Jamestown Canyon virus

Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
Classification and external resources
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Jamestown Canyon virus
Virus classification
Group:	Group V ((−)ssRNA)
Order:	Bunyavirales
Family:	Peribunyaviridae
Genus:	Orthobunyavirus
Species:	Jamestown Canyon virus

Last updated April 10, 2019

Jamestown Canyon virus is an orthobunyavirus of the California serogroup transmitted during the summer by different mosquito species in the United States and Canada. The virus is one of a group of mosquito-borne or arthropod-borne viruses, also called arboviruses, that can cause fever and meningitis or meningoencephalitis, mostly in adults. Jamestown Canyon virus disease is relatively rare; in the United States, the CDC found only 31 disease cases from 2000 to 2013, but it is likely under-recognized and probably endemic throughout most of the United States.

Orthobunyavirus is a genus of the Peribunyaviridae family in the order Bunyavirales. There are currently ~170 viruses recognised in this genus. These have been assembled into 49 species and 20 serogroups.

Mosquitoes are a group of about 3500 species of small insects that are a type of fly. Within that order they constitute the family Culicidae. The word "mosquito" is Spanish for "little fly". Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, a pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs, feathery antennae, and elongated mouthparts.

Arbovirus is an informal name used to refer to any viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. The word arbovirus is an acronym. The word tibovirus is sometimes used to more specifically describe viruses transmitted by ticks, a superorder within the arthropods. Arboviruses can affect both animals, including humans, and plants. In humans, symptoms of arbovirus infection generally occur 3–15 days after exposure to the virus and last three or four days. The most common clinical features of infection are fever, headache, and malaise, but encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever may also occur.

Virology

The Jamestown Canyon virus is an orthobunyavirus and was first isolated in 1961 from Culiseta mosquitoes in Jamestown, Colorado. Since then it has been found in Aedes, Coquillettidia perturbans, Culex, Culiseta and Ochlerotatus ^{[ citation needed ]} species in northern states of the mainland US, in various mammals throughout mainland North America, and identified in humans throughout the United States.^[1]

Culiseta is a genus of mosquitoes. Most Culiseta species are cold-adapted, and only occur in warmer climates during the colder parts of the year or at higher elevations where temperatures are lower. Species found in Southern California are larger than most mosquitoes species, specifically Cs. inornata, Cs. particeps and Cs. incidens. These species are found throughout the year in Southern California and feed on several vertebrate species encompassing birds, livestock, rodents, reptiles and humans. The larvae of most species are found in ground waters such as bogs, marshes, ponds, streams, ditches, and rock pools, but an African species occurs in tree holes ("phytotelmata"), a common eastern Palaearctic species occurs in water wells and rock pools, and several Australian species occur underground. Little is known about the blood-feeding habits of females. Most species feed on birds and mammals, but a few feed on reptiles. Several species attack domestic animals and occasionally humans.

The historic Town of Jamestown is a Statutory Town in Boulder County, Colorado, United States. The population was 274 at the 2010 United States Census. It was named for James Smith, an early discoverer of gold. Jamestown was hit hard by the September 2013 Colorado floods when the town was isolated due to road damage from the rains and the flooding of James Creek. Under a mandatory evacuation order, most residents were airlifted to safety under the direction of the Colorado National Guard to nearby Boulder.

Aedes is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity. Aedes albopictus, a most invasive species, was recently spread to the New World, including the United States, by the used-tire trade. First described and named by German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1818, the generic name comes from the Ancient Greek ἀηδής, aēdēs, meaning "unpleasant" or "odious". The type species for Aedes is Aedes cinereus. Some species of this genus transmit serious diseases, including dengue fever, yellow fever, the Zika virus, and chikungunya. In Polynesia, the species Aedes polynesiensis is responsible for the transmission of human lymphatic filariasis.

Lifecycle

The virus is transmitted in saliva to a vertebrate host when an infected mosquito takes a blood meal. It thus cycles between mosquito and vertebrate amplifier hosts, mainly white-tailed deer. In a study from Newfoundland, JCV was significantly associated with large mammals such as sheep, cattle and horses. In Michigan and Ontario moose and bison are believed to be the primary reservoir.^[2]

The white-tailed deer, also known as the whitetail or Virginia deer, is a medium-sized deer native to the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia. It has also been introduced to New Zealand, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, the Lesser Antilles, and some countries in Europe, such as Finland, the Czech Republic, Romania and Serbia. In the Americas, it is the most widely distributed wild ungulate.

The virus winters in mosquito eggs, which it reaches by transovarial transmission. The female mosquito lays eggs that carry the virus, and the offspring can transmit the virus to deer or ruminants and humans. Infected mosquitoes were found equally distributed throughout the state of Connecticut, irrespective of land use.^[3]

Transovarial or transovarian transmission occurs in certain arthropod vectors as they transmit pathogens from parent arthropod to offspring arthropod. For instance, Rickettsia rickettsii, carried within ticks, is passed on from parent to offspring tick by transovarial transmission. In contrast, Rickettsia prowazekii is not passed on by transovarian transmission because it kills the vector that carries it. This is the mechanism by which many Rickettsiae are maintained in their arthropod hosts through generations, which occurs also in aedes mosquito vector of the yellow fever virus and in phlebotomine sandflies that transmit pappataci fever.

Molecular biology

The full genome has been sequenced. The authors found a relatively high level of amino acid sequence conservation from viruses isolated 57 years apart "indicating that the virus is in relative evolutionary stasis". They also found JCV to be genetically similar to Inkoo virus in Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), "suggesting that much of the northern hemisphere contains JCV or similar variants".^[4] The negative sense RNA genome is in three segments. The L segment encodes the L endonuclease (an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme) for genome replication and mRNA synthesis. The M segment encodes a polyprotein, further cleaved in the Gn and Gc surface glycoproteins for attachment and the NSm nonstructural protein that influences virulence. The S segment encodes the NSs protein for immune suppression and virulence, and the N structural nucleocapsid protein.^[5]

In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA. The genome includes both the genes and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. The study of the genome is called genomics.

Disease

About 2 days to 2 weeks after the bite of an infected mosquito disease symptoms of a nonspecific summertime illness with sore throat, runny nose and cough, followed by fever, headache, nausea and vomiting can develop. Neuroinvasive disease occurs in two thirds of reported cases and is characterized by severe headache and neck stiffness as in meningitis or increasing lethargy and altered mental status up to coma as in meningoencephalitis. No acute flaccid paralysis, no death and no acquisition from a blood transfusion has ever been reported.^[6]

Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It occurs in migraines, tension-type headaches, and cluster headaches. Frequent headaches can affect relationships and employment. There is also an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches.

Meningitis inflammation of membranes around the brain and spinal cord

Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The most common symptoms are fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises. Young children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms, such as irritability, drowsiness, or poor feeding. If a rash is present, it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis; for instance, meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied by a characteristic rash.

Meningoencephalitis central nervous system disease that involves encephalitis which occurs along with meningitis

Meningoencephalitis, also known as herpes meningoencephalitis, is a medical condition that simultaneously resembles both meningitis, which is an infection or inflammation of the meninges, and encephalitis, which is an infection or inflammation of the brain.

JCV has been mostly reported in adults rather than in children (median age 48 years versus 8 years), and is more likely to cause meningitis than encephalitis compared to illness caused by La Crosse virus.^[1] It also occurs throughout the summer (May until September),^[1] or even throughout the year^[6] rather than mostly in August, which may be due to the diversity of mosquitoes it can infect.^[2]

Arboviral differential diagnosis

Besides La Crosse virus, other arboviruses producing similar disease in a similar geographic location include first and foremost West Nile virus, Powassan virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Saint Louis encephalitis and Western equine encephalitis virus, the latter two not being reportable to CDC. For 2013, CDC reported that of 22 JCV disease cases, 15 (68%) were neuroinvasive, which is a slightly higher percentage than for West Nile virus (51%), but less common than for the other arboviruses, with La Crosse virus being 91%, Eastern equine encephalitis virus 100% and Powassan virus 80% neuroinvasive. ^[6]

Diagnosis

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers a person with JCV infection laboratory-confirmed if: JCV isolated from or JCV-specific antigen or genomic sequences detected in tissue, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or other body fluids; 2) equal or more than 4-fold change in JCV-specific neutralizing antibody titers between acute and convalescent samples; or 3) JCV or LACV IgM antibodies in serum with JCV-specific neutralizing antibodies equal or more than 4-fold higher than LACV-specific neutralizing antibody titers in the same specimen or a later specimen.^[1]

JCV-antibody testing has only been available at the CDC and the New York State Department of Health. The CDC has used plaque reduction neutralization tests to detect JCV neutralizing antibodies since 1995. The test is automatically done on all samples testing positive or equivocal for La Crosse Virus IgM antibodies by ELISA. In 2010 CDC developed an ELISA also for JCV IgM . Similarly, the New York State Department of Health has performed JCV plaque reduction neutralization tests since 2000 on samples positive for California serogroup IgG antibodies. It does the latter by an immunofluorescence assay.^[1] Prior to the 1990s, the only tests for California serogroup virus infections performed by most state diagnostic laboratories were complement-fixation test and hemagglutination inhibition tests with La Crosse virus, but these failed to detect antibody to Jamestown Canyon virus.^[7]

Treatment and prevention

No specific therapy exists for arboviral infections; treatment is limited to supportive care and managing complications, such as relieving increased intracranial pressure. Preventing and decreasing the morbidity from JCV disease depends on control of the mosquito vectors and personal protection to reduce mosquito bites.^[6]

The NIAID reported in 2012, that it had constructed a candidate virus for a live attenuated virus vaccine.^[8]

Epidemiology

Since 2004, the disease must be reported to CDC (passive surveillance, ArboNET).^[1]

Increasing awareness and more testing

In the latest US review covering 2000–2013, more than half of cases were identified in 2013 alone, the first year the CDC implemented routine JCV IgM antibody testing.^[1]

Geography

Historically, most cases of encephalitis reported to the CDC occurred in the north of the mainland United States. JCV disease most likely has a broader distribution, but is unidentified and under-reported, because testing is not considered and not straightforward.^[1] In 2013, of 10 states reporting cases, eight states reported their first JCV cases: Georgia, Idaho, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island.^[6] In August 2015, the Iowa Department of Public Health confirmed one case of JCV.^[9] In July 2017, the Maine Center for Disease Control announced what is believed to be Maine's first known case.^[10]

Season

Historically disease was reported to occur from late spring through early fall.^[1] However, for 2013, dates of illness onset ranged from January through November, with 14 (64%) of the 22 cases occurring during July until September.^[6]

Related Research Articles

West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus which is typically spread by mosquitoes. In about 80% of infections people have few or no symptoms. About 20% of people develop a fever, headache, vomiting, or a rash. In less than 1% of people, encephalitis or meningitis occurs, with associated neck stiffness, confusion, or seizures. Recovery may take weeks to months. The risk of death among those in whom the nervous system is affected is about 10%.

Flavivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae. This genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis, as well as insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) such as cell fusing agent virus (CFAV), Palm Creek virus (PCV), and Parramatta River virus (PaRV).

La Crosse encephalitis is an encephalitis caused by an arbovirus which has a mosquito vector.

Bunyavirales is an order of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. It is the only order in the class Ellioviricetes. It was formerly known as Bunyaviridae family of viruses. The name Bunyavirales derives from Bunyamwera, where the original type species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus was first discovered. Ellioviricetes is named in honor of late virologist Richard M. Elliott for his early work on bunyaviruses.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. In these cases symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion, and seizures. This occurs about 5 to 15 days after infection.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system. The disease most often manifests as meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis. Long-lasting or permanent neuropsychiatric consequences are observed in 10 to 20% of infected patients.

Oropouche fever is a tropical viral infection transmitted by biting midges and mosquitoes from the blood of sloths to humans. This disease is named after the region where it was first discovered and isolated at the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory in 1955 by the Oropouche River in Trinidad and Tobago. Oropouche fever is caused by a specific arbovirus, the Oropouche virus (OROV), of the Bunyaviridae family.

In biology and immunology, an Alphavirus belongs to group IV of the Baltimore classification of the Togaviridae family of viruses, according to the system of classification based on viral genome composition introduced by David Baltimore in 1971. Alphaviruses, like all other group IV viruses, have a positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are thirty alphaviruses able to infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, fish, birds, and larger mammals such as horses as well as invertebrates. Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes, making the alphaviruses a member of the collection of arboviruses – or arthropod-borne viruses. Alphavirus particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical, and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid.

California encephalitis orthobunyavirus or California encephalitis virus was discovered in Kern County, California and causes encephalitis in humans. Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain that can cause minor symptoms, such as headaches, to more severe symptoms such as seizures. Mosquitoes serve as its carrier and for this reason this virus is known as an arbovirus.

Mosquito-borne diseases or mosquito-borne illnesses are diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes. They can transmit disease without being affected themselves. Nearly 700 million people get a mosquito-borne illness each year resulting in over one million deaths.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. It is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Its name comes from the Ziika Forest of Uganda, where the virus was first isolated in 1947. Zika virus is related to the dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. Since the 1950s, it has been known to occur within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia. From 2007 to 2016, the virus spread eastward, across the Pacific Ocean to the Americas, leading to the 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic.

Langat virus (LGTV) is a virus of the genus Flavivirus. The virus was first isolated in Malaysia in 1956 from a hard tick of the Ixodes genus. This virus is antigenically related to Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, Alkhurma virus, Louping ill virus and other viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) complex. The Langat virus does not pose a significant epidemiological threat in comparison with TBEV. There are no known cases of human diseases associated with LGTV. The Malaysian strain is naturally attenuated and induces neutralizing antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and protection against other TBEV complex viruses in animals.

Usutu virus (USUV) first identified in South Africa in 1959, is an emerging zoonotic arbovirus of concern because of its pathogenicity to humans and its similarity in ecology with other emerging arboviruses such as West Nile Virus. USUV is a flavivirus belonging to the Japanese encephalitis complex.

Tahyna virus ("TAHV") is a viral pathogen of humans classified in the California encephalitis virus (CEV) serogroup of the Orthobunyavirus family in the order Bunyavirales, which is endemic to Europe, Asia, Africa and possibly China.

Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a member of the order Bunyavirales, genus Orthobunyavirus, and serogroup Bunyamwera, which was first isolated in 1956 from Culiseta inornata mosquitos collected in Utah’s Cache Valley. CVV is an enveloped arbovirus, nominally 80–120 nm in diameter, whose genome is composed of three single-stranded, negative-sense RNA segments. The large segment of related bunyaviruses is approximately 6800 bases in length and encodes a probable viral polymerase. The middle CVV segment has a 4463-nucleotide sequence and the smallest segment encodes for the nucleocapsid, and a second non-structural protein. CVV has been known to cause outbreaks of spontaneous abortion and congenital malformations in ruminants such as sheep and cattle. CVV rarely infects humans, but when they are infected it has caused encephalitis and multiorgan failure.

Tensaw virus is a virus in the genus Orthobunyavirus of the Bunyamwera arbovirus group, order Bunyavirales. It is named for the river bordering the area in south Alabama where the prototype strain was discovered. It is abbreviated TEN, TENV, and TSV in the scientific literature.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes West Nile fever. It is a member of the family Flaviviridae, specifically from the genus Flavivirus, which also contains the Zika virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus. West Nile virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, mostly species of the genus Culex. The primary hosts of WNV are birds, so that the virus remains within a "bird–mosquito–bird" transmission cycle.

Maguari virus, abbreviated MAGV, is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus in the Bunyavirales order, genus Orthobunyavirus, Bunyamwera serogroup, that has been shown to be capable of causing human disease. MAGV is related to Cache Valley virus and Tensaw virus.

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pastula DM, Hoang Johnson DK, White JL, Dupuis AP 2nd, Fischer M, Staples JE (5 August 2015). "Jamestown Canyon Virus Disease in the United States—2000–2013". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 93 (2): 384–9. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0196. PMC 4530766 . PMID 26033022.
1 2 Goff G, Whitney H, Drebot MA (2012). "Roles of host species, geographic separation, and isolation in the seroprevalence of Jamestown Canyon and snowshoe hare viruses in Newfoundland". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78 (18): 6734–40. doi:10.1128/AEM.01351-12. PMC 3426688 . PMID 22798366.
↑ Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Armstrong PM, Main AJ (2008). "Isolations of Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) from field-collected mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Connecticut, USA: a ten-year analysis, 1997–2006". Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 8 (2): 175–88. doi:10.1089/vbz.2007.0169. PMID 18386967.
↑ Bennett RS, Nelson JT, Gresko AK, Murphy BR, Whitehead SS (2011). "The full genome sequence of three strains of Jamestown Canyon virus and their pathogenesis in mice or monkeys". Virol. J. 8: 136. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-8-136. PMC 3076256 . PMID 21435230.
↑ Liu D, Austin FW. "California Group Seroviruses". In Liu D. Molecular Detection of Human Viral Pathogens. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 609–610.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Lindsey NP, Lehman JA, Staples JE, Fischer M (20 June 2014). Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC. "West nile virus and other arboviral diseases – United States, 2013". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 63 (24): 521–526. PMC 5779373 . PMID 24941331.
↑ Grimstad PR, Calisher CH, Harroff RN, Wentworth BB (1986). "Jamestown Canyon virus (California serogroup) is the etiologic agent of widespread infection in Michigan humans". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 35 (2): 376–386. PMID 3953951.
↑ Bennett RS, Gresko AK, Nelson JT, Murphy BR, Whitehead SS (2012). "A recombinant chimeric La Crosse virus expressing the surface glycoproteins of Jamestown Canyon virus is immunogenic and protective against challenge with either parental virus in mice or monkeys". J. Virol. 86 (1): 420–6. doi:10.1128/JVI.02327-10. PMC 3255902 . PMID 22013033.
↑ "Late Summer Mosquitoes Still Carry West Nile Threat". IDPH News. Iowa Department of Public Health. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
↑ St. Amour, Madeline (13 July 2017). "Maine CDC: Rare mosquito virus reported in Kennebec County". CentralMaine.com. Retrieved 15 July 2017.

External links

The Encephalitis Society A comprehensive resource on Encephalitis and providing support and information to those affected and their families

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[CDC-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pastula DM, Hoang Johnson DK, White JL, Dupuis AP 2nd, Fischer M, Staples JE (5 August 2015). "Jamestown Canyon Virus Disease in the United States—2000–2013". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 93 (2): 384–9. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0196. PMC 4530766 . PMID 26033022.

[host-2] 1 2 Goff G, Whitney H, Drebot MA (2012). "Roles of host species, geographic separation, and isolation in the seroprevalence of Jamestown Canyon and snowshoe hare viruses in Newfoundland". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78 (18): 6734–40. doi:10.1128/AEM.01351-12. PMC 3426688 . PMID 22798366.

[Vector-3] Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Armstrong PM, Main AJ (2008). "Isolations of Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) from field-collected mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Connecticut, USA: a ten-year analysis, 1997–2006". Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 8 (2): 175–88. doi:10.1089/vbz.2007.0169. PMID 18386967.

[genome-4] Bennett RS, Nelson JT, Gresko AK, Murphy BR, Whitehead SS (2011). "The full genome sequence of three strains of Jamestown Canyon virus and their pathogenesis in mice or monkeys". Virol. J. 8: 136. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-8-136. PMC 3076256 . PMID 21435230.

[structure-5] Liu D, Austin FW. "California Group Seroviruses". In Liu D. Molecular Detection of Human Viral Pathogens. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 609–610.

[mmwr-6] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lindsey NP, Lehman JA, Staples JE, Fischer M (20 June 2014). Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC. "West nile virus and other arboviral diseases – United States, 2013". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 63 (24): 521–526. PMC 5779373 . PMID 24941331.

[grimstad-7] Grimstad PR, Calisher CH, Harroff RN, Wentworth BB (1986). "Jamestown Canyon virus (California serogroup) is the etiologic agent of widespread infection in Michigan humans". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 35 (2): 376–386. PMID 3953951.

[vacc-8] Bennett RS, Gresko AK, Nelson JT, Murphy BR, Whitehead SS (2012). "A recombinant chimeric La Crosse virus expressing the surface glycoproteins of Jamestown Canyon virus is immunogenic and protective against challenge with either parental virus in mice or monkeys". J. Virol. 86 (1): 420–6. doi:10.1128/JVI.02327-10. PMC 3255902 . PMID 22013033.

[9] "Late Summer Mosquitoes Still Carry West Nile Threat". IDPH News. Iowa Department of Public Health. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.

[10] St. Amour, Madeline (13 July 2017). "Maine CDC: Rare mosquito virus reported in Kennebec County". CentralMaine.com. Retrieved 15 July 2017.