Daucus

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Daucus
Daucus carota0.jpg
Daucus carota
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Subfamily: Apioideae
Tribe: Scandiceae
Subtribe: Daucinae
Genus: Daucus
L., 1753
Species

See text

Synonyms
List
  • AgrocharisHochst.
  • AmmiopsisBoiss.
  • BabironRaf.
  • BallimonRaf.
  • CarotaRupr.
  • CaucaliopsisH.Wolff
  • CtenodaucusPomel
  • DurieuaBoiss. & Reut.
  • GynophygeGilli
  • HeterosciadiumLange ex Willk.
  • MelanatonRaf.
  • MelanoselinumHoffm.
  • Meopsis(Calest.) Koso-Pol.
  • MoniziaLowe
  • PachycteniumMaire & Pamp.
  • PeltactilaRaf.
  • PlatydauconRchb.
  • PlatyspermumHoffm.
  • PomeliaDurando ex Pomel
  • PseudorlayaMurb.
  • RouyaCoincy
  • StaflinusRaf.
  • TetrapleuraParl.
  • TirictaRaf.
  • TornabeneaParl.

Daucus is a worldwide genus of herbaceous plants of the celery family Apiaceae of which the best-known species is the cultivated carrot. Daucus has about 75 species. [1] The oldest carrot fossil is 1.3 Ma, and was found on the island of Madeira in the Atlantic Ocean. [2]

Contents

Description

Members of Daucus are distinguished within the family Apiaceae by their leaves which are 2–3 pinnatisect with narrow end sections. The genus primarily consists of biennial plants but also includes some annual plants and some perennial herbs. All Daucus have bristly stems. The inflorescences are umbels. The flowers are mostly white, with bracts and bracteoles. The petals may be pure white, reddish, pinkish or yellowish. They are emarginate above and have pointed, wrapped lobules. The petals are often unequal in size, with petals at the outermost edge of the inflorescence often being larger. The fruit is an ovoid to ellipsoidal schizocarp, cylindrical or compressed, with ciliate primary ribs and secondary ribs with a row of hooked spines. [3] Some species have a small pale or white edible taproot, similar to a radish, which may or may not be bitter in taste.

Ecology

Daucus pollination is carried out by insects, primarily: Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. It is a cosmopolitan genus with endemic species on most continents as well as on many islands and in isolated areas.[ citation needed ] The genus centre is in North Africa and Southwest Asia in the Temperate Zone.[ citation needed ] Prolonged dry or cold weather tends to retard growth in Daucus species, but the genus as a whole is evolutionarily adaptative to these conditions.[ citation needed ] Some Daucus species accumulate substantial resources in large underground taproots without impeding plant development.[ citation needed ] Native to Europe is the carrot, with several subspecies, including subsp. carota (wild carrot), subsp. gummifer (sea carrot) and subsp. sativus, a cultivated form of carrot, also called garden carrot).

Four members of the Daucus genus were examined to determine differences in isoenzyme patterns and plastid DNA. The four were: Daucus carota subspecies sativus cultivar Danvers, D. carota subsp. gummifer, D. capillifolius, and D. pusillus. Although only one form of HSDH (homoserine dehydrogenase) was present in each Daucus line, the rate of migration of HSDH from cv. Danvers was different from that of the others. Multiple isoenzymic forms of ADH were present in each Daucus cultivar. Comparison of endonuclease restriction fragment patterns from plastid DNAs digested by BamHI revealed only small differences between plastid DNAs of cv. Danvers and subsp. gummifer, whereas large differences were observed between cv. Danvers and D. pusillus plastid DNA patterns. No differences were found between cv. Danvers and D. capillifolius plastid DNA patterns when examined using eight different restriction enzymes. The data indicate that specific isoenzyme and organelle DNA restriction fragment patterns will be useful markers for precise identification of genomes of different Daucus species. [4]

Systematics

The genus comprises about 75 species, [1] including:

Allergenicity

Daucus has an OPALS allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10, indicating extremely high potential to cause allergic reactions. [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apiaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium, and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-known, and economically important plants as ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose exact identity is unclear and it may be extinct.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Araliaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants commonly called the ginseng family. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely, but it is predominantly distinguishable based on its woody habit, tropical distribution, and the presence of simple umbels.

<i>Daucus carota</i> Species of flowering plant

Daucus carota, whose common names include wild carrot, European wild carrot, bird's nest, bishop's lace, and Queen Anne's lace, is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae. It is native to temperate regions of the Old World and was naturalized in the New World.

<i>Hedera</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae

Hedera, commonly called ivy, is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to Western Europe, Central Europe, Southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern Africa and across central-southern Asia east to Japan and Taiwan. Several species are cultivated as climbing ornamentals, and the name ivy especially denotes common ivy, known in North America as "English ivy", which is frequently planted to clothe brick walls.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chromoplast</span> Pigment-bearing organelle in plant cells

Chromoplasts are plastids, heterogeneous organelles responsible for pigment synthesis and storage in specific photosynthetic eukaryotes. It is thought that like all other plastids including chloroplasts and leucoplasts they are descended from symbiotic prokaryotes.

<i>Dryas</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Dryas is a genus of perennial cushion-forming evergreen dwarf shrubs in the family Rosaceae, native to the arctic and alpine regions of Europe, Asia and North America. The genus is named after the dryads, the tree nymphs of ancient Greek mythology. The classification of Dryas within the Rosaceae has been unclear. The genus was formerly placed in the subfamily Rosoideae, but is now placed in subfamily Dryadoideae.

Northern root-knot nematode is a species of vegetable pathogens which produces tiny galls on around 550 crop and weed species. They invade root tissue after birth. Females are able to lay up to 1,000 eggs at a time in a large egg mass. By surviving harsh winters, they can survive in cold climates.

<i>Anthriscus sylvestris</i> Species of flowering plant

Anthriscus sylvestris, known as cow parsley, wild chervil, wild beaked parsley, Queen Anne's lace or keck, is a herbaceous biennial or short-lived perennial plant in the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae),. It is also sometimes called mother-die, a name that is also applied to the common hawthorn. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwestern Africa. It is related to other diverse members of Apiaceae, such as parsley, carrot, hemlock and hogweed. It is often confused with Daucus carota, another member of the Apiaceae also known as "Queen Anne's lace" or "wild carrot".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carrot</span> Root vegetable, usually orange in color

The carrot is a root vegetable, typically orange in color, though heirloom variants including purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist, all of which are domesticated forms of the wild carrot, Daucus carota, native to Europe and Southwestern Asia. The plant probably originated in Iran and was originally cultivated for its leaves and seeds. The most commonly eaten part of the plant is the taproot, although the stems and leaves are also eaten. The domestic carrot has been selectively bred for its enlarged, more palatable, less woody-textured taproot. Carrots are commonly consumed raw or cooked in various cuisines.

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<i>Erigenia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Erigenia bulbosa, also known as harbinger of spring or pepper and salt, is a flowering perennial plant in the family Apiaceae. E. bulbosa is the only species in the genus Erigenia and tribe Erigenieae. This plant is known as harbinger of spring because it is one of the earliest blooming native wildflowers of rich forests in the mid-latitude United States. Throughout most of its range it blooms from late February through early April.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gobi bear</span> Subspecies of carnivore

The Gobi bear, known in Mongolian as the Mazaalai (Мазаалай), is a subspecies of the brown bear that is found in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. It is listed as critically endangered by the Mongolian Redbook of Endangered Species and by IUCN standards. Currently, there are only 31 bears left in the Mongolian Gobi Desert; through long-term genetic monitoring it is known that the population is relatively stable, however, the sex ratio is highly skewed towards males. Gobi bears are separated by enough distance from other brown bear populations to achieve reproductive isolation. In 1959, hunting of the animal was prohibited in order to preserve the dying subspecies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crop wild relative</span> Wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant

A crop wild relative (CWR) is a wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant. It may be a wild ancestor of the domesticated (cultivated) plant or another closely related taxon.

<i>Dactylorhiza majalis <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> traunsteinerioides</i> Subspecies of orchid

Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. traunsteinerioides, known as the narrow-leaved marsh-orchid and Pugsley's marsh orchid, is a subspecies of Dactylorhiza majalis found only in Britain and Ireland. It is also treated as the species Dactylorhiza traunsteinerioides.

<i>Dichosciadium</i> Genus of plants

Dichosciadium ranunculaceum is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is a small, flat perennial1 herb that can grow up to 20 cm wide. The species is commonly referred to as Wreath Pennywort.

<i>Ferula assa-foetida</i> Species of flowering plant in the celery family Apiaceae

Ferula assa-foetida is a species of Ferula endemic to Southern Iran. It is a source of asafoetida, but not the main source, although many sources claim so. The production of asafoetida from this species is confined to Southern Iran, especially the area near Lar.

<i>Ferula drudeana</i> Species of plant in the family Apiaceae

Ferula drudeana is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to the Central Taurus Mountains area of Turkey. It has been proposed as a candidate for the fabled silphium plant of antiquity. It is known from only three locations in Turkey, all sites of longstanding villages.

References

  1. 1 2 WFO (2023): Daucus L. Published on the Internet;http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000010858. Accessed on: 23 Jan 2023.
  2. Góis-Marques, Carlos A.; Nascimento, Lea de; Fernández-Palacios, José María; Madeira, José; Sequeira, Miguel Menezes de (2019). "Tracing insular woodiness in giant Daucus (s.l.) fruit fossils from the Early Pleistocene of Madeira Island (Portugal)". Taxon. 68 (6): 1314–1320. doi:10.1002/tax.12175. hdl: 10400.13/5323 . ISSN   1996-8175. S2CID   214067624.
  3. "Daucus carota (Carrot)". CAB International. 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  4. Benjamin F. Matthews; Kenneth G. Wilson; Lorin R. DeBonte (January 1984). "Variation in Culture, Isoenzyme Patterns and Plastid DNA in the Genus Daucus". In Vitro. 20 (1): 38–44. doi:10.1007/BF02633330. JSTOR   4292775. S2CID   42829077.
  5. Ogren, Thomas Leo (2015). The Allergy-Fighting Garden. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN   9781607744917.

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