Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions,primarily depression and anxiety disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on challenging and changing cognitive distortions and their associated behaviors to improve emotional regulation and develop personal coping strategies that target solving current problems. Though it was originally designed to treat depression,its uses have been expanded to include many issues and the treatment of many mental health and other conditions,including anxiety,substance use disorders,marital problems,ADHD,and eating disorders. CBT includes a number of cognitive or behavioral psychotherapies that treat defined psychopathologies using evidence-based techniques and strategies.
Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by significant and uncontrollable feelings of anxiety and fear such that a person's social,occupational,and personal functions are significantly impaired. Anxiety may cause physical and cognitive symptoms,such as restlessness,irritability,easy fatigue,difficulty concentrating,increased heart rate,chest pain,abdominal pain,and a variety of other symptoms that may vary based on the individual.
The topic and directed area of focus for this section is Psychopathology. Psychopathology is the studied idea of varies thoughts,behaviors,and emotions expressed. These three are expressed very differently throughout each individual. Psychiatric disability can be developed from an altered behavior,emotion,or thought. Some of the major sections included within the article are read as supernatural and psychological explanations as well as a range of many other mental disorders listed and described in the latter portion of the article. Psychopathology is a heavily researched and studied area in the field of psychology.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental and behavioral disorder,specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive,uncontrollable and often irrational worry about events or activities. Worry often interferes with daily functioning,and individuals with GAD are often overly concerned about everyday matters such as health,finances,death,family,relationship concerns,or work difficulties. Symptoms may include excessive worry,restlessness,trouble sleeping,exhaustion,irritability,sweating,and trembling.
Psychopathology is the study of mental illness. It includes the signs and symptoms of all mental disorders. The field includes abnormal cognition,maladaptive behavior,and experiences which differ according to social norms. This discipline is an in-depth look into symptoms,behaviors,causes,course,development,categorization,treatments,strategies,and more.
Child psychopathology refers to the scientific study of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Oppositional defiant disorder,attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,and autism spectrum disorder are examples of psychopathology that are typically first diagnosed during childhood. Mental health providers who work with children and adolescents are informed by research in developmental psychology,clinical child psychology,and family systems. Lists of child and adult mental disorders can be found in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems,10th Edition (ICD-10),published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition (DSM-5),published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In addition,the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood is used in assessing mental health and developmental disorders in children up to age five.
Child psychotherapy,or mental health interventions for children refers to the psychological treatment of various mental disorders diagnosed in children and adolescents. The therapeutic techniques developed for younger age ranges specialize in prioritizing the relationship between the child and the therapist. The goal of maintaining positive therapist-client relationships is typically achieved using therapeutic conversations and can take place with the client alone,or through engagement with family members.
Child and adolescent psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry that focuses on the diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of mental disorders in children,adolescents,and their families. It investigates the biopsychosocial factors that influence the development and course of psychiatric disorders and treatment responses to various interventions. Child and adolescent psychiatrists primarily use psychotherapy and/or medication to treat mental disorders in the pediatric population.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to abnormal psychology:
Major depressive disorder,often simply referred to as depression,is a mental disorder characterized by prolonged unhappiness or irritability. It is accompanied by a constellation of somatic and cognitive signs and symptoms such as fatigue,apathy,sleep problems,loss of appetite,loss of engagement,low self-regard/worthlessness,difficulty concentrating or indecisiveness,or recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Panic disorder is a mental and behavioral disorder,specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks. Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations,sweating,shaking,shortness of breath,numbness,or a feeling that something terrible is going to happen. The maximum degree of symptoms occurs within minutes. There may be ongoing worries about having further attacks and avoidance of places where attacks have occurred in the past.
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding separation from home and/or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment. Separation anxiety is a natural part of the developmental process. It is most common in infants and little children,typically between the ages of six to seven months to three years,although it may pathologically manifest itself in older children,adolescents and adults. Unlike SAD,normal separation anxiety indicates healthy advancements in a child's cognitive maturation and should not be considered a developing behavioral problem.
The Coping Cat program is a CBT manual-based and comprehensive treatment program for children from 7 to 13 years old with separation anxiety disorder,social anxiety disorder,generalized anxiety disorder,and/or related anxiety disorders. It was designed by Philip C. Kendall,PhD,ABPP,and colleagues at the Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders Clinic at Temple University. A related program called C.A.T. Project is aimed at adolescents aged 14 to 17. See the publishers webpage [www.WorkbookPublishing.com]
Jonathan Stuart Abramowitz is an American clinical psychologist and Professor in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH). He is an expert on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety disorders whose work is highly cited. He maintains a research lab and currently serves as the Director of the UNC-CH Clinical Psychology PhD Program. Abramowitz approaches the understanding and treatment of psychological problems from a cognitive-behavioral perspective.
Stephen P. Hinshaw is an American psychologist whose contributions lie in the areas of developmental psychopathology and combating the stigma that surrounds mental illness. He has authored more than 325 scientific articles and chapters as well as 14 authored and edited books. Currently,he is Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of California,Berkeley,and Professor In Residence and Vice Chair for Child and Adolescent Psychology in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California,San Francisco. His work focuses on child and adolescent mental disorders,clinical interventions,mechanisms of change in psychopathology,and stigma prevention efforts,with a specialization in ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Judy Garber is a clinical psychologist known for her research on emotional dysregulation and mood disorders,with a focus on cognitive-behavioral interventions for adolescents who have depression. Garber is Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor of Psychology and Human Development at Vanderbilt University.
Anne Marie Albano is a clinical psychologist known for her clinical work and research on psychosocial treatments for anxiety and mood disorders,and the impact of these disorders on the developing youth. She is the CUCARD professor of medical psychology in psychiatry at Columbia University,the founding director of the Columbia University Clinic for Anxiety and Related Disorders (CUCARD),and the clinical site director at CUCARD of the New York Presbyterian Hospital's Youth Anxiety Center.
Anna Van Meter is an American clinical psychologist. She is on the faculty of New York University Grossman School of Medicine in the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. She leads the Investigating Mood Pathology:Assessment,Course,Treatment (IMPACT) Lab. Van Meter and her team conduct research on mood disorders and associated clinical phenomena,including suicide. They focus on innovative,technology-based approaches to improve the rapid identification of symptoms in youth and to facilitate access to evidence-based care.
Bruce F. Chorpita,is an American researcher and clinical psychologist who has worked in multiple academic and government leadership positions addressing youth mental health and improvement of clinical practice. He currently is Professor of Psychology at the University of California,Los Angeles. He received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University at Albany,State University of New York. He is widely published in the areas of children's mental health services,with funding from the National Institute of Mental Health,the Hawaii Departments of Education and Health,the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation,the Annie E. Casey Foundation,and the William T. Grant Foundation. He is co-founder and president of PracticeWise,reflecting his commitment to making knowledge and science work better to improve the lives of children and families.
Katie A. McLaughlin is an American clinical psychologist and expert on how stress,trauma,and other adverse events,such as natural disorders or pandemics,affect behavioral and brain development during childhood and adolescence. McLaughlin is a Professor of Psychology at Harvard University.
