Lane centering

Last updated

Tesla Autopilot in use Tesla Autopilot Engaged in Model X.jpg
Tesla Autopilot in use

In road-transport terminology, lane centering, also known as auto steer or autosteer, is an advanced driver-assistance system that keeps a road vehicle centered in the lane, relieving the driver of the task of steering. Lane centering is similar to lane departure warning and lane keeping assist, but rather than warn the driver, or bouncing the car away from the lane edge, it keeps the car centered in the lane. [1] [2] [3] [4] Together with adaptive cruise control (ACC), this feature may allow unassisted driving for some length of time. [5] [6] [7] It is also part of automated lane keeping systems.

Contents

Starting in 2019, semi-trailer trucks have also been fitted with this technology. [8] [9]

Comparison with other systems

Lane centering keeps the vehicle centered in the lane and almost always comes with steering assist to help the vehicle take gentle turns at highway speeds. [10] Lane departure warning generates a warning when the vehicle crosses a line, while lane keeping assist helps the vehicle to avoid crossing a line, standardized in ISO 11270:2014. [11]

In farming, "machine autosteer" is a technology which make automated steering and positioning of a machine in a landscape. [12]

Comparing standard systems assisting with lateral control [13]
NameSAE levelDescriptionACSF categoryAutomotive market name
Emergency steering function - ESFSAE L0 - no driving automation“automatically detect a potential collision and automatically activate the vehicle steering system for a limited duration, to steer the vehicle with the purpose of avoiding or mitigating a collision.” Reg 79
Lane departure warning - LDWSAE L0 - no driving automationwarns “the driver of an unintentional drift of the vehicle out of its travel lane.” Reg 130.

Usually with lane departure avoidance (LDA)

Lane departure avoidance - LDASAE L0 - no driving automation“corrects the steering angle to prevent departure from the chosen lane” although (limited duration). Reg 79
  • Corrective Steering Function (CSF),
  • ACSF B1,
  • Lane Keeping Assistance System (LKA/LKS): ISO 7000-3128
  • Lane Departure Prevention (LDP)
B1LKA/LKS
Emergency Lane Keeping System - ELKS -combination of LDW and LDA, EU General Safety Regulation [Regulation (EU) 2019/2144] and European Commission Implementing Regulation [Regulation (EU) 2021/64] specification.
Lane guidanceSAE L1 - assisted drivingadaptive application of some steering to reduce the effort required by the driver in keeping their vehicle centered in the lane.B1LKA or Lane Centring Assistance (LCA)
Lane keepingSAE L2 - partially automated drivingkeep the vehicle in the center of its current lane, reducing driver inputB1LKA or LCA
Lane change systemSAE L2 - partially automated driving

after initial command or confirmation by the driver, automatically applies steering to move the vehicle to an adjacent lane

CAuto Lane Change or (Highway/Active) Lane Change Assist

History

The first commercially available lane centering systems were based on off-the-shelf systems created by Mobileye, such as Tesla Autopilot and Nissan ProPilot, [14] although Tesla switched to an in-house design when Mobileye ended their partnership. [15] A handful of companies like Bosch, Delphi, ZF and Mobileye provide sensors, control units, or algorithms to car makers, who then integrate and refine those systems. [16]

While not directly attributable to lane centering, crash rates on the Tesla Model S and Model X equipped with the Mobileye system were reduced by almost 40% while Tesla Autopilot was in use. [17] [18] [19]

Operation

Lane detection algorithm Lane Detection Algorithm.jpg
Lane detection algorithm
An example implementation of the lane detection algorithm showing Canny edge detection and Hough transform outputs Lane Detection Example.jpg
An example implementation of the lane detection algorithm showing Canny edge detection and Hough transform outputs

The lane detection system used by the lane departure warning system uses image processing techniques to detect lane lines from real-time camera images fed from cameras mounted on the automobile. Examples of image processing techniques used include the Hough transform, Canny edge detector, Gabor filter and deep learning. A basic flowchart of how a lane detection algorithm works to produce lane departure warning is shown in the figures.

Limitations

Features that differentiate systems include how well they perform on turns, speed limitations, and whether the system resumes from a stop. [20] [21]

Current lane centering systems rely on visible lane markings. They typically cannot decipher faded, missing, incorrect or overlapping lane markings. Markings covered in snow, or obsolete lane markings left visible, can affect the accuracy of the system. [22]

GM's Super Cruise only works on known freeways that have been previously mapped, [23] as it uses a combination of these maps and a precise GNSS position provided by Trimble's RTX GNSS correction service to determine if Super Cruise can be enabled or not. [23] Most vehicles require the driver's hands to remain on the wheel, but GM's Super Cruise monitors the driver's eyes to ensure human attention to the road, [24] and thus allows hands-free driving.

2018 Mobileye EyeQ4

Mobileye claimed in 2018 that 11 automakers would incorporate their EyeQ4 chip that enables L2+ and L3 autonomous systems; this would collectively represent more than 50% of the auto industry. [25] Level 2 automation is also known as "hands off": this system takes full control of the vehicle (accelerating, braking, and steering). Level 3 is also known as "eyes off": the driver can safely turn their attention away from driving, e.g. the driver can text or watch a movie. [26]

In 2018, the average selling price for the EyeQ4 chip to auto makers was about $450 U.S. dollars. [27]

Nissan uses the EyeQ4 chip for their hands-off ProPilot 2.0 system. [28]

Regulations

In the United States, in 2018, lane centering systems are not covered by any Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, according to the NHTSA. [29]

Territories such as the European union, Japan, Russia, Turkey, Egypt and the United Kingdom follow UNECE 79 regulation. [30] In those territories following UNECE 79 regulation, automatically commanded steering functions are classified in several categories, for instance:

While all those functions are related to automated steering, lane centering is a concept close to the concept related to category B2, while LKA is closer to category B1.

Current international regulations require assistance systems to monitor that the driver keeps their hands on the steering wheel, with escalating warnings and eventual disengagement if they fail to do so. In North America, some manufacturers have "hands-off" systems which instead monitor whether the driver is paying attention to the road ahead. [32]

Examples of level 2 automated cars

Because all of these vehicles also have adaptive cruise control that can work in tandem with lane centering, they meet the SAE standard for level 2 automation. Adaptive cruise control and lane centering are often only available in more expensive trim levels rather than just the base trim. An example is the Hyundai Kona EV, which only has adaptive cruise control available on the "ultimate" edition. [33]

Examples of vehicles with lane centering ability
Manufact-
urer		Sample of vehicles Branding for lane
centering		Notes
Citroën C4 and ë-C4 lane-keeping assist
lane-centring assist [34]
Daimler Truck Freightliner Cascadia big-rig [9] [35] [36] [37]
Actros [38] 		Lane Keep Assist
Active Drive Assist
Stellantis Maserati brand [39]
Ford 2021 F-150 [40] Edge [41] [42] [43] Escape [44] [45] Explorer [46] Focus [47] [48] [49] Mach-E [50] Ford Co-Pilot360: Lane Centering
GM 2018 Cadillac CT6, [51] 2021 Cadillac CT4, [52] 2021 Escalade, [53] 2021 Chevrolet Bolt EUV, [54] 2022 Chevy Silverado, [55] GMC Hummer EV [56] Super CruiseOnly on approved freeways [57] Uses eye tracking system, which does not require driver to hold steering wheel.
Honda Civic, [58] Accord, [59] CR-V, [60] HR-V [61] Honda Sensing: Traffic Jam Assist (TJA) [62] Works on speed below 45 mph (72 km/h), automatically switches to Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS) above the speed. [62]
Insight [63] Odyssey [64] [65] Pilot [66] [67] [68] Honda Sensing: Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS) [69] [70] Between 45 mph (72 km/h) and 90 mph (140 km/h) [71]
Acura MDX, [72] Acura TLX, [73] Acura Integra [74] AcuraWatch: Traffic Jam Assist (TJA) [73] Works on speed below 45 mph (72 km/h), automatically switches to Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS) above the speed. [73]
Acura ILX, [75] Acura RDX [75] AcuraWatch: Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS) [73] Between 45 mph (72 km/h) and 90 mph (140 km/h) [73]
Hyundai Palisade [76] [77] Kona EV [78] [79] Santa Fe [80] [81] [82] Elantra [83] Lane Following Assist [84] Also called Lane Keeping Assist, available at 60 km/h (37 mph) or above. [85]
Kia Kia Niro EV [86] [87] Kia Telluride [88] [89] [90] Stinger [91] K900 [92] Forte [93] Lane Following Assist [87] Speed 0 – 130 km/h, 81 mph [87]
Lincoln Aviator [94] [95] Corsair Nautilus [96] Lincoln Co-Pilot360: Lane Centering
Mazda Lane TraceCan be activated at speeds above 60 km/h [97]
Mercedes A-Class [98] Driver Assistance Package
Nissan Leaf, Rogue [99] [100] Altima [101] [102] [103] ProPilot AssistUnder 31 mph (50 km/h), ProPilot lane centering will work when tracking another car in the lane. [104]
Subaru Forester, [105] Outback, [106] [107] Legacy [108] [109] Subaru Eyesight Depth perception based on stereo cameras. [110] [111] One of the few systems here, besides Tesla, not based on Mobileye tech. [112] [113]
Tesla Model S, X, 3, and Y [114] Autopilot, Autosteer Works at all speeds other than at certain margins above posted speed limits. [115]
Toyota Corolla [2] [116] Rav4 [117] Highlander [118] Lexus ES [119] Lane Tracing Assist [120] Part of second generation Toyota Safety Sense [121] [122]
VW 2020 Atlas [123] Lane AssistOnly works above 37 mph (60 km/h)
Audi A8 [124] 2019 Traffic Jam Pilot [125] Level 3 Autonomy. Germany first. Not for U.S.A. in 2019. Top speed: 37.3 mph, 60 km/h [126]
Audi A6 [127] Porsche Taycan [128] Tour Assist [129] Top speed 155 mph (249 km/h)
Volvo XC40 [130] XC60 [131] [132] XC90 [133] Pilot Assist II [134]

Nissan ProPilot

ProPilot in use in a Nissan Leaf Nissan Leaf INTERIOR ProPilot.png
ProPilot in use in a Nissan Leaf

Nissan ProPilot is based on Mobileye technology [135] and assists with acceleration, steering and braking input under single lane highway driving conditions. [136] ProPilot keeps the car centered in the lane and will deactivate below 31 mph if not tracking a car in front of it. [104] Adaptive cruise control handles stop-and-go traffic if stopped for less than 4 seconds [137] and helps maintain a set vehicle speed and maintain a safe distance between the vehicle ahead. ProPilot, which can follow curves, [138] uses a forward-facing camera, forward-facing radar and other sensors. A traffic sign recognition system provides drivers with the most recent speed limit information detected by a camera on the windshield, in front of the rear-view mirror.

In a review by ExtremeTech, ProPilot worked well in 1,000 miles of testing and only on some twisty sections did it require driver intervention. [139] During Euro NCAP 2018 testing, ProPilot failed some tests as did all other systems tested. [140] [141] Consumer Reports indicates that ProPilot is especially helpful in stop and go traffic. [142]

Honda Sensing/AcuraWatch

Honda Sensing and AcuraWatch are a suite of advanced driver assistance features including Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS) which helps keep the vehicle centered in a lane, by applying mild steering torque if the vehicle is deviating from the center of a detected lane with no turn-signal activation by the driver. [143] [144] The Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS) does not work at speeds below 45 mph (72 km/h). However, certain vehicles equipped with Traffic Jam Assist (TJA) will have the system take over the lane-keeping task when the speed falls below 45 mph (72 km/h) until a stop, and it will automatically switch to Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS) when the speed exceeds 45 mph (72 km/h).

The Honda Sensing and AcuraWatch packages also include:

2018 evaluation by IIHS

Quote from David Zuby, chief research officer at the American Insurance Institute for Highway Safety: [145]

We're not ready to say yet which company has the safest implementation of Level 2 driver assistance, but it's important to note that none of these vehicles is capable of driving safely on its own...

The report indicated that only the Tesla Model 3 stayed within the lane on all 18 trials.

Quote from the report:

The evidence for safety benefits of active lane-keeping systems isn't as pronounced as for ACC. Still, the potential to prevent crashes and save lives is large. IIHS research shows that preventing lane-departure crashes could save nearly 8,000 lives in a typical year...

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Self-driving car</span> Vehicle operated with reduced human input

A self-driving car, also known as an autonomous car (AC), driverless car, robotaxi, robotic car or robo-car, is a car that is capable of operating with reduced or no human input. Self-driving cars are responsible for all driving activities, such as perceiving the environment, monitoring important systems, and controlling the vehicle, which includes navigating from origin to destination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acura MDX</span> Mid-size luxury crossover SUV

The Acura MDX is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV with three-row seating produced by the Japanese automaker Honda under its luxury Acura division since 2000. The alphanumeric moniker stands for "Multi-Dimensional" luxury. It has ranked as the second-best selling mid-size luxury SUV after the Lexus RX in the U.S.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acura RL</span> Motor vehicle

The Acura RL is a full size luxury car that was manufactured by the Acura division of Honda for the 1996–2012 model years over two generations. The RL was the flagship of the marque, having succeeded the Acura Legend, and was replaced in 2013 by the Acura RLX. All models of the Legend, RL and RLX lines have been adapted from the Japanese domestic market Honda Legend. The model name "RL" is an abbreviation for "Refined Luxury."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Advanced driver-assistance system</span> Electronic systems that help a vehicle driver while driving or parking

Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) are technologies that assist drivers with the safe operation of a vehicle. Through a human-machine interface, ADAS increase car and road safety. ADAS use automated technology, such as sensors and cameras, to detect nearby obstacles or driver errors, and respond accordingly. ADAS can enable various levels of autonomous driving.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Honda Legend</span> Motor vehicle

The Honda Legend is a series of V6-engined executive cars that was produced by Honda between 1985 and 2021, and served as its flagship vehicle. The Legend has also been sold under the Acura Legend, RL and RLX nameplates — the successive flagship vehicles of Honda's luxury Acura division in North America from 1986 until 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lane departure warning system</span> Mechanism designed to warn a driver when the vehicle begins to move out of its lane

In road-transport terminology, a lane departure warning system (LDWS) is a mechanism designed to warn the driver when the vehicle begins to move out of its lane on freeways and arterial roads. These systems are designed to minimize accidents by addressing the main causes of collisions: driver error, distractions and drowsiness. In 2009 the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) began studying whether to mandate lane departure warning systems and frontal collision warning systems on automobiles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Honda Pilot</span> Mid-size crossover SUV

The Honda Pilot is a mid-size crossover SUV with three-row seating manufactured by Honda since 2002. Primarily aimed at the North American market, the Pilot is the largest SUV produced by Honda. Pilots are currently manufactured in Lincoln, Alabama, and the Pilot was produced in Alliston, Ontario until April 2007. The first generation Pilot was released in April 2002 as a 2003 model.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acura RDX</span> Compact luxury crossover SUV

The Acura RDX is a compact luxury crossover SUV produced by Acura, a luxury vehicle division of Honda, as the second crossover SUV offering from the brand after the mid-size MDX. Since it was introduced, it shared its platform with the Honda Civic and CR-V.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adaptive cruise control</span> Cruise control advanced driver-assistance system

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is a type of advanced driver-assistance system for road vehicles that automatically adjusts the vehicle speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead. As of 2019, it is also called by 20 unique names that describe that basic functionality. This is also known as Dynamic cruise control.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collision avoidance system</span> Motorcar safety system

A collision avoidance system (CAS), also known as a pre-crash system, forward collision warning system (FCW), or collision mitigation system, is an advanced driver-assistance system designed to prevent or reduce the severity of a collision. In its basic form, a forward collision warning system monitors a vehicle's speed, the speed of the vehicle in front of it, and the distance between the vehicles, so that it can provide a warning to the driver if the vehicles get too close, potentially helping to avoid a crash. Various technologies and sensors that are used include radar (all-weather) and sometimes laser (LIDAR) and cameras to detect an imminent crash. GPS sensors can detect fixed dangers such as approaching stop signs through a location database. Pedestrian detection can also be a feature of these types of systems.

Driver drowsiness detection is a car safety technology which helps prevent accidents caused by the driver getting drowsy. Various studies have suggested that around 20% of all road accidents are fatigue-related, up to 50% on certain roads.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Honda Accord (North America eighth generation)</span> Motor vehicle

The North American eighth generation Honda Accord is a mid-size car introduced in August 2007 for the 2008 model year. It is also marketed in parts of Asia and Australasia, and as the Honda Inspire in Japan.

A connected car is a car that can communicate bidirectionally with other systems outside of the car. This connectivity can be used to provide services to passengers or to support or enhance self-driving functionality. For safety-critical applications, it is anticipated that cars will also be connected using dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) or cellular radios, operating in the FCC-granted 5.9 GHz band with very low latency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobileye</span> Israeli information technology company

Mobileye Global Inc. is an Israeli autonomous driving company. It is developing self-driving technologies and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) including cameras, computer chips, and software. Mobileye was acquired by Intel in 2017 and went public again in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CarPlay</span> Protocol for connecting Apple hardware to car radios

CarPlay is an Apple standard that enables a car radio or head unit to be a display and controller for an iOS device. It is available on iPhone 5 and later models running iOS 7.1 or later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of self-driving cars</span> Overview of the history of self-driving cars

Experiments have been conducted on self-driving cars since 1939; promising trials took place in the 1950s and work has proceeded since then. The first self-sufficient and truly autonomous cars appeared in the 1980s, with Carnegie Mellon University's Navlab and ALV projects in 1984 and Mercedes-Benz and Bundeswehr University Munich's Eureka Prometheus Project in 1987. In 1988, William L Kelley patented the first modern collision Predicting and Avoidance devices for Moving Vehicles. then, numerous major companies and research organizations have developed working autonomous vehicles including Mercedes-Benz, General Motors, Continental Automotive Systems, Autoliv Inc., Bosch, Nissan, Toyota, Audi, Volvo, Vislab from University of Parma, Oxford University and Google. In July 2013, Vislab demonstrated BRAiVE, a vehicle that moved autonomously on a mixed traffic route open to public traffic.

A robotaxi, also known as robot taxi, robo-taxi, self-driving taxi or driverless taxi, is an autonomous car operated for a ridesharing company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tesla Autopilot</span> Suite of advanced driver-assistance system features by Tesla

Tesla Autopilot is an advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) developed by Tesla that amounts to partial vehicle automation. Tesla provides "Base Autopilot" on all vehicles, which includes lane centering and traffic-aware cruise control. Owners may purchase or subscribe to Full Self-Driving (FSD) which adds semi-autonomous navigation that responds to traffic lights and stop signs, lane change assistance, self-parking, and the ability to summon the car from a garage or parking spot.

openpilot Open source driver assistance system

openpilot is an open-source, semi-automated driving software by comma.ai, Inc. When paired with comma hardware, it replaces advanced driver-assistance systems in various cars, improving over the original system. As of 2023, openpilot supports 250+ car models and has 6000+ users, accumulating over 90 million miles (140,000,000 km).

Tesla Autopilot, an advanced driver-assistance system for Tesla vehicles, uses a suite of sensors and an on-board computer. It has undergone several hardware changes and versions since 2014, most notably moving to an all camera-based system by 2023, in contrast with ADAS from other companies, which include radar and sometimes lidar sensors.

References

  1. ↑ "Hands on With Nissan ProPilot Assist: Self-Driving for Affordable Cars - ExtremeTech". ExtremeTech. December 19, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  2. 1 2 Levin, Doron. "Toyota Corolla Lane-Centering Tech – A Step Toward To Self-Driving – Cures Annoying 'Ping-Pong'". Forbes. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  3. ↑ "Lane Centering performance is bad". ClubLexus. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2018.[ self-published source ]
  4. ↑ "Today's lane keeping assistance tech steers the way to self-driving cars". Roadshow. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
  5. ↑ R R (April 26, 2017), Self driving car / life hack active lane assist , retrieved February 25, 2018
  6. ↑ "Hyundai Motor Company Planning to Apply Its Semi-Self-Driving Technology Called 'HDA2' Earlier than Initial Plan". Korea IT News. Retrieved April 30, 2018. ... it allows drivers to let go of their hands and feet and not to focus on their driving when they are driving on freeways.
  7. ↑ "The 2019 Nautilus: Lincoln's Cadillac Super Cruise fighter?". Automotive News. September 21, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2018. ... the Nautilus with semi-autonomous technology that can maneuver the vehicle down the freeway without the need for a driver to touch the brake, gas pedal or steering wheel for short periods.
  8. ↑ "Current active safety systems available for trucks | Fleet Maintenance". fleetmaintenance.com. December 3, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  9. 1 2 Lekach, Sasha (January 7, 2019). "Daimler's semi-autonomous truck puts self-driving features on the road". Mashable. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  10. ↑ "What Makes Lane Departure Warning Different?". MotorTrend. June 23, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  11. ↑ ISO 11270:2014, Intelligent transport systems — Lane keeping assistance systems (LKAS) — Performance requirements and test procedures
  12. ↑ "Controlled Traffic Farming". controlledtrafficfarming.com. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  13. ↑ Driver Attentiveness to the Driving Task During ADAS Use, May 2023, DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.31985.04961 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372279571_Driver_Attentiveness_to_the_Driving_Task_During_ADAS_Use
  14. ↑ "Nissan ProPILOT Assist technology makes U.S. debut on 2018 Rogue – reduces the hassle of stop-and-go highway driving". Nissan Online Newsroom (Press release). Retrieved January 15, 2018.
  15. ↑ Ramsey, Mike (July 26, 2016). "Mobileye Ends Partnership With Tesla". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  16. ↑ "From Audi to Volvo, most "self-driving" cars use the same hardware". Ars Technica. May 26, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  17. ↑ "Tesla's crash rate was reduced by 40% after introduction of Autopilot based on data reviewed by NHTSA". Electrek. January 19, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  18. ↑ "Does Autosteer Actually Deserve Credit For a 40% Reduction in Tesla Crashes? – DailyKanban". DailyKanban. March 10, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  19. ↑ "Elon Take The Wheel – DailyKanban". DailyKanban. July 14, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  20. ↑ "Cars With Advanced Safety Systems". Consumer Reports. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  21. ↑ Frank Pulsinelli (November 20, 2015), Honda Sensing Package Demonstration 2016 Civic , retrieved February 1, 2018
  22. ↑ Richards, Gary (March 6, 2014). "Roadshow: Driverless cars will alert motorists to missing lane markings". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  23. 1 2 "Hands Off With Cadillac Super Cruise, the Masterful One-Trick Pony of Self-Driving". ExtremeTech. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  24. ↑ Wayland, Michael (October 3, 2017). "Riding along with Cadillac's Super Cruise". Automotive News. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  25. ↑ "2018 CES: ADAS Partnerships and Products Propel the Drive Toward Full Autonomy" . Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  26. ↑ "Automated Vehicles for Safety". NHTSA. September 7, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  27. ↑ "Mobileye Outlines Why It Considers Itself an Autonomous Driving Leader". Real Money. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  28. ↑ Abuelsamid, Sam. "Nissan And Nio Adopt Mobileye EyeQ4 To Enable Hands-Free Driver Assist". Forbes. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
  29. ↑ "Functional Safety Assessment of an Automated Lane Centering System" (PDF). nhtsa.gov. August 2018.
  30. ↑ "Agreement concerning the Adoption of Harmonized Technical United Nations Regulations for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of these United Nations Regulations" (PDF). unece.org.
  31. ↑ Addendum 78: UN Regulation No. 79 unece.org
  32. ↑ Carsten, Oliver; Perrier, Mickaël; Jamson, Samantha (May 2023). "Driver Attentiveness to the Driving Task during ADAS Use" (PDF). White Rose Research Online. Universities of Leeds, Sheffield and York. p. vi. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  33. ↑ "KONA Electric - Sign Up for Email Updates | Hyundai USA". m.hyundaiusa.com. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  34. ↑ "2021 Citroën C4 debuts with all-electric ë-C4 variant - paultan.org". July 2, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  35. ↑ Berk, Brett (January 7, 2019). "We Take Daimler's First Level 2 Semi Truck for a Ride". The Drive. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  36. ↑ Cars BOOM, 2019 Freightliner Cascadia Assistence[sic] Systems , retrieved January 8, 2019
  37. ↑ Park, Jim. "Test Drive: With Early Autonomous Tech, Drivers Are Still Required". truckinginfo.com. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  38. ↑ "Mercedes-Benz Trucks puts partially automated driving into series production with new heavy-duty Actros". Green Car Congress. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  39. ↑ "The new Bosch highway assist system installed on the Maserati 2018 range". Bosch Media Service. April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  40. ↑ "2021 Ford F-150: Details, Specifications, and Features". Automobile Magazine. June 26, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  41. ↑ "Ford® Driver-Assist Technologies – Driving Confidence & Convenience". ford.com. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  42. ↑ DPCcars (January 14, 2018). "2019 Ford Edge Driver Assist Technologies" . Retrieved February 25, 2018– via YouTube.
  43. ↑ "Ford Co-Pilot360: Most Advanced Suite of Standard DriverAssist Technologies" (PDF). Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  44. ↑ Paukert, Chris. "2020 Ford Escape: Everything there is to know". Roadshow. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  45. ↑ "2020 Ford Escape debuts with a complete redesign and a PHEV variant". Engadget. April 2, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  46. ↑ "2020 Ford Explorer: Performance, Cop Car Packages, Tesla-Like Display - ExtremeTech". extremetech.com. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  47. ↑ "Ford Focus 2019 Revealed – (Fourth Generation Model)". May 30, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  48. ↑ "Ford gives new Focus multiple personalities". June 12, 2018.
  49. ↑ "Tested: Ford Focus 2018 where robot takes the wheel – TU Automotive". tu-auto.com. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  50. ↑ "Perma Link | Ford Media Center". media.ford.com. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  51. ↑ "17479: Customer Satisfaction Program - Super Cruise Feature Enhancements - 2018 Cadillac CT6". gm.oemdtc.com. July 19, 2018. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
  52. ↑ "2021 Cadillac CT4 and CT5 Add Super Cruise, Get Small Price Hike". September 21, 2020.
  53. ↑ Bragman, Aaron (May 14, 2021). "Tested: Cadillac's Next-Gen Super Cruise on the 2021 Cadillac Escalade". Cars.com. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  54. ↑ "Chevy Bolt EUV's Super Cruise system misses out on one key feature".
  55. ↑ "2022 Chevy Silverado 1500 Adds a Big Screen and Super Cruise". September 9, 2021.
  56. ↑ "Super Cruise | HUMMER EV Quick Start Guide".
  57. ↑ Roy, Alex (January 5, 2018). "The Battle for Best Semi-Autonomous System: Tesla Autopilot Vs. GM SuperCruise, Head-to-Head" . Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  58. ↑ Civic Owner's Manual https://techinfo.honda.com/rjanisis/pubs/OM/AH/AT202424IOM/enu/details/131229047-298544.html
  59. ↑ Accord Hybrid Owner's Manual https://techinfo.honda.com/rjanisis/pubs/om/ah/a30b2323iom/enu/details/131245047-521522.html
  60. ↑ CR-V Hybrid Owner's Manual https://techinfo.honda.com/rjanisis/pubs/OM/AH/A3D42323IOM/enu/details/131229047-298544.html
  61. ↑ HR-V Owner's Manual https://techinfo.honda.com/rjanisis/pubs/om/ah/a3v02323iom/enu/details/131237047-191037.html
  62. 1 2 "Honda Sensing®". Honda Automobiles Newsroom. February 7, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  63. ↑ "Auto Reviews - 2019 Honda Insight revels in its split personality". thetimes24-7.com. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  64. ↑ "2018 Honda Odyssey Owner's Manual" (PDF). techinfo.honda.com. pp. 581–588. Retrieved November 24, 2018. Provides steering input to help keep the vehicle in the middle of a detected lane
  65. ↑ "LKAS (Lane Keeping Assist System)". odyclub.com. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  66. ↑ "2019 Honda Pilot First Drive Review | An original freshens up". Autoblog. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  67. ↑ "First Drive: 2019 Honda Pilot Crossover Has Adventure Aspirations". Trucks.com. September 5, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
  68. ↑ Team, Motor1 com. "2019 Honda Pilot Elite Driving Notes: Farewell, Family Hauler". Motor1.com. Retrieved July 18, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  69. ↑ Honda (November 20, 2017), Honda Sensing: Lane Keeping Assist System , retrieved August 21, 2018
  70. ↑ "What is Honda Sensing® Suite? Features & More | Honda". Honda Automobiles. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  71. ↑ "Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS) (Honda Sensing® models)" . Retrieved October 21, 2018.
  72. ↑ "2019 Acura MDX". July 2018.
  73. 1 2 3 4 5 "AcuraWatch™". Acura Newsroom. April 9, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  74. ↑ Acura Integra Owner's Manual https://owners.acura.com/utility/download?path=/static/pdfs/2023/Integra/2023_Integra_Traffic_Jam_Assist.pdf
  75. 1 2 AcuraWatch Overview Manual https://assets.acurainfocenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/09215129/AIC_AcuraWatch_Overview_v6_0.pdf?_gl=1*12eka2k*_ga*MTYwNjY5NDYzNS4xNzIyODQyNzI0*_ga_889BLL88QC*MTcyMjg0MjcyNC4xLjEuMTcyMjg0Mjc3Ni4wLjAuMA..
  76. ↑ Wong, Brian (December 17, 2019). "2020 Hyundai Palisade Review: A Winning Formula". Cars.com. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  77. ↑ Huetter, John (December 26, 2018). "Hyundai touts steel, 'all-new SUV chassis' in 2020 Palisade". Repairer Driven News. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  78. ↑ "Hyundai Kona Electric is 292-mile range, 7.6 sec 0-62mph time – World News, Breaking News". Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  79. ↑ "I just drove 110 miles on LFA (Lane Follow Assist) and Smart Cruise control in the Hyundai Kona EV and I'm impressed (a Tesla owner reviews the Kona)". Will Fealey. October 29, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  80. ↑ "First Drive: 2019 Hyundai Santa Fe Ultimate Review". Daily News. New York. August 27, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  81. ↑ "All-new Santa Fe part SUV and part slot car : New Car Picks" . Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  82. ↑ "First Drive: 2019 Hyundai Santa Fe Ultimate Review". Daily News. New York. August 27, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  83. ↑ "Hyundai Elantra: 2019 Motor Trend Car of the Year Contender". November 5, 2018.
  84. ↑ "Vehicle settings". webmanual.hyundai.com. Retrieved January 26, 2019. [Lane Following Assist]: It supports by automatically operating steering wheel to drive in the center of the lane.
  85. ↑ "Lane Keeping Assist (LKA) | Hyundai Safety | Design & Innovation | Hyundai Australia". www.hyundai.com.au. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  86. ↑ "2019 Kia Niro EV Features & Options". www.kiamedia.com. Retrieved February 10, 2019. Lane following assist standard on both trim levels.
  87. 1 2 3 "Kia's all electric crossover, Niro goes on sale in South Korea". Automotive Purchasing and Supply Chain. July 20, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2019. Lane Following Assist tracks vehicles in front of the car in traffic, and detects road markings to keep the Niro EV in its lane on the motorway.
  88. ↑ "r/SelfDrivingCars - Is Kia Telluride's driving assist system as good as Tesla's Autopilot? It's actually pretty close. Here's an in depth review from a Tesla owner". reddit. September 14, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  89. ↑ Northwest, Bob Moore Kia. "First Look at The Kia Telluride | Bob Moore Kia". www.bobmoorekia.com. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  90. ↑ Bill Reichert (March 6, 2019), 2020 Kia Telluride Smart Cruise w/ Stop &Go , retrieved June 23, 2019
  91. ↑ "2018 Kia Stinger GT Test | Review | Car and Driver". Car and Driver. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
  92. ↑ "2019 KIA K900 MODEL OVERVIEW" . Retrieved December 28, 2018. ..., adaptive cruise control with lane centering, ...
  93. ↑ "2019 Kia Forte Quick Spin: Value, Not Fun, Is Forte's Strong Suit" . Retrieved December 28, 2018. ..., lane departure warning and lane-centering steering at higher speeds.
  94. ↑ "2020 Lincoln Aviator Finally La-La-Lands in Production Form in L.A." cars.com. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  95. ↑ Abuelsamid, Sam. "The 2020 Lincoln Aviator Gets A 450+HP Plug-In Hybrid And Points To Ford's Future". Forbes. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  96. ↑ www.ETAuto.com. "Ford issues safety recall for 2,700 new Lincoln Nautilus - ET Auto". ETAuto.com. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  97. ↑ "MAZDA: LAS | Active Safety Technology". www.mazda.com. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
  98. ↑ Monticello, Mike (July 18, 2019). "2019 Mercedes-Benz A-Class Packs High Tech and Luxury into a Small Package". Consumer Reports. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  99. ↑ "2018 Nissan Rogue Review: Slick Self-Driving Compact SUV - ExtremeTech". ExtremeTech. August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  100. ↑ "2019 Nissan Rogue gets price adjustments and more features". Autoblog. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
  101. ↑ "Nissan's new Altima offers highly automated driving without the sticker shock". The Verge. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  102. ↑ "Nissan positions Altima to challenge sedan slump". September 11, 2018.
  103. ↑ Nissan Owner Channel (October 15, 2018), 2019 Nissan Altima - ProPILOT Assist (if so equipped) , retrieved October 21, 2018
  104. 1 2 Atiyeh, Clifford (July 13, 2016). "Nissan ProPilot: Automated Driving for Those in the Cheap Seats". Car and Driver. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  105. ↑ Meier, Fred (August 29, 2019). "2020 Subaru Forester: Bolstered EyeSight, Bumped-Up Prices". Cars.com. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  106. ↑ "2020 Subaru Outback First Drive Review | The big payoff". Autoblog. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  107. ↑ Meier, Fred (April 23, 2019). "12 New Can't-Miss Things About the 2020 Subaru Outback". Cars.com. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  108. ↑ 2020 Subaru Lane Centering Assist with Adaptive Cruise Control , retrieved September 18, 2019
  109. ↑ Dorian, Drew (August 26, 2019). "2020 Subaru Legacy Proves That Sedans Aren't Dead, They're Improving". Car and Driver. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  110. ↑ Yoshida, Junko. "Subaru EyeSight Father Returns in Stereo Vision". EETimes. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  111. ↑ "Subaru Uses Stereo 3D Tech in New EyeSight™ ADAS". The Truth About Cars. March 17, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  112. ↑ "Dissecting Subaru Eyesight Stereo Cameras". weekly-geekly.github.io. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  113. ↑ "News". media.subaru-global.com. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  114. ↑ Mays, Kelsey (November 23, 2020). "Which Cars Have Autopilot?". Cars.com. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  115. ↑ "Tesla Autopilot & Lane Change Improvements in Tesla Software V10 – CleanTechnica Review". CleanTechnica. September 17, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  116. ↑ jeff.youngs (March 23, 2018). "2019 Toyota Corolla Hatchback Preview". J.D. Power Cars. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  117. ↑ America, Toyota Motor North. "All-New 2019 Toyota RAV4 Serves Up A Breakthrough Debut at New York International Auto Show" (Press release). PR Newswire. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  118. ↑ "Toyota Safety Sense". toyota.com. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  119. ↑ "2019 Lexus ES First Drive | Edmunds". Edmunds. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  120. ↑ "Toyota Expanding its Industry-Leading Safety Technology Package with Second Generation Toyota Safety Sense™" (Press release). Toyota. November 28, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  121. ↑ Toyota Global Newsroom. "Lane Tracing Assist (LTA)" – via YouTube.
  122. ↑ AutoMotoTV (December 8, 2017), 2018 Toyota Safety Sense - Lane Tracing Assist , retrieved May 30, 2018
  123. ↑ Dryer, Charles (September 19, 2019). "2020 Volkswagen Atlas Cross Sport to Get New Tech, Will Share Some with Full VW Lineup". Car and Driver. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  124. ↑ Tracy, David. "The New Semi-Autonomous Audi A8 Will Let Drivers Watch Television at the Wheel". Jalopnik. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  125. ↑ Orlove, Raphael. "Audi Bails on 'Traffic Jam Pilot' Driver Assist for Us Americans". Jalopnik. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  126. ↑ SlashGear (September 11, 2017), 2019 Audi A8 Level 3 self-driving real world test , retrieved September 12, 2018
  127. ↑ jeff.youngs (February 28, 2018). "2019 Audi A6 Preview". J.D. Power Cars. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  128. ↑ "Porsche's U.S. CEO: Newly renamed Taycan electric sedan drawing 'exceptional' interest". USA Today. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  129. ↑ "Audi AI and driver assistance systems". Audi MediaCenter. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  130. ↑ "2019 Volvo XC40 Review: Standout Subcompact Crossover, Heavy on Safety - ExtremeTech". ExtremeTech. February 22, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  131. ↑ Wiesenfelder, Joe (June 4, 2018). "What's the Best Luxury Compact SUV for 2018?". Cars.com. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  132. ↑ "Luxury Compact SUV Challenge | MotorWeek". www.motorweek.org. June 7, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  133. ↑ Newcomb, Doug. "A Week With Volvo's Semi-Autonomous Pilot Assist II". Forbes. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
  134. ↑ "The limits of semi-autonomous driving tech: We go Volvo Pilot Assist II winter testing". SlashGear. April 7, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
  135. ↑ Hyatt, Kyle. "Nissan and Mobileye are teaming up on ProPilot 2.0". Roadshow. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  136. ↑ "2019 Nissan Altima Press Kit". Nissan Online Newsroom. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  137. ↑ "Nissan ProPILOT Assist technology reduces the hassle of stop-and-go highway driving, ready for U.S. launch". nissannews.com. July 20, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
  138. ↑ Toma, Sebastian (July 13, 2016). "Nissan Introduces Japan' First Autonomous Drive Feature on Serena Minivan". autoevolution. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  139. ↑ "2018 Nissan Rogue Review: Slick Self-Driving Compact SUV". ExtremeTech. August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2018.
  140. ↑ "Propilot NCAP testing 2018" (PDF). October 18, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  141. ↑ Euro NCAP (October 18, 2018). "Euro NCAP 2018 Automated Testing : Nissan Leaf ProPilot". YouTube . Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  142. ↑ "2019 Nissan Leaf Road Test - Consumer Reports". consumerreports.org. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
  143. 1 2 "What is Honda Sensing® Suite? Features & More | Honda". Honda Automobiles. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
  144. 1 2 Kim, Liz. “What is AcuraWatch?” J.D. Power (jdpower.com). August 3, 2020. (Retrieved November 3, 2020.)
  145. ↑ "IIHS examines driver assistance features in road, track tests". IIHS-HLDI crash testing and highway safety.

News

Comparisons

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.