| Kaloula | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Banded bullfrog, Kaloula pulchra | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Subfamily: | Microhylinae |
| Genus: | Kaloula Gray, 1831 |
| Type species | |
| Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 | |
| Diversity | |
| About 19 species (see text) | |
Kaloula is a genus of microhylid frogs found in southern and eastern Asia. They are sometimes known as the Asian narrowmouth toads. [2]
The genus currently has at least 19 species. [2] Some sources also recognize Kaloula macrocephalaBourret, 1942 as a valid species, [3] [4] whereas the Amphibian Species of the World treats it as a synonym of Kaloula pulchra . [2] 5 new species have been described since 2000, and there are unnamed species yet to be described. [2]
| Binomial name and author | Common name | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Kaloula assamensis Das, Sengupta, Ahmed, and Dutta, 2005 | Assam, India | |
| Kaloula aureata Nutphand, 1989 | Golden bullfrog | southern Thailand |
| Kaloula baleata (Müller in Oort & Müller, 1836) | Flower pot toad | South-eastern Asia |
| Kaloula borealis (Barbour, 1908) | North-eastern Asia | |
| Kaloula conjuncta (Peters, 1863) | Truncate-toed chorus frog | Philippines |
| Kaloula ghoshi Cherchi, 1954 | Brown bullfrog | Andaman Islands |
| Kaloula indochinensis Chan, Blackburn, Murphy, Stuart, Emmett, Ho, and Brown, 2013 | Indochina | |
| Kaloula kalingensis Taylor, 1922 | Kalinga narrowmouth toad | Philippines |
| Kaloula kokacii Ross & Gonzales, 1992 | Catanduanes narrow-mouthed frog | northern Philippines |
| Kaloula latidisca Chan, Grismer & Brown, 2014 | Wide-disked narrow-mouthed frog | Malaysia |
| Kaloula mediolineata Smith, 1917 | Indochina | |
| Kaloula meridionalis Inger, 1954 | Philippines | |
| Kaloula nonggangensis Mo, Zhang, Zhou, Chen, Tang, Meng, and Chen, 2013 | Guangxi, south-western China | |
| Kaloula picta (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) | Slender-digit chorus frog | Philippines |
| Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 | Banded bullfrog, Chubby frog | Southern and south-eastern Asia |
| Kaloula rigida Taylor, 1922 | Luzon narrow-mouthed frog | northern Philippines |
| Kaloula rugifera Stejneger, 1924 | South-western China | |
| Kaloula verrucosa Boulenger, 1904 | South-western China | |
| Kaloula walteri Diesmos, Brown & Alcala, 2002 | northern Philippines | |
Kaloula pulchra , Kaloula picta , and Kaloula borealis are the most widespread and commonly found varieties, often living near human settlements.
Blackburn, et al. (2013) [5] lists several Kaloula varieties that are likely to be new, previously undescribed species.
A molecular phylogenetic study by Mo et al. (2013) [6] suggests that the only four Kaloula species found in China, namely Kaloula borealis , Kaloula nonggangensis , Kaloula rugifera , and Kaloula verrucosa , belong to a monophyletic group, termed the K. verrucosa group.
Blackburn, et al. (2013) [5] consider Kaloula species endemic to the Philippines to form a monophyletic group, containing the species Kaloula walteri , Kaloula rigida , Kaloula conjuncta , Kaloula picta , Kaloula kalingensis , and Kaloula kokacii . Kaloula likely colonized the Philippines from Southeast Asia during the Late Miocene, and then radiated into different ecotypes. [5] K. kalingensis and K. kokacii occupy niches as arboreal tree-hole frogs in northern and southern Luzon respectively, while K. rigida and K. walteri are ground frogs in northern and southern Luzon respectively. K. picta, which is a terrestrial ground frog, and K. conjuncta, which is scansorial (climbing) and prefers shrubs, have established themselves throughout the Philippine archipelago. K. picta as well as K. pulchra display the lowest internal genetic diversity, but also have widespread geographical distributions that may have likely occurred be due to human activity.
Excluding Kaloula taprobanica , the most recent common ancestor of Kaloula likely existed about 22.3 million years ago, around the Oligocene–Miocene boundary. The most recent common ancestor of the terrestrial species K. rigida and K. walteri likely lived 4.8 million years ago during the Early Pliocene, while that of the arboreal species K. kalingensis and K. kokacii likely lived 9.1 million years ago. The most recent common ancestor of K. conjuncta, which currently has four recognized subspecies, likely lived 4.4 million years ago. [5]
Blackburn, et al. (2013) [5] suggests that Kaloula taprobanica might not form a clade with the other Kaloula species, although it does clearly form a clade with Metaphrynella , Ramanella , and the rest of Kaloula.
Other studies relating to Kaloula phylogeny include van Bocxlaer et al. (2007), [1] Matsui et al. (2011), [7] and Trueb et al. (2011). [8]
The following phylogeny has been adapted from Blackburn, et al. (2013). [5] Kaloula assamensis , Kaloula taprobanica , and Kaloula aureata have not been included.
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The Microhylidae, commonly known as narrow-mouthed frogs, are a geographically widespread family of frogs. The 683 species are in 63 genera and 11 subfamilies, which is the largest number of genera of any frog family.
Stumpffia is a genus of microhylid frogs that are endemic to Madagascar. They are mostly brown frogs that typically live among leaf litter. S. contumelia has a snout–vent length of about 8–9 mm (0.31–0.35 in), making it one of the world's smallest frogs, and several others in the genus are only slightly larger. The largest species is no more than 28 mm (1.1 in).
Scaphiophryne is a genus of microhylid frogs endemic to Madagascar. Some of the species are strikingly marked, while others are highly cryptic. They are rather plump and generally found on the ground. Several species in the genus are threatened because of habitat loss and overcollection for the international pet trade.
The banded bullfrog is a species of frog in the narrow-mouthed frog family Microhylidae. Native to Southeast Asia, it is also known as the Asian painted frog, digging frog, Malaysian bullfrog, common Asian frog, and painted balloon frog. In the pet trade, it is sometimes called the chubby frog. Adults measure 5.4 to 7.5 cm and have a dark brown back with stripes that vary from copper-brown to salmon pink.
Metaphrynella is a small genus of microhylid frogs from the southern Malay Peninsula and Borneo. They are sometimes known as the Borneo treefrogs or tree hole frogs. The common name refers to the microhabitat of these frogs: males call from tree holes and tadpoles develop in the water contained in those holes.
Microhyla, commonly known as the rice frogs or narrow-mouthed frogs, is a genus of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It consists of 42 species of diminutive frogs. Members of this genus are widespread from Ryukyu Is. in Japan, and throughout South-east Asia,.
Kaloula baleata, the flower pot toad or sometimes the smooth-fingered narrow-mouthed frog, is a species of narrow-mouthed toad. It is native to India, Borneo, Indochinese Peninsula, Java, Malay Peninsula and Philippines where it lives in lowland rainforests and is tolerant of disturbed sites. The IUCN lists it as being of "Least Concern".
Uperodon taprobanicus, also known as the Sri Lankan bullfrog, Sri Lankan painted frog, Sri Lankan kaloula, Ceylon kaloula, Indian painted frog, or painted globular frog, is a species of narrow-mouthed frog found in Nepal, Bangladesh, southern and eastern India, and Sri Lanka up to an altitude of about 1300 metres. It can grow to an adult length of up to 75 millimetres(7.5 cm) long from snout to vent. It was originally described as a subspecies of Kaloula pulchra, ssp. taprobanica. The IUCN lists it as being of "Least Concern".
The Philippine narrowmouth toad or the truncate-toed chorus frog is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, water storage areas, ponds, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The Kalinga narrowmouth toad is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, arable land, pastureland, and plantations. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Kaloula walteri is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to the Philippines, where it is found in the mountains of southeastern Luzon Island and Polillo Island. The specific name walteri honors Walter C. Brown, an American herpetologist. Common name Walter's narrow-mouthed frog has been proposed for it. Kaloula walteri is most closely related to Kaloula rigida.
Microhyla borneensis, also known as the Matang narrow-mouthed frog, is a species of microhylid frog found in the Matang Range in Sarawak, Borneo. It was once the smallest known frog from the Old World. Adult males of this species have a snout-vent length (SVL) of 10.6–12.8 mm (0.42–0.50 in), but adult males can reach a maximum of 13 mm (0.51 in),and adult females of this species have a snout-vent length of 16–19 mm (0.63–0.75 in), Tadpoles measure just 3 mm.
Djoko Tjahjono Iskandar is an Indonesian herpetologist who studies the amphibians of Southeast Asia and Australasia. He is a professor of biosystematics and ecology at Bandung Institute of Technology in West Java, Indonesia.
Kaloula indochinensis is a species of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It is found in Indochina, in southern Vietnam, eastern Cambodia, and southern to central Laos. Prior to its being described, it was confused with Kaloula baleata.
Kaloula nonggangensis is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to China, where it is so far only known from the vicinity of its type locality in Nonggang National Nature Reserve in Longzhou County, southwestern Guangxi. Its range might extend into nearby Vietnam. Common name Nonggang narrow-mouthed frog has been coined for it.
Kaloula latidisca is a species of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Kedah, Malaysia. Its presence in southern Thailand is uncertain. It is most similar to Kaloula baleata and Kaloula indochinensis.
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