Iris scariosa

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Iris scariosa
Iris scariosa curtis botanical garden image.jpg
Curtis's Botanical Magazine, vol. 112 (ser. 3, vol. 42) 6902 (1886). Drawn by Matilda Smith
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Iris
Species:
I. scariosa
Binomial name
Iris scariosa
Synonyms [1]
  • Iris astrachanicaRodion.
  • Iris bifloraFalk [Illegitimate]
  • Iris elongataFisch. ex Baker
  • Iris eulefeldiiRegel
  • Iris pumila var. scariosa(Willd. ex Link) Schmalh.
  • Iris scariosa var. eulefeldii(Regel) Maxim.

Iris scariosa is a plant species in the genus Iris ; it is also in the subgenus Iris . It is a rhizomatous perennial from the mountainsides of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has sword-like, or sickle shaped, blue green or grey-green leaves, a short flowering stem, 3 or 4 membranous or semi-transparent flower bud leaves, 2 violet, reddish violet, lilac, blue-purple, or blue flowers in late spring, with yellow or white beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and Iris glaucescens became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again. Although some sources still call it the main species, despite a slight colour difference.

Contents

Description

It is similar in form to Iris pumila . [2]

It has a yellow-white, [3] thick, fleshy rhizome, [3] [4] that is between 1.2 and 2.2 cm (0 and 1 in) in diameter. [3] [4] [5] Under the rhizome are secondary stolon-like roots. [5] On top of the rhizome, are the yellow-white, [3] fibrous remains of last seasons leaves. [4] [6] The creeping habit of the ground covering rhizomes, [4] [6] makes small tufts of plants. [7]

It has ensiform (sword-shaped), [3] [5] [8] sub-lanceolate, [6] or falcate (sickle-shaped), [2] [4] blue-grey, [2] [9] or grey-green leaves. [3] [4] They can grow up to between 10 and 18 cm (4 and 7 in) long, [3] [4] [5] and between 1 and 1.8 cm wide. [3] [8] They are generally longer than the flowering stem. [6] [8]

It has a flowering stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between 10 and 20 cm (4 and 8 in) tall. [8] [10] [11] It is normally 15 cm (6 in) tall. [2] [6] [9] The stems are leafless. [3] [4]

The stem has 3 or 4, [3] [4] [6] thin, [7] lanceolate, [3] [4] [6] spathes (leaves of the flower bud), they are (scarious) membranous, [9] and semi-transparent. [8] [12] They are 4–6 cm (2–2 in) long, [2] [4] [9] and 1.5–2 cm wide. [3] [4] They have a reddish purple, [3] [4] or lilac margins. [6]

It has a brown-purple, [9] short perianth tube, which is about 1.5–4 cm long, [3] [4] [9] and slightly flared upward. [3] [6] It also has short pedicels (flower stalks). [3] [4] [6]

The stems hold 2, [8] [9] terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming in mid to late spring, [2] [12] between April and May, [3] [4] [6] or May, [8] or May to June. [13]

The unscented, [2] flowers are 3.5–5.5 cm (1–2 in) in diameter, [2] [4] [12] come in shades of violet, [4] [7] [12] reddish violet, [8] [9] [11] lilac, [6] blue-purple, [2] [3] [5] or blue. [2] [8] [13] Some sources also refer to rarely, [2] near white or yellow shaded flowers, [10] [11] [12] but these may, however, only refer to Iris glaucescens . [8]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [14] : 17  The falls are oblong, [6] or obovate shaped, [3] [4] with a narrow claw (section near the stem). [3] [6] They are 4.5–6 cm (2–2 in) long and 1.5 cm wide. [3] [4] [12] In the centre of each of the falls is a yellow 'beard' of hairs, [3] [4] but it can be sometime white on the blade (the wide part of the petal). [5] [6] [9] The erect, oblanceolate shaped standards, are 3.5–5 cm (1–2 in) long and 0.5 cm wide. [3] [4] [12]

It has 1.8 cm long stamens, 1.5 – 2.8 cm long ovary, [8] that is fusiform (spindle shaped), [3] and a lavender or pale purple style branch, that is 3.5 cm long. [3] [4]

After the iris has flowered, between mid to late summer, [2] or June to August, [4] or June to July. [3] It produces an ovoid, [4] or cylindrical spindle, [3] or oblong shaped seed capsule. [6] Which is 5–7.5 cm (2–3 in) long and 2.5–3 cm in diameter. [3] It has 6 visible veins or ribs. [3] [4] [6] The loculicidal (having compartments) capsule, [3] holds dark brown, round or elongated seeds, that are 4–5.5 mm long and 2–3 mm wide. [2]

Biochemistry

In 1961, a study was carried out on various iris species in Russia, it found the chromosomal count of Iris scariosa was 2n=24. [15]

In 2012, a genetic study was carried out on Iris laevigata and it is from several closely related iris species, including Iris ensata , Iris setosa , Iris halophila , Iris scariosa, Iris potaninii , Iris tenuifolia , Iris bloudowii , and Iris sanguinea . [16]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [14] : 18 Iris scariosa has a chromosome count: 2n=24. [2] [5] [11] Although one source also mentions 2n=40. [11]

Taxonomy

It is written as 膜苞鸢尾 in Chinese script, and known as mo bao yuan wei in Pidgin. [3] [4] [17]

It is commonly known as 'film bud iris' or 'membrane bud iris (in China). [3] [18] It is also known as 'iris leathery' in Russia. [2] [19] [20] It was known in UK as the 'scarious iris'. [13]

The Latin specific epithet scariosa refers to shrivelled, or thin dry organs. [21] This refers to the membranous bracts or spathes, under the flowers.

It was originally described from specimens collected from near to the Caspian Sea. [10]

It was first described by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link and then published by Karl Ludwig Willdenow (using Link's description of the plant), in 'Jahrbücher der Gewächskunde' (of Berlin and Leipzig, Jahrb. Gewächsk.) Vol.1 Issue 3, page 71 in 1820. [4] [10] [22]

It was later published by Carl Ledebour in 'Fl Ross' Vol. 4 page 104 in 1853, [3] then in 'Gartenflora' Vol.27 page325 in 1878, with a colour illustration (labelled as Iris eulefeldi). [10] then by Maxim in 'Bull Acad Sci St. Petersb' Vol. 26 page 534 in 1880 and by Boris Fedtschenko in 'Kom Fl URSS' Vol. 4 page 550 in 1935. [3]

An illustration of the iris by Matilda Smith was published in Curtis's Botanical Magazine , vol. 112 [ser. 3, vol. 42] no. 6902 in 1886. [23]

In 1979, Shevchenko (Iris L. in A.I. Galushko (edited) 'Flora Severnogo Kavkaza' Vol. 3 page 79, University of Rostov) divided Iris glaucescens and Iris scariosa into 2 separate species. [10] [24] He thought that there was several morphological and ecological differences between the 2 species, but he did not publish these. He also noted that the Iris scariosa distribution range was limited to west of the Caspian Sea. [8] This range classification is disputed by other authors, although most sources still split the two irises into separate species.

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 2 October 2014. [17]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life . [25]

Iris scariosa is not yet an accepted name by the RHS.

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate central Asia, [5] [7] and eastern Europe (meaning Russia). [17] [20]

Range

It is found in Russia [4] [5] [13] (within Kalmykia, [20] [26] Bashkortostan and Siberia [6] ), [17] Kazakhstan, [4] [15] [27] Mongolia, [5] [6] and China (within the provinces of Xinjiang [18] ). [4] [5] [17]

The distribution stretches from the Ural Mountains, (above the Caspian Sea, [9] including along the Volta River [11] ) eastwards to the Tien Shan Mountains, [7] [11] [12] and Altai Mountain range. [2] [9]

In Kazakhstan, it can be found on the Sugaty Plateau of the Ketmen Mountains with Tulipa iliensis . [27]

In China, it is found on the Tarbagatai Mountains and Maili mountains, with other plant species including; Fritillaria yuminensis , Paeonia hybrida Pall., Corydalis nobilis Pers., the cowslip Primula veris L. subsp. macrocalyx (Bunge), Glaucium squamigerum Kar. & Kir. and Chelidonium majus L. var grandiflorum Willd. [28]

Habitat

It grows on the alkaline and dry, [20] sunny, open stony hillsides, [6] beside ditches, [3] [4] and in desert-like steppes. [6] [20]

They can be found at an altitude of 1,500–2,400 m (4,900–7,900 ft) above sea level. [2] [5]

Conservation

It is listed as V (for vulnerable), [19] [20] in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, (within the Stavropol and Rostov regions). [19]

One colony of plants is within the Astrakhan Nature Reserve. [19] [20]

It is limited in habitat, due to intensive grazing of the land. [20]

Cultivation

It is hardy in Europe to Zone H2, [12] meaning hardy to −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F). [29] It has been tested for hardiness in Russia, in the botanical gardens of Moscow, Stavrapole, and St. Petersburg. It was only cold resistant in Stavrapole. [2] [19] [20]

In 1946, it was first introduced to the Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, but showed unstable results, it did not bloom annually, or fruit and suffers in the winter. [19]

It prefers to grow in well-drained soils in full sun. [5]

It does not like waterlogged soils, that can damage the rhizomes, [5] but has high drought and salt tolerance. [2] So could be used in p

It can be grown in rock gardens. [2] [5] [19]

It is only collected and cultivated by iris specialists. [5] [7]

It is cultivated in the botanical gardens of Almaty, Barnaul, Jezkazgan, Karaganda, Kyiv, Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Omsk and Dovzhansk. [20]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [30] or by seed growing. [20]

Hybrids and cultivars

Due to its high drought and salt tolerance, it would be useful or interesting in plant breeding programmes. [2] As a diploid iris, it is unlikely to produce fertile offspring in crosses to other types of iris. [7] So it has not been used. [19]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [31]

Uses

In China, the rhizome of Iris scariosa has been used to treat swollen gums, [18] anti-inflammatory pains, also sore throat (or chronic pharyngitis, [18] ) and hoarseness.[ citation needed ] The rhizome was ground into a powder, then mixed with honey. [18]

Related Research Articles

Iris odaesanensis is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Chinenses of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial from China and eastern Korea. It has blue-green grass-like leaves, short stem, 1 or 2 fragrant, white or off-white flowers in spring to early summer. It is a rare plant in the wild, but it is cultivated in east Asia.

Iris bungei is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Mongolia, Tibet and China. It has green leaves, short stem and 2 violet, purple, lavender or blue flowers.

<i>Iris tenuifolia</i> Species of plant

Iris tenuifolia is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide region over central Asia, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, ; Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia and in China. It has long greyish-green leaves, short stem and pale violet, lilac, pale blue, or purple flowers.

Iris ventricosa is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Asia and the Russian Federation, to Mongolia and China. It has grey-green leaves, short flowers stems and 1–2 pale violet or pale blue flowers.

<i>Iris halophila</i> Species of plant

Iris halophila is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with yellow, white or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It comes from a wide range from eastern Europe to China in Asia. It was known for a long while as a subspecies of Iris spuria, before being treated as a separate species in its own right.

Iris ludwigii, with the common name Ludwig iris, is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant with violet-blue flowers. It is native to the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan meet. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris falcifolia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Hexapogon. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. It is a small plant, with sickle-shaped greyish-green leaves, lilac-violet flowers and darker veining, and a white or yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in dry, temperate regions.

Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris curvifolia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris, and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has sickle-shaped long leaves, short stem and yellow or bright yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris humilis</i> Species of plant

Iris humilis is a plant species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution range from Europe to Russia to China, via Mongolia and Kazakhstan. It has sword-shaped leaves, a short stem and yellow flowers with an orange beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris mandshurica is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, it is found in Russia, China, and Korea. It has green sword-like leaves, smooth green stem and yellow flowers, with yellow-purple veining and a yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris potaninii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris potaninii is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Siberia in Russia, Mongolia and China. It is a dwarf plant, having either subterranean or very small stems, long thin leaves and yellow, or dark violet to purplish blue flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris dolichosiphon is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China and Bhutan. It has long, thin dark green leaves, very short stem, and dark blue, purple, or violet flowers. That are mottled with white. It has thick white/orange beards. It has one subspecies, Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis, from China, India and Burma. It has similar flowers. They are cultivated as ornamental plants in temperate regions

Iris ivanovae is a plant species in the genus Iris and part of the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from eastern Russia, China, and Mongolia.

Iris leptophylla is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has thin, long grey-green leaves, long slender stem and 2 fragrant purple, blue-purple, violet or lavender pink flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris narcissiflora is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has pale green, thin, sword-shaped leaves, medium-long slender stem and 1 yellow flower. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris tigridia</i> Species of plant of the genus Iris

Iris tigridia is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and China. It has dark green or greyish green, grass-like leaves, a short slender stem and a single flowers that are either violet, dark blue, blue-purple, dark purple, mauve, lilac, lavender, or light purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris glaucescens</i> Species of plant

Iris glaucescens is a plant species in the genus Iris and subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, found in Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has blue-grey sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem, and spring flowers in blue-violet, pale violet, lilac-purple, to deep purple, to light bluish, and almost white shades. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again, although some sources still call it a synonym of Iris scariosa.

Iris timofejewii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris, and also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountain slopes of the Caucasus and Dagestan. It has narrow, evergreen, falcate (sickle-shaped), grey-green (glaucous) leaves, and a short flowering stem just taller than the leaves. Each stem has 1–2 flowers in shades of violet, with white beards that have purple tips. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris camillae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Azerbaijan. It has narrow, falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, medium-sized stem and large flowers, where the flower colour is very variable, ranging from violet, purple, pale blue, and also yellow, and occasionally bi-colour forms are found. It has a yellow beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

References

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  15. 1 2 Randolph, Lowell Fritz; Mitra, Jyotirmay (November 1961). "Karyotypes of Iris Species Indigenous to the USSR". American Journal of Botany. Botanical Society of America. 48 (10): 862–870. doi:10.2307/2439526. JSTOR   2439526.
  16. ↑ Sun, Ming-Zhou; Li, Ming-Rui; Shi, Feng-Xue; Li, Lin; Liu, Ying; Li, Lin-Feng; Xiao, Hong-Xing (July 2012). "Genomic and EST-derived microsatellite markers for Iris laevigata (Iridaceae) and other congeneric species". American Journal of Botany. 99 (7): 286–288. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100608. PMID   22739712.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iris scariosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 "Film Bud Iris". zhiwutong.com. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "The exhibition "Iris Russia"". flower-iris.ru. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rodionenko, G. I. "Iris (Iris) leathery". calc.ru. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  21. ↑ Stearn, William (1973). A Gardenerer's Dictionary of Plant Names (Revised ed.). London: Cassell (published 1963). p. 285. ISBN   0304937215.
  22. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris scariosa Willd. ex Link". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  23. ↑ "Curtis's Botanical Magazine, vol. 112 [ser. 3, vol. 42] t.6902 in 1886) [M. Smith]". plantillustrations.org. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
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  27. 1 2 "Tulips In The Tien Shan". greentours.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-10-11. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
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  30. ↑ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  31. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books

Sources

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