Large yellow underwing

Large yellow underwing
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Superfamily:	Noctuoidea
Family:	Noctuidae
Genus:	Noctua
Species:	N. pronuba
Binomial name
	Noctua pronuba; (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
	Phalaena (Noctua) pronubaLinnaeus, 1758; Noctua connuba Hübner, [1822]; Triphaena innuba Treitschke, 1825; Triphaena pronuba var. hoegei Herrich-Schäffer, 1861; Agrotis pronuba var. nigra Krausse, 1912; Rhyacia pronuba f. decolorata Turati, 1923;

Last updated December 10, 2023

The large yellow underwing (Noctua pronuba) is a moth, the type species for the family Noctuidae. It is an abundant species throughout the Palearctic realm, one of the most common and most familiar moths of the region. In some years the species is highly migratory with large numbers appearing suddenly in marginal parts of the range.

It is also present in Europe, North Africa, Canary Islands, Middle East, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, northwest India, Russia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia. It was introduced into North America at Nova Scotia. Since then it has increased its range considerably and has been recorded for Maine since 1985, and then spread throughout the northeast from Vermont and Massachusetts (1989) to New Hampshire (1990), New York, Maryland (1992), and Connecticut (1993). It was first recorded in Pennsylvania in 1998, North Carolina (1997) and west to Colorado (1999), Wyoming (2000), Washington (2000), California (2001), British Columbia (2002) and Alaska (2005).^[1]

This is a quite large and heavy moth with a wingspan of 50–60 mm. The forewings are quite variable from light brown to almost black. The darker individuals often have a pale streak along the costa. The hindwings are bright orange-yellow with a black sub-terminal band. As with other Noctua species (and numerous other insects), this contrast of bland-on-land and bright-in-flight is used to confuse potential predators. This species flies at night from July to September and is attracted to light, sometimes in huge numbers. It will also visit flowers such as Buddleia , ragwort, and red valerian.

The larva is green or brown with two rows of black dashes along the back. This is one of the notorious "cutworms", causing fatal damage at the base of virtually any herbaceous plant (some examples listed below), sometimes severing it completely. This ubiquitous species is considered as a garden pest. The species overwinters as a larva and feeds on mild days throughout the winter.

Description in Meyrick

A. pronuba, L. 48-56 mm. Antennae in male ciliated. Forewings ochreous-brown to dark fuscous, sometimes reddish tinged, sometimes partly irrorated with grey-whitish, especially towards costa anteriorly; lines often paler, dark-edged, sometimes faint, subterminal preceded on costa by a blackish mark orbicular and reniform more or less pale-edged, outlined with darker, reniform partly marked with dark grey. Hindwings ochreous-orange; a blackish terminal band. Larva pale green to dull brown; dorsal line pale; subdorsal series of blackish longitudinal marks on 5-12; a pale line beneath these; subspiracular pale; head light brown, dark-marked.^[2] See Noctua orbona , the lunar yellow underwing and Noctua comes , lesser yellow underwing for differences between these species and pronuba.

^ The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

Recorded food plants

Allium
Beta – beet
Brassica
Calendula – marigold
Chrysanthemum
Dahlia
Daucus – carrot
Dianthus – carnation
Fragaria – strawberry
Freesia
Gladiolus
Hieracium – hawkweed
Lactuca – lettuce
Lycopersicon – tomato
Plantago – plantain
Poaceae – grasses
Primula
Rhubarb
Solanum – nightshades (including potato, Pepper, and tomato plants)
Spinach
Taraxacum – dandelion
Viola – sweet violet
Vitis – grape

See Robinson, G.S. et al.^[3]

On forest floor of Gatineau Park, Quebec
Mounted adult specimen
Caterpillar
Caterpillar in defensive posture

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Apamea crenata, known as the clouded-bordered brindle, is a moth in the family Noctuidae. It is distributed throughout the Palearctic realm. In the North it crosses the Arctic Circle, in the Mediterranean it is found only in cool locations and mountains avoiding very hot areas. In the Alps, it rises to an altitude of about 2000 metres.

Apamea remissa, the dusky brocade, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is distributed throughout Europe and Turkey, ranging across the Palearctic realm to Siberia, Manchuria and Japan. It has also been reported from Alaska.

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Catocala electa, the rosy underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Karl Friedrich Vieweg in 1790. It can be found in Europe and Asia.

Mesapamea secalis, the common rustic, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is found in Europe, north-west Africa, Turkey and northern Iran.

References

↑ David Lentz, Jr. (2006). "Invasive Moth Spreads throughout Southeast Alaska" (PDF). Southeast District Update. University of Alaska Fairbanks. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
↑ Meyrick, E., 1895 A Handbook of British Lepidoptera MacMillan, London pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ "Robinson, G.S., P.R. Ackery, I.J. Kitching, G.W. Beccaloni & L.M. Hernández (2010). HOSTS – A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London".

Chinery, Michael (1986). Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe.
Skinner, Bernard (1984). Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles.

External links

Lepiforum
Noctua pronuba at funet.fi

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[1] David Lentz, Jr. (2006). "Invasive Moth Spreads throughout Southeast Alaska" (PDF). Southeast District Update. University of Alaska Fairbanks. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.

[2] Meyrick, E., 1895 A Handbook of British Lepidoptera MacMillan, London pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[3] "Robinson, G.S., P.R. Ackery, I.J. Kitching, G.W. Beccaloni & L.M. Hernández (2010). HOSTS – A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London".

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