Iris dolichosiphon

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Iris dolichosiphon
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Pseudoregelia
Species:
I. dolichosiphon
Binomial name
Iris dolichosiphon
Synonyms [1]

Iris dolichosiphon subsp. dolichosiphon

Iris dolichosiphon is a plant species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China and Bhutan. It has long, thin dark green leaves, very short stem, and dark blue, purple, or violet flowers. That are mottled with white. It has thick white/orange beards. It has one subspecies, Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis, from China, India and Burma. It has similar flowers. They are cultivated as ornamental plants in temperate regions

Contents

Description

It has very short rhizomes, [2] about 1 cm in diameter. [3] [4] They form dense clumps of plants, along the ground. [3] [4] [5] Beneath the rhizome, are secondary roots that grow deep into the ground. [5]

It has basal leaves can grow up to between 3–54 cm (1–21 in) long and between 0.2 and 1.4 cm wide. [2] [3] [4] The leaves are around 23 cm (9 in) long at flowering time. [2] They then extend after the blooming period is over, up to 54 cm (21 in) when the plant fruits. [3] They grow 10 days before the plant flowers. [5] They are dark green with waxy surfaces, [3] [4] linear, and gradually tapered to an acute apex (or point). [3] [5]

It has a very short stem, [2] [4] almost at ground level. [3]

The stem has 3 or 4, membranous, spathes or bracts (leaves of the flower bud). [4] They dry after flowering. [2] [4]

The stems hold 1 terminal (top of stem) flowers, [2] [3] [4] blooming between April and June. [2] [5] [6] The flowers can last for up to two days. [5]

The flowers are 3–8.5 cm (1–3 in) in diameter, [2] [3] [6] come in shades of blue, from dark blue, [7] purple, [5] to violet. [4] [8] [9] They are mottled, [2] [6] [8] or blotched, [3] with white, [5] or greenish-white. [3]

The flowers are similar in form to Iris narcissiflora flowers, (another Pseudoregelia iris). [5]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [10] The falls are oblong, [3] or spatulate (spoon like), [2] [4] 2.3–4.3 cm (1–2 in) long and 0.8 - 1.8 cm wide. [2] [3] [4] They have a dense beard of clavate (club-shaped) hairs, that are orange tipped, [5] [8] at the junction of haft (bend on the petal) and blade (widest part of the petal). [2] [3] [4] The deflexed (bent downwards) and spreading (horizontally) standards are 2–3.6 cm (1–1 in) long and 0.5 – 1.5 cm wide. They have brown and curled over margins. [2] [3] [4]

It has 4–14 cm (2–6 in) long perianth tube, [2] [3] [4] that widens up to 1 cm in diameter. [3] [4] It is brownish violet, [3] [4] glossy, [4] or glaucous, [3] and covered in leaf-like bracts, [3] [4] It has 1.7–2.2 cm (1–1 in) long stamens and 1.5–2.8 cm (1–1 in) long and 0.6 -1.5 cm wide, style branches, that are elliptic (in shape) and dark violet with pale margins. [2] [3] [4] It has 1.2 cm wide filaments, [3] which are blue at top and cream below, [4] or very pale violet. [3] It has 0.8 – 1 cm long and 0.2 cm wide anthers, that are orange or pale violet. [2] [4] It has white or off-white pollen. [3] [4]

After the iris has flowered, in September, [2] it produces a thin ellipsoid seed capsule, that are 5 cm (2 in) long, with an acute apex. [2] [3] [4] They dehisce (split open) below the apex of the capsule, [4] with 3 lateral slits. [3] The seeds are 3.5 cm (1 in) long, with a long large aril (appendage). [2] [3] [4]

Biochemistry

In 2006, 13 species of Iris, including Iris subdichotoma , Iris delavayi and Iris dolichosiphon were studied for a cytological analysis of the chromosome counts. [11]

As most irises are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes ), this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [10] It has a chromosome count: 2n=22, [4] [5] [8] the same as Iris cuniculiformis (another Pseudoregelia iris). [11]

Taxonomy

It is written as 长管鸢尾 in Chinese script, [2] and known as chang guan yuan wie in Pidgin. [2] [12]

The specific epithet dolichosiphon refers to long tube, as 'dolicho' is Latin for long and 'siphon' means tube. [13] Similarly used in Quararibea dolichosiphon , Gladiolus dolichosiphon and Origanum × dolichosiphon .

The seed of the plant was collected in 1984 by David Long and Alan Sinclair from Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh from Bhutan. The seed was germinated and the plant grown in the Botanical Garden rockery. [4]

It was first published and described by Noltie in Curtis's Botanical Magazine (Bot. Mag.) Vol.7 Issue1 page 12 in 1990. [2] [12] [14] [15]

Noltie noted in Bot. Mag. that many previously collected specimens of Iris kemaonensis in various herbaria, were in fact of Iris dolichosiphon, due to the fact that the range of dolichosiphon extended into Bhutan, but kemaonensis does not. Even William Rickatson Dykes had identified some specimens as Iris potaninii . [3]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 2 December 2004 [12]

Iris dolichosiphon is an accepted name by the RHS. [16]

Distribution and habitat

Iris dolichosiphon is native to temperate areas of Asia. [12]

Range

It is found in China, [4] (in the provinces of Sichuan, [3] [7] Xizang, [14] and Yunnan), [2] [5] [12] and in Bhutan. [2] [4] [12]

Although, some references mention India and Myanmar (Burma), [12] [17] but these may refer to Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis, which is only from India and Burma, as well as China. (See later notes).

Habitat

It grows in alpine meadows, open grassy hillsides, [4] and on limestone cliffs. [2] [6]

They can be found at an altitude of 2,700–3,500 m (8,900–11,500 ft)above sea level. [2] [4] [6]

They can be found among shrubs such as Lonicera webbiana , Berberis virescens and Rhododendron campanulatum subsp. aeruginosum . [3]

Cultivation

It is hardy to USDA Zone 8. [6] It is hardy in the UK and Europe. [4] [5]

It is best grown in well-drained soils in full sun. [3] [4] [9]

It can be grown in a rock garden. [3] [4] [5]

It can be found in few specialist nurseries, but can be found incorrectly labelled as Iris narcissiflora . [6]

Propagation

It is very difficult to grow from seed, thought to be self-incompatible, therefore propagation must be done by division. [3] [4] [9]

Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis

It is the only subspecies of the main species. [12]

Description

Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis is similar in form to the main species but has more blotching on falls. [8]

Notes

It is written as 大锐果鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as dong fang yuan wei in Pidgin. [12]

The sub species (with the main species) was also first published and described by Noltie in Bot. Mag. Vol. 7 Issue 1 on page 12 in 1990. [12] It has also been published in the New Plantsman Vol. 2 Issue 3 on page 135 in 1995. [18]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) on 4 April 2003, then updated on 2 December 2004. [12]

Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis is also an accepted name by the RHS. [19]

It is sometimes known as Iris dolichosiphon 'Orientalis'. [3]

It has the same chromosome count as the main species, being 2n=22. [3]

Sub species range

It is found in China, (in Yunnan and Sichuan, [18] [20] ) India and Burma, [8] in Assam (near Arunachal and Pradesh). [18]

At high elevations. [20]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Iris halophila</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris arenaria</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris potaninii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris potaninii is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Siberia in Russia, Mongolia and China. It is a dwarf plant, having either subterranean or very small stems, long thin leaves and yellow, or dark violet to purplish blue flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris cuniculiformis is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China, it has long and thin green leaves, and 1 lilac large flowers, that have yellow or grey beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris goniocarpa is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China, India, Burma and Bhutan. It has yellow green to dark green, long leaves, slender stem and, one flower between blue, lavender-blue, lilac, blue-violet or blue-purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris hookeriana</i> Species of plant

Iris hookeriana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Himalayan mountains of India and Pakistan. It has long pale green or yellow green leaves, long slender stem and fragrant blue, purple or lilac flowers, that are mottled with a darker colour. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris kemaonensis</i> Species of plant

Iris kemaonensis, the Kumaon iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Tibetan China, Bhutan, India, Kashmir and Nepal. It has light green or yellowish green leaves, that extend after flowering time. It has a short stem, 1–2 fragrant flowers that are purple, lilac, lilac-purple or pale purple. They also have darker coloured blotches or spots. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is often known as Iris kumaonensis, due to a publishing error.

Iris leptophylla is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has thin, long grey-green leaves, long slender stem and 2 fragrant purple, blue-purple, violet or lavender pink flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris narcissiflora is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has pale green, thin, sword-shaped leaves, medium-long slender stem and 1 yellow flower. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris psammocola is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has grass-like leaves, short stems, yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris sikkimensis is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Sikkim. It has pale green or light green thin leaves, slender stem, 2 or 3 lilac or purple flowers, with a white beard with orange tips. It is thought to be a hybrid of Iris hookeriana and Iris kumaonensis.

<i>Iris aphylla</i> Species of plant

Iris aphylla is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Asia to Europe. It is found in Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Italy, Romania and France. It has dark green or bright green, sword-shaped, long grass-like leaves, that die/fade away in the winter. It also has a slender stem, with several branches and green and purplish spathes. It has 3–5 large flowers, in shades of bright purple, purple, violet, dark blue, blue-violet and dark violet, which bloom between spring and early summer. Occasionally, they re-bloom in the autumn, before the seed capsule is formed. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There is one known subspecies Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica Hegi.

<i>Iris pallida <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> cengialti</i> Species of plant

Iris pallida subsp. cengialti is a subspecies in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Italy and Slovenia. It has yellowish-green, glaucous, lanceolate or ensiform leaves, tall stem, green flushed with purple spathes, 2 short branches, 2–3 scented flowers, in shades of violet, blue-violet, deep purple, blue-purple, deep blue-purple, pale purple, deep blue, to mid-blue. It has a yellow or orange tipped beard. It was originally published as Iris cengialti but then re-classified as a subspecies of Iris pallida, and known as Iris pallida subsp. cengialti, but it is often still called Iris cengialti. It is cultivated as an ornamental garden plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris pallida <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> illyrica</i> Species of plant

Iris pallida subsp. illyrica, synonym Iris pseudopallida, is a subspecies of Iris pallida. It is a rhizomatous perennial from Croatia. It has flat, curved of sickle-shaped leaves, tall slender stems, 3–8 fragrant flowers, in shades of violet, or pale violet flowers, mauve, lavender, purple, yellow or white, between May and June. The iris was originally thought to be a separate species, but later classified as subspecies of Iris pallida, although in Croatia, it is still known as Iris pseudopallida. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, especially in the Balkan regions.

<i>Iris acutiloba <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> lineolata</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris. It is a subspecies of Iris acutiloba, and is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Iran, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Azerbaijan. It has narrow, lanceolate, or falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, which are grey-green and glaucous. It has a slender straight stem holding one terminal flower. The flowers, come in shades of white, cream, or creamy white and have veining that is purple or brown, or a mixture of both. It is heavily veined or streaked in purple or brown, with a dark purple-brown, spot on 3 of the outer petals and brown, dark purple, or black short beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, unless grown in a greenhouse.

References

  1. ↑ "Iris dolichosiphon Noltie is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 "FOC Vol. 24 Page 312". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Franco, Alain (5 December 2013). "(SPEC) Iris dolichosiphon Noltie". irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 100, at Google Books
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Chapter I (Part 7) Pseudoregelia" (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com/. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dominguez, Rafa Diez (21 April 2007). "Iris dolichosiphon subsp. dolichosiphon". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  7. 1 2 Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner Iris dolichosiphon , p. 296, at Google Books
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 "Iris dolichosiphon, Iridaceae". cabdirect.org. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  10. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN   978-0881927306.
  11. 1 2 Shen, Yun-Guang; Wang, Zhong-Lang; Guan, Kai-Yun (2007). "Karyotypes of thirteen species of Iris L. from China". Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica. 45 (5): 601–618. doi:10.1360/aps06064. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Iris dolichosiphon". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  13. ↑ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants , p. 155, at Google Books
  14. 1 2 Iridaceae Iris dolichosiphon Noltie. Vol. 7. ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  15. ↑ Noltie, Henry (1990). "IRIS DOLICHOSIPHON: Iridaceae". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 7: 9–13. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8748.1990.tb00140.x.
  16. ↑ "Iris dolichosiphon". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  17. ↑ "A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Volume 45: 1–590" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  18. 1 2 3 "Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis Noltie". tropicos.org (Tropicos). Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  19. ↑ "Iris Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 22 July 2015.[ permanent dead link ]
  20. 1 2 "Beardless Irises". pacificbulbsociety.org. Retrieved 18 July 2015.

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