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In road-transport terminology, lane centering, also known as auto steer or autosteer, is an advanced driver-assistance system that keeps a road vehicle centered in the lane, relieving the driver of the task of steering. Lane centering is similar to lane departure warning and lane keeping assist, but rather than warn the driver, or bouncing the car away from the lane edge, it keeps the car centered in the lane. [1] [2] [3] [4] Together with adaptive cruise control (ACC), this feature may allow unassisted driving for some length of time. [5] [6] [7] It is also part of automated lane keeping systems.
Starting in 2019, semi-trailer trucks have also been fitted with this technology. [8] [9]
Lane centering keeps the vehicle centered in the lane and almost always comes with steering assist to help the vehicle take gentle turns at highway speeds. [10] Lane departure warning generates a warning when the vehicle crosses a line, while lane keeping assist helps the vehicle to avoid crossing a line, standardized in ISO 11270:2014. [11]
In farming, "machine autosteer" is a technology which make automated steering and positioning of a machine in a landscape. [12]
Name | SAE level | Description | ACSF category | Automotive market name |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emergency steering function - ESF | SAE L0 - no driving automation | “automatically detect a potential collision and automatically activate the vehicle steering system for a limited duration, to steer the vehicle with the purpose of avoiding or mitigating a collision.” Reg 79 | ||
Lane departure warning - LDW | SAE L0 - no driving automation | warns “the driver of an unintentional drift of the vehicle out of its travel lane.” Reg 130. Usually with lane departure avoidance (LDA) | ||
Lane departure avoidance - LDA | SAE L0 - no driving automation | “corrects the steering angle to prevent departure from the chosen lane” although (limited duration). Reg 79
| B1 | LKA/LKS |
Emergency Lane Keeping System - ELKS | - | combination of LDW and LDA, EU General Safety Regulation [Regulation (EU) 2019/2144] and European Commission Implementing Regulation [Regulation (EU) 2021/64] specification. | ||
Lane guidance | SAE L1 - assisted driving | adaptive application of some steering to reduce the effort required by the driver in keeping their vehicle centered in the lane. | B1 | LKA or Lane Centring Assistance (LCA) |
Lane keeping | SAE L2 - partially automated driving | keep the vehicle in the center of its current lane, reducing driver input | B1 | LKA or LCA |
Lane change system | SAE L2 - partially automated driving | after initial command or confirmation by the driver, automatically applies steering to move the vehicle to an adjacent lane | C | Auto Lane Change or (Highway/Active) Lane Change Assist |
The first commercially available lane centering systems were based on off-the-shelf systems created by Mobileye, such as Tesla Autopilot and Nissan ProPilot, [14] although Tesla switched to an in-house design when Mobileye ended their partnership. [15] A handful of companies like Bosch, Delphi, ZF and Mobileye provide sensors, control units, or algorithms to car makers, who then integrate and refine those systems. [16]
While not directly attributable to lane centering, crash rates on the Tesla Model S and Model X equipped with the Mobileye system were reduced by almost 40% while Tesla Autopilot was in use. [17] [18] [19]
The lane detection system used by the lane departure warning system uses image processing techniques to detect lane lines from real-time camera images fed from cameras mounted on the automobile. Examples of image processing techniques used include the Hough transform, Canny edge detector, Gabor filter and deep learning. A basic flowchart of how a lane detection algorithm works to produce lane departure warning is shown in the figures.
Features that differentiate systems include how well they perform on turns, speed limitations, and whether the system resumes from a stop. [20] [21]
Current lane centering systems rely on visible lane markings. They typically cannot decipher faded, missing, incorrect or overlapping lane markings. Markings covered in snow, or obsolete lane markings left visible, can affect the accuracy of the system. [22]
GM's Super Cruise only works on known freeways that have been previously mapped, [23] as it uses a combination of these maps and a precise GNSS position provided by Trimble's RTX GNSS correction service to determine if Super Cruise can be enabled or not. [23] Most vehicles require the driver's hands to remain on the wheel, but GM's Super Cruise monitors the driver's eyes to ensure human attention to the road, [24] and thus allows hands-free driving.
Mobileye claimed in 2018 that 11 automakers would incorporate their EyeQ4 chip that enables L2+ and L3 autonomous systems; this would collectively represent more than 50% of the auto industry. [25] Level 2 automation is also known as "hands off": this system takes full control of the vehicle (accelerating, braking, and steering). Level 3 is also known as "eyes off": the driver can safely turn their attention away from driving, e.g. the driver can text or watch a movie. [26]
In 2018, the average selling price for the EyeQ4 chip to auto makers was about $450 U.S. dollars. [27]
Nissan uses the EyeQ4 chip for their hands-off ProPilot 2.0 system. [28]
In the United States, in 2018, lane centering systems are not covered by any Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, according to the NHTSA. [29]
Territories such as the European union, Japan, Russia, Turkey, Egypt and the United Kingdom follow UNECE 79 regulation. [30] In those territories following UNECE 79 regulation, automatically commanded steering functions are classified in several categories, for instance:
While all those functions are related to automated steering, lane centering is a concept close to the concept related to category B2, while LKA is closer to category B1.
Current international regulations require assistance systems to monitor that the driver keeps their hands on the steering wheel, with escalating warnings and eventual disengagement if they fail to do so. In North America, some manufacturers have "hands-off" systems which instead monitor whether the driver is paying attention to the road ahead. [32]
Because all of these vehicles also have adaptive cruise control that can work in tandem with lane centering, they meet the SAE standard for level 2 automation. Adaptive cruise control and lane centering are often only available in more expensive trim levels rather than just the base trim. An example is the Hyundai Kona EV, which only has adaptive cruise control available on the "ultimate" edition. [33]
Manufact- urer | Sample of vehicles | Branding for lane centering | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Citroën | C4 and ë-C4 | lane-keeping assist lane-centring assist [34] | |
Daimler Truck | Freightliner Cascadia big-rig [9] [35] [36] [37] Actros [38] | Lane Keep Assist Active Drive Assist | |
Stellantis | Maserati brand [39] | ||
Ford | 2021 F-150 [40] Edge [41] [42] [43] Escape [44] [45] Explorer [46] Focus [47] [48] [49] Mach-E [50] | Ford Co-Pilot360: Lane Centering | |
GM | 2018 Cadillac CT6, [51] 2021 Cadillac CT4, [52] 2021 Escalade, [53] 2021 Chevrolet Bolt EUV, [54] 2022 Chevy Silverado, [55] GMC Hummer EV [56] | Super Cruise | Only on approved freeways [57] Uses eye tracking system, which does not require driver to hold steering wheel. |
Honda | Insight [58] Odyssey [59] [60] Pilot [61] [62] [63] | Honda Sensing: Lane keeping Assist System [64] [65] | Between 45 mph (72 km/h) and 90 mph (140 km/h) [66] |
Acura MDX [67] | AcuraWatch | Only at higher speeds [68] | |
Hyundai | Palisade [69] [70] Kona EV [71] [72] Santa Fe [73] [74] [75] Elantra [76] | Lane Following Assist [77] | Also called Lane Keeping Assist, available at 60 km/h (37 mph) or above. [78] |
Kia | Kia Niro EV [79] [80] Kia Telluride [81] [82] [83] Stinger [84] K900 [85] Forte [86] | Lane Following Assist [80] | Speed 0 – 130 km/h, 81 mph [80] |
Lincoln | Aviator [87] [88] Corsair Nautilus [89] | Lincoln Co-Pilot360: Lane Centering | |
Mazda | Lane Trace | Can be activated at speeds above 60 km/h [90] | |
Mercedes | A-Class [91] | Driver Assistance Package | |
Nissan | Leaf, Rogue [92] [93] Altima [94] [95] [96] | ProPilot Assist | Under 31 mph (50 km/h), ProPilot lane centering will work when tracking another car in the lane. [97] |
Subaru | Forester, [98] Outback, [99] [100] Legacy [101] [102] | Subaru Eyesight | Depth perception based on stereo cameras. [103] [104] One of the few systems here, besides Tesla, not based on Mobileye tech. [105] [106] |
Tesla | Model S, X, 3, and Y [107] | Autopilot, Autosteer | Works at all speeds other than at certain margins above posted speed limits. [108] |
Toyota | Corolla [2] [109] Rav4 [110] Highlander [111] Lexus ES [112] | Lane Tracing Assist [113] | Part of second generation Toyota Safety Sense [114] [115] |
VW | 2020 Atlas [116] | Traffic Jam Assist | Only works below 37 mph (60 km/h) |
Audi A8 [117] | 2019 Traffic Jam Pilot [118] | Level 3 Autonomy. Germany first. Not for U.S.A. in 2019. Top speed: 37.3 mph, 60 km/h [119] | |
Audi A6 [120] Porsche Taycan [121] | Tour Assist [122] | Top speed 155 mph (249 km/h) | |
Volvo | XC40 [123] XC60 [124] [125] XC90 [126] | Pilot Assist II [127] |
Nissan ProPilot is based on Mobileye technology [128] and assists with acceleration, steering and braking input under single lane highway driving conditions. [129] ProPilot keeps the car centered in the lane and will deactivate below 31 mph if not tracking a car in front of it. [97] Adaptive cruise control handles stop-and-go traffic if stopped for less than 4 seconds [130] and helps maintain a set vehicle speed and maintain a safe distance between the vehicle ahead. ProPilot, which can follow curves, [131] uses a forward-facing camera, forward-facing radar and other sensors. A traffic sign recognition system provides drivers with the most recent speed limit information detected by a camera on the windshield, in front of the rear-view mirror.
In a review by ExtremeTech, ProPilot worked well in 1,000 miles of testing and only on some twisty sections did it require driver intervention. [132] During Euro NCAP 2018 testing, ProPilot failed some tests as did all other systems tested. [133] [134] Consumer Reports indicates that ProPilot is especially helpful in stop and go traffic. [135]
Honda Sensing and AcuraWatch are a suite of advanced driver assistance features including Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS) which helps keep the vehicle centered in a lane, by applying mild steering torque if the vehicle is deviating from the center of a detected lane with no turn-signal activation by the driver. [136] [137] Mild steering torque means the system will not work on tight turns; additionally, the system does not work at speeds below 45 mph. The Honda Sensing and AcuraWatch packages also include:
Quote from David Zuby, chief research officer at the American Insurance Institute for Highway Safety: [138]
We're not ready to say yet which company has the safest implementation of Level 2 driver assistance, but it's important to note that none of these vehicles is capable of driving safely on its own...
The report indicated that only the Tesla Model 3 stayed within the lane on all 18 trials.
Quote from the report:
The evidence for safety benefits of active lane-keeping systems isn't as pronounced as for ACC. Still, the potential to prevent crashes and save lives is large. IIHS research shows that preventing lane-departure crashes could save nearly 8,000 lives in a typical year...
A self-driving car, also known as an autonomous car (AC), driverless car, or robotic car (robo-car), is a car that is capable of traveling without human input. Self-driving cars are responsible for perceiving the environment, monitoring important systems, and control, including navigation. Perception accepts visual and audio data from outside and inside the car and interpret the input to abstractly render the vehicle and its surroundings. The control system then takes actions to move the vehicle, considering the route, road conditions, traffic controls, and obstacles.
The North American International Auto Show (NAIAS), also known as the Detroit Auto Show, is an annual auto show held in Detroit, Michigan, U.S., at Huntington Place. The show was held in January from 1989 to 2019. It was intended to move to the summer in 2020, but was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic that year and 2021, before returning in September 2022. It is among the largest auto shows in North America. UPI says the show is "regarded as the foremost venue for [car] manufacturers to unveil new products".
An advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) includes technologies that assist drivers with the safe operation of a vehicle. Through a human-machine interface, ADAS increases car and road safety. ADAS uses automated technology, such as sensors and cameras, to detect nearby obstacles or driver errors, and respond accordingly. ADAS can enable various levels of autonomous driving.
Automobile was an American automobile magazine published by the Motor Trend Group. A group of former employees of Car and Driver led by David E. Davis founded Automobile in 1986 with support from Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, using the credo No Boring Cars.Automobile distinguished itself as more of a lifestyle magazine than the other automotive publications, an editorial theme that Davis greatly expanded upon from his tenure as the editor of Car and Driver, though it was a sister publication to Motor Trend.
In road-transport terminology, a lane departure warning system (LDWS) is a mechanism designed to warn the driver when the vehicle begins to move out of its lane on freeways and arterial roads. These systems are designed to minimize accidents by addressing the main causes of collisions: driver error, distractions and drowsiness. In 2009 the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) began studying whether to mandate lane departure warning systems and frontal collision warning systems on automobiles.
Canadian Car of the Year winners, as chosen by the Automobile Journalists Association of Canada:
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The Los Angeles Auto Show, also known as the LA Auto Show, is an auto show held annually at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, California, United States. It is open to the public for ten days, filling 760,000 square feet (71,000 m2) of exhibit space. Since 2006 the event is held in November or December.
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Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is a type of advanced driver-assistance system for road vehicles that automatically adjusts the vehicle speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead. As of 2019, it is also called by 20 unique names that describe that basic functionality. This is also known as Dynamic cruise control.
A collision avoidance system (CAS), also known as a pre-crash system, forward collision warning system (FCW), or collision mitigation system, is an advanced driver-assistance system designed to prevent or reduce the severity of a collision. In its basic form, a forward collision warning system monitors a vehicle's speed, the speed of the vehicle in front of it, and the distance between the vehicles, so that it can provide a warning to the driver if the vehicles get too close, potentially helping to avoid a crash. Various technologies and sensors that are used include radar (all-weather) and sometimes laser (LIDAR) and cameras to detect an imminent crash. GPS sensors can detect fixed dangers such as approaching stop signs through a location database. Pedestrian detection can also be a feature of these types of systems.
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Tesla Autopilot is an advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) developed by Tesla that amounts to partial vehicle automation. Tesla provides "Base Autopilot" on all vehicles, which includes lane centering and traffic-aware cruise control. Owners may purchase an upgrade to "Enhanced Autopilot" (EA) which adds semi-autonomous navigation on limited access roadways, self-parking, and the ability to summon the car from a garage or parking spot. The company claims the features reduce accidents caused by driver negligence and fatigue from long-term driving. Collisions and deaths involving Tesla cars with Autopilot engaged have drawn the attention of the press and government agencies.
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... it allows drivers to let go of their hands and feet and not to focus on their driving when they are driving on freeways.
... the Nautilus with semi-autonomous technology that can maneuver the vehicle down the freeway without the need for a driver to touch the brake, gas pedal or steering wheel for short periods.
Provides steering input to help keep the vehicle in the middle of a detected lane
[Lane Following Assist]: It supports by automatically operating steering wheel to drive in the center of the lane.
Lane Following Assist tracks vehicles in front of the car in traffic, and detects road markings to keep the Niro EV in its lane on the motorway.
..., adaptive cruise control with lane centering, ...
..., lane departure warning and lane-centering steering at higher speeds.