Iris halophila

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Iris halophila
Iris halophila 02.JPG
Seen in the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Spuriae
Species:
I. halophila
Binomial name
Iris halophila
Asch. and Sint. ex Baker
Synonyms [1]
  • Chamaeiris aurea(Link) M.B.Crespo
  • Chamaeiris desertorum(Gueldenst.) Medik.
  • Chamaeiris halophila(Pall.) M.B.Crespo
  • Chamaeiris lilacina(Borbás) M.B.Crespo
  • Iris aureaLink
  • Iris autumnalisTausch
  • Iris desertorumMoench [Illegitimate]
  • Iris desertorumGueldenst.
  • Iris dilutaM.Bieb.
  • Iris dubiaPoir.
  • Iris erraticaBaker [Illegitimate]
  • Iris gawleriF.Delaroche
  • Iris gueldenstadtianaLepech.
  • Iris guldenstaedtianaLepech.
  • Iris halophila var. halophila (unknown)
  • Iris heterophyllaSpreng.
  • Iris lilacinaBorbás
  • Iris pallidaSalisb. [Illegitimate]
  • Iris salsaPall.
  • Iris spathulataWilld. [Illegitimate]
  • Iris spuria var. desertorum(Gueldenst.) Sims
  • Iris spuria subsp. gueldenstadtiana(Lepech.) Soldano
  • Iris spuria subsp. halophila(Pall.) B.Mathew & Wendelbo
  • Iris spuria var. halophila(Pall.) Sims
  • Iris stenogynaF.Delaroche
  • Iris wittmanianaBaker
  • Xiphion gueldenstadtianum(Lepech.) Schrank
  • Xiphion ochroleucumSchrank
  • Xiphion stenogynum(F.Delaroche) Alef.
  • Xyridion aureum(Link) Klatt
  • Xyridion gueldenstadtianum(Lepech.) Klatt
  • Xyridion halophilum(Pall.) Klatt
  • Xyridion stenogynum(F.Delaroche) Klatt

Iris halophila is a species in the genus Iris . It is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae . It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with yellow, white or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It comes from a wide range from eastern Europe to China in Asia. It was known for a long while as a subspecies of Iris spuria , before being treated as a separate species in its own right.

Contents

Description

It is similar in form to Iris orientalis but it is shorter. [2]

It has stout, thick, purple brown rhizomes, which can be 1.3–3 cm in diameter. [3] [4] Under the rhizome are thick roots. [3] The rhizome spreads along the ground in a creeping habit. [4]

It has greyish-green, linear, erect, sword-shaped, leaves. [3] [4] [5] That can grow up to 20–60 cm (8–24 in) long, [6] and 0.7–2 cm wide. [3] [7] The leaves do not have a mid-vein. [3] The leaves and foliage are sometimes longer than the flowering stems. [4] [8] Similar to Iris spuria , they also have the ability to produce an offensive smell, when the leaves are bruised. [5]

It has a smooth, 40–90 cm (16–35 in) long flowering stem. [8] [9] [10] It has 1–4 very short lateral branches. [3]

The stems hold 3–8 flowers, [6] 3–4 per stem, terminal (top of stem), [4] [11] in early summer, between May and June. [2] [3] [4]

The lanceolate and membranous at the top, spathes are 5.5–9 cm (2–4 in) long and 2 cm wide. [3] [4]

It has flowers that are 5–7 cm (2–3 in) in diameter, [3] [7] ranging in colour from white, yellowish to grey purple, [6] [8] and violet. [3] It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [12] It has fiddle=shaped falls, with a narrow section between the claw (section closest to the stem) and limb or blade (outer part). [3] [4] The claw is 2–3 cm long and 0.5 cm wide and the oblong or rounded limb is 1.5 cm long and 1 cm wide. [3] [8] Normally, the limb bends downwards. [8] It has an erect, oblanceolate standard, which is 3.5 cm long and 6–8 mm wide. [3] [4]

Some references mention pale to dark yellow forms with darker veining. [7] [9] [11] This is Iris spuria subsp. halophila (Pall.) B.Mathew & Wendelbo. [13]

It has a 1.5–3 cm long pedicel, a short, 1 cm long perianth tube, 3 cm long stamens, yellow anthers and 3.5–4 cm long ovary. The style branches (in white or yellow, depending on the petal colour) are 3.5 cm long and 6 mm wide. [3] They are as long as the claw of the petals. [4]

After the iris has flowered, between July and August it produces a greenish brown, ellipsoid-cylindric (shaped) seed capsule, measuring 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long and 2–2.5 cm wide. It has ridges and beak on the top. [3] [4] Normally in pairs of capsules. [4] Inside, are pyriform (pear shaped), paper-like seeds, with a glossy or wrinkled (rugose), yellowish maroon, seed coat (or testa). [3] [4]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [12] It has been counted many times; 2n=44, 66, Lenz & Day, 1963; 2n=20, Lungeanu, 1970. [5] 2n=44, is the accepted count number. [9] [10]

In 2003, a study was carried out into the chemical structure of seeds of Iris halophila, it found new chemical compounds including halophilol A and a new tetrastilbene, halophilol B. [14]

In 2007, the anti-oxidative components of the rhizome of Iris halophila were studied in Li Xiao Fei's (of Xinjiang University) Master's thesis. Several chemical compounds were found including, flavones, phenolic compounds amylose and organic acid. [15]

The salt tolerance and absorption qualities of the iris have been studied. [16]

In 2012, a genetic study was carried out on Iris laevigata and several of its closely related iris species, including Iris ensata , Iris setosa , Iris halophila, Iris scariosa , Iris potaninii , Iris tenuifolia , Iris bloudowii , and Iris sanguinea . [17]

In 2014, a study was carried out to work out the cross-breeding barriers between two Iris species, Iris halophila and Iris pseudacorus . a post-zygotic barrier was found to be the main obstacle. [18]

Taxonomy

Clump of Iris halophila, seen in Botanical Garden of Moscow State University Iris halophila 01.JPG
Clump of Iris halophila, seen in Botanical Garden of Moscow State University

The Latin specific epithet halophila refers to salt loving. [19]

It had the common name of long leafed flag, [20] [21] [22] It is known as the salt marsh iris in Germany. [2]

It is written as 喜盐鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as xi yan yuan wei in Pinyin Chinese. [3] [23]

It was first published as Iris spuria subsp. halophila, [24] by Peter Simon Pallas in 'Reise Russ. Reich.' Vol. 2 page 733 in 1773. [5] [25]

It was then 3 years later re-published as Iris halophila by Pallas in 'Reise Russ. Reich.' Vol. 3 page 713 in 1776. [26]

Most plant authors and botanists classed it as a subspecies of Iris spuria, including Brian Mathew in 1981 in his book The Iris. [2] [5]

It was still verified as Iris halophila by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 9 January 2003. [25]

As of February 2015, it is incorrectly listed as a synonym of Iris spuria by the RHS. [27]

Native

Iris halophila is native to a wide range of temperate regions, from western Europe to Central Asia. [24]

Range

It is found in the western European countries of Germany, [5] Romania and Ukraine. [3] [7] In the middle Asian countries of (the former Soviet Union republics of); it is found in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. [3] [4] It is also found in Iran (or Persia, [8] ), Pakistan and Afghanistan [10] [24] [3] and within the Caucasus area of Russia. [2] [4] [7]

It is found in west Asian countries and regions of Siberia, Mongolia and China. [2] [3] [24] Within China, it is found in the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Xinjiang. [3]

Habitat

Iris halophila is grown on wet grasslands or meadows, on hillsides, beside rivers and on wet salty soils or salt marshes. [3] [5] [7]

Cultivation

It is hardy to −25 °C. [5] [7]

It is known to lose the leaves in the winter, leaving a few short leaf tips. [28]

It prefers moist, heavy soils but can tolerate most other soils. [11]

It prefers positions in full sun. [7] [11] [29]

It is very hardy, seeds very readily and so springs up where more delicate species have died out. [8]

It is thought to be best planted between August and September. [8]

Uses

It is used in Chinese herbal medicines to treat hematochezia and various other problems. [30]

A research specimen exists in the Linnean Society of London herbarium. [31]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris halophila var. sogdiana (Bunge) Grubov is a known variant, [32] although this was only recently thought as a synonym of Iris halophila. [33]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris spuria</i> Species of plant

Iris spuria, or blue flag, is a species of the genus Iris, part of the subgenus Limniris and the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Europe, Asia and Africa. It has purple or lilac flowers, and slender, elongated leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and hybridized for use in the garden. It has several subspecies; Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. demetrii B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. maritima (Dykes) P.Fourn. and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now been re-classified as separate species; Iris spuria subsp. halophila, Iris spuria ssp. sogdiana and Iris spuria subsp. notha . It has many common names including 'blue iris', 'spurious iris' and 'bastard iris'.

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Spuriae</i> Group of flowering plants

Iris series Spuriae are a series of the genus Iris, in Iris subg. Limniris. They are sometimes commonly known as butterfly irises.

Iris anguifuga is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from China. It has narrow green leaves, long stem and violet or blue flowers.

<i>Iris tenuifolia</i> Species of plant

Iris tenuifolia is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide region over central Asia, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, ; Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia and in China. It has long greyish-green leaves, short stem and pale violet, lilac, pale blue, or purple flowers.

Iris ventricosa is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Asia and the Russian Federation, to Mongolia and China. It has grey-green leaves, short flowers stems and 1–2 pale violet or pale blue flowers.

Iris farreri is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from China. It has grey-green leaves, long stem and 1 or 2 violet, lilac or light blue flowers. It has undergone several changes of name and series, before being left as Iris farreri.

<i>Iris orientalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris orientalis is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Turkey and Greece, with white flowers with a yellow mark or blotch. It was also known as Iris ochroleuca for a long time. It is commonly known as yellow banded iris in the U.S. and Turkish iris in the UK but also has some other less common names. It is very hardy and has been known to naturalize in various countries. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris halophila var. sogdiana is a species in the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris and series Spuriae. It is a variety of Iris halophila. It was once a species in its own right as Iris sogdiana, before being re-classified as a synonym of Iris halophila, but it has been re-classed again as a variant of Iris halophila. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with blue-violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris notha</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris notha is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial with deep blue or violet flowers from the Caucasus region. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was once Iris spuria subsp. notha, and can often be found under that name. It has the common name of fake iris or mimic iris in Russia.

<i>Iris sintenisii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris sintenisii is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae, with tall thin stems, violet-blue flowers and long grass-like leaves. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from grass meadows parts of Europe, Russia, and Turkey. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> carthaliniae</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, it is a tall iris with sky blue or white flowers. It was originally described by Fomin, as a separate species before Brian Mathew in 1981, added it to Iris spuria as one of its many subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris spuria subsp. demetrii is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Iris ser. Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, with blue-violet flowers. It is commonly known as Dimitry iris in Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> maritima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris spuria subsp. maritima is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Iris ser. Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a beardless, rhizomatous perennial plant, from coastal regions Europe and north Africa with deep blue-violet flowers.

Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus known as Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria and is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkey in Asia with flowers in various shades of blue, but there are rare white forms. They have a yellow centre and darker veining. It has the common name of 'Muslim iris'. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris scariosa</i> Species of plant

Iris scariosa is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the mountainsides of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has sword-like, or sickle shaped, blue green or grey-green leaves, a short flowering stem, 3 or 4 membranous or semi-transparent flower bud leaves, 2 violet, reddish violet, lilac, blue-purple, or blue flowers in late spring, with yellow or white beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and Iris glaucescens became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again. Although some sources still call it the main species, despite a slight colour difference.

<i>Iris acutiloba <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> lineolata</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris. It is a subspecies of Iris acutiloba, and is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Iran, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Azerbaijan. It has narrow, lanceolate, or falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, which are grey-green and glaucous. It has a slender straight stem holding one terminal flower. The flowers, come in shades of white, cream, or creamy white and have veining that is purple or brown, or a mixture of both. It is heavily veined or streaked in purple or brown, with a dark purple-brown, spot on 3 of the outer petals and brown, dark purple, or black short beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, unless grown in a greenhouse.

<i>Iris acutiloba</i> Species of plant

Iris acutiloba is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Caucasus and found in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Dagestan in the North Caucasus, and Iran. It is a dwarf species, with narrow, falcate or curved leaves, it has one flower in spring or early summer, that comes in shades from cream, creamy white, whitish, pale brown, light grey, to pale violet. It is heavily veined or streaked and pointed, with 2 dark spots and brown, purple, dark purple, or black short beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are two subspecies, Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata and Iris acutiloba subsp. longitepala.

<i>Iris barnumiae</i> Species of plant

Iris barnumiae is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. It has pale glaucous green and narrow leaves, that are slightly sickle-shaped and fade soon after blooming. It has, in mid- to late spring, fragrant flowers in shades of purple, from red-purple, mulberry to purplish-violet, with a yellow tipped with purple beard. It was renamed as I. barnumiae in after a plant naming conference in 2011, but is still sometimes named as I. barnumae in some sources. It has one accepted subspecies Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica and two forms; Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo and Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo, which has yellow flowers. Sometimes I. barnumiae f. barnumiae is used to describe the basic form. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its needing very dry and warm summer conditions.

<i>Iris paradoxa</i> Species of plant

Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, violet, dark purple to black. It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals. It comes from the region of Transcaucasia, and is found in the countries of Iran, Turkey, Armenia and in Azerbaijan.

References

  1. ↑ "Iris halophila Pall. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iris halophila". wildstaudenzauber.de. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 "FOC Vol. 24 Page 304". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Komarov, V.L. (1935). "Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV" . Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Laurin, Terry (19 November 2014). "(SPEC) Iris spuria subspecies halophila". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 146. ISBN   0-88192-089-4.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd. p. 216. ISBN   9780330327749.
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  9. 1 2 3 Kramb, D. (2 October 2004). "Iris spuria subsp. halophila". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
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  12. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN   978-0881927306. OL   8176432M.
  13. ↑ "Iris spuria subsp. halophila". hortuscamden.com. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  14. ↑ Wang, Yong-Qiang; Tan, Jun-Jie; Tan, Chang-Heng; Jiang, Shan-Hao; Zhu, Da-Yuan (August 2003). "Halophilols A and B, two new stilbenes from Iris halophila". Planta Medica. 69 (8): 779–781. doi:10.1055/s-2003-42792. PMID   14531035.
  15. ↑ Fei, Li Xiao (2007). "Study on Antioxidative Components of Iris.halophila Pall.Root". dissertationtopic.net. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  16. ↑ Marius-Nicusor Grigore, Lacramioara Ivanescu and Constantin Toma Halophytes: An Integrative Anatomical Study , p. 477, at Google Books
  17. ↑ Sun, Ming-Zhou; Li, Ming-Rui; Shi, Feng-Xue; Li, Lin; Liu, Ying; Li, Lin-Feng; Xiao, Hong-Xing (July 2012). "Genomic and EST-derived microsatellite markers for Iris laevigata (Iridaceae) and other congeneric species". American Journal of Botany. 99 (7): 286–288. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100608. PMID   22739712.
  18. ↑ Yang, Zhan-hui; Shi, Yanyan; Gao, Yike; Zhan, Qixiang (January 2014). "Crossbreeding Barriers of Interspecific Hybridization between Iris halophila Pall and I. pseudocorus L." Journal of Northeast Forestry University. Beijing Forestry University. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  19. ↑ Stearn, William (1972). A Gardenerer's Dictionary of Plant Names. London: Cassell. ISBN   0304937215.
  20. ↑ John Sims (Editor) Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Or, Flower-garden Displayed, Volumes 21–22 (1805) , p. 875, at Google Books
  21. ↑ Liverpool Botanical Garden A Catalogue of Plants in the Botanic Garden, at Liverpool (1808) , p. 55, at Google Books
  22. ↑ William Salisbury The Botanist's Companion: Or, An Introduction to the Knowledge of Practical Botany and the uses of plants, either growing wild in Great Britain, or cultivated for the purposes of agriculture, medicine, rural economy or the arts. (1816) , p. 172, at Google Books
  23. ↑ Zhou, Jiaju; Guirong, Xie; Yan, Xinjian (26 August 2011). Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines – Molecular Structures, Pharmacological Activities, Natural Sources and Applications. London: Springer. ISBN   978-3-642-16740-9.
  24. 1 2 3 4 "Beardless Irises". pacificbulbsociety.org. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  25. 1 2 "Iris halophila". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  26. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris halophila Pall". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  27. ↑ "Iris halophila". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  28. ↑ Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  29. ↑ "Iris halophyla". agreengarden.com. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  30. ↑ Jiaju Zhou, Guirong Xie and Xinjian Yan Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines – Molecular Structures , p. 702, at Google Books
  31. ↑ "Iris halophila". linnean-online.org. 11 August 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  32. ↑ "Iris halophila var. sogdiana (Bunge) Grubov is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  33. ↑ "Iris sogdiana". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 5 February 2015.

Sources

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