarpa Baker". tropicos.org (Tropicos). Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 Dr Pasang Yonten Arya (compiler) Dictionary of Tibetan Materia Medica (1998) , p. 7, at Google Books
  18. ↑ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants , p. 192, at Google Books
  19. 1 2 "Filed as Iris goniocarpa Baker [family IRIDACEAE]". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 25 July 2015.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ↑ "Gard. Chron., n.s., 6: 710 (1876)". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  21. ↑ "Iris goniocarpa". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  22. ↑ "Wildlife of Yunnan Part Four". robs-journeys.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  23. ↑ "Iris cuniculiformis Noltie & K.Y.Guan is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2015.

Sources

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