Daucus carota

Last updated

Wild carrot
Daucus carota May 2008-1 edit.jpg
The umbel of a wild carrot
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Daucus
Species:
D. carota
Binomial name
Daucus carota
L.
Subtaxa

See text

Synonyms [2]
List
    • Ballimon maritimum(Lam.) Raf.
    • Carota sativa(Hoffm.) Rupr.
    • Carota sylvestris(Mill.) Lobel ex Rupr.
    • Caucalis carnosaRoth
    • Caucalis carota(L.) Crantz
    • Caucalis daucusCrantz
    • Caucalis gingidium(L.) Crantz
    • Caucalis hispanicaCrantz
    • Caucalis pumilaWilld.
    • Daucus abyssinicusC.A.Mey.
    • Daucus agrestisRaf.
    • Daucus alatusPoir.
    • Daucus allioniiLink
    • Daucus annuus(Bég.) Wojew., Reduron, Banasiak & Spalik
    • Daucus asturiarumBarnadez ex Cutanda
    • Daucus australisGuss.
    • Daucus australisKotov
    • Daucus blancheiReut.
    • Daucus bocconeiGuss.
    • Daucus brevicaulisRaf.
    • Daucus capillifoliusGilli
    • Daucus carnosusMoench
    • Daucus carota var. acaulis(Bréb.) P.D.Sell
    • Daucus carota subsp. boissieri(Schweinf.) Hosni
    • Daucus carota var. brachycaulosReduron
    • Daucus carota f. epurpuratusFarw.
    • Daucus carota f. fischeriMoldenke
    • Daucus carota var. fontanesii(Thell.) Reduron
    • Daucus carota f. goodmaniiMoldenke
    • Daucus carota var. gummiferSyme
    • Daucus carota var. linearisReduron
    • Daucus carota var. pseudocarota(Rouy & E.G.Camus) Reduron
    • Daucus carota f. roseusFarw.
    • Daucus carota f. roseusMillsp.
    • Daucus carota var. tenuisectus(Degen ex Palyi) Reduron
    • Daucus communisRouy & E.G.Camus
    • Daucus communis var. pseudocarotaRouy & E.G.Camus
    • Daucus commutatus(Paol.) Thell.
    • Daucus dentatusBertol.
    • Daucus drepanensis(Arcang.) Tod. ex Lojac.
    • Daucus esculentusSalisb.
    • Daucus exiguusSteud.
    • Daucus foliosusGuss.
    • Daucus gadecaei(Rouy & E.G.Camus) Rouy & E.G.Camus
    • Daucus gibbosusBertol.
    • Daucus gingidiumGeorgi
    • Daucus gingidiumL.
    • Daucus gingidium subsp. atlanticusRivas Mart.
    • Daucus gingidium subsp. commutatus(Prolongo) O.Bolòs & Vigo
    • Daucus gingidium subsp. hispanicus(Gouan) O.Bolòs & Vigo
    • Daucus gingidium subsp. majoricus(A.Pujadas) Mart.Flores, Juan, M.A.Alonso, A.Pujadas & M.B.Crespo
    • Daucus gouaniiNyman
    • Daucus gummiferAll.
    • Daucus gummiferLam.
    • Daucus gummifer var. acaulisBréb.
    • Daucus gummifer var. intermediusCorb.
    • Daucus halophilusBrot.
    • Daucus herculeusPau
    • Daucus heterophylusRaf.
    • Daucus hispanicusGouan
    • Daucus hispidusDesf.
    • Daucus hispidusGilib.
    • Daucus hispidusMill.
    • Daucus hispidus var. tenuisectusDegen ex Palyi
    • Daucus jolensisPomel
    • Daucus kotoviiM.Hiroe
    • Daucus levisRaf.
    • Daucus lucidusL.f.
    • Daucus marcidusTimb.-Lagr.
    • Daucus maritimusLam.
    • Daucus maritimusWith.
    • Daucus martelliiGand. ex Calest.
    • Daucus masclefiiCorb.
    • Daucus matthioliiBubani
    • Daucus mauritanicusL.
    • Daucus mauritanicusSalzm. ex DC.
    • Daucus maximusDesf.
    • Daucus micranthusPomel
    • Daucus montanusSchmidt ex Nyman
    • Daucus nebrodensisStrobl
    • Daucus neglectusLowe
    • Daucus nitidusGasp.
    • Daucus nudicaulisRaf.
    • Daucus officinalisGueldenst. ex Ledeb.
    • Daucus paraliasPomel
    • Daucus parviflorusDesf.
    • Daucus polygamusGouan
    • Daucus polygamusJacq. ex Nyman
    • Daucus rupestrisGuss.
    • Daucus russeusHeldr.
    • Daucus sativus(Hoffm.) Röhl. ex Pass.
    • Daucus scariosusRaf.
    • Daucus sciadophylusRaf.
    • Daucus serotinusPomel
    • Daucus serratusMoris
    • Daucus siculusTineo
    • Daucus strigosusRaf.
    • Daucus sylvestrisMill.
    • Daucus tenuissimus(A.Chev.) Spalik, Wojew., Banasiak & Reduron
    • Daucus vulgarisGarsault
    • Daucus vulgarisLam.
    • Daucus vulgarisNeck.
    • Melanoselinum annuum(Bég.) A.Chev.
    • Melanoselinum tenuissimumA.Chev.
    • Peltactila hispidaRaf.
    • Peltactila parviflora(Desf.) Raf.
    • Platyspermum alatum(Poir.) Schult.
    • Thapsia annua(A.Chev.) M.Hiroe
    • Thapsia tenuissima(A.Chev.) M.Hiroe
    • Tiricta daucoidesRaf.
    • Tornabenea annuaBég.
    • Tornabenea tenuissima(A.Chev.) A.Hansen & Sunding

Daucus carota, whose common names include wild carrot, [3] European wild carrot, bird's nest, bishop's lace, and Queen Anne's lace (North America), is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae. It is native to temperate regions of the Old World and was naturalized in the New World.

Contents

Domesticated carrots are cultivars of a subspecies, Daucus carota subsp. sativus.

Description

Inflorescences and foliage Queen Anns Lace -- Daucus carota.jpg
Inflorescences and foliage
Flowers (worm's-eye view) Daucus carota (Queen Anne's lace) flower umbell down view.jpg
Flowers (worm's-eye view)
Fruit cluster containing oval fruits with hooked spines Daucus carota seed pod.JPG
Fruit cluster containing oval fruits with hooked spines

The wild carrot is a herbaceous, somewhat variable biennial plant that grows between 30 and 120 cm (1 and 4 ft) tall, [4] [5] and is roughly hairy, with a stiff, solid stem. The leaves are tripinnate, finely divided and lacy, and overall triangular in shape. The leaves are 5–15 cm (2–6 in) long, [5] bristly and alternate in a pinnate pattern that separates into thin segments. The flowers are small and dull white, clustered in flat, dense umbels. The umbels are terminal and about 8–15 cm (3–6 in) wide. [6] [5] They may be pink in bud and may have a reddish or purple [7] flower (the "ruby") in the centre of the umbel. The lower bracts are three-forked or pinnate, which distinguishes the plant from other white-flowered umbellifers. As the seeds develop, the umbel curls up at the edges, becomes more congested, and develops a concave surface. The fruits are small, dry, bumpy, oval and flattened, with short styles and hooked spines, as well as protective hairs surrounding it. [8] [6] The fruit has two mericarps, or bicarpellate. The endosperm of the fruit grows before the embryo. [9] The dried umbels detach from the plant, becoming tumbleweeds. [10] The function of the tiny red flower, coloured by anthocyanin, is to attract insects. The flowers bloom from May to September. [6] [5]

Similar in appearance to the deadly poison hemlock, D. carota is distinguished by a mix of tripinnate leaves, fine hairs on its solid green stems and on its leaves, a root that smells like carrots, and occasionally a single dark red flower in the center of the umbel. [11] [12] Hemlock is also different in tending to have purple mottling on its stems, which also lack the hairiness of the plain green Queen Anne's lace (wild carrot) stems. [13] Both plants have been spread into North America by European settlers and are now common wildflowers; Daucus carota is often known as Queen Anne's lace there. Anne, Queen of Great Britain is the Queen Anne for whom the plant is named. [14] It is so called because the inflorescence resembles lace, prominent in fine clothing of the day; the red flower in the center is said to represent a droplet of blood where Queen Anne pricked herself with a needle when she was making the lace. [15]

Function of the dark central floret

The function of the central dark floret of D. carota has been subject to debate since Charles Darwin speculated that they are a vestigial trait. [16] It has been suggested that they have the adaptive function of mimicking insects, thus either discouraging herbivory, [17] or attracting pollinators [18] by indicating the presence of food or opportunities for mating. [19] One study in Portugal found that the dark florets contributed to visitation by the varied carpet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci , and that higher numbers of dark florets correlated with increased visitation, whereas inflorescences without dark florets had fewer visits. Replacing the dark florets with one or more freeze-killed A. verbasci, who are similar to the florets in size and shape produced similar results to those observations of inflorescences with intact florets. [20]

Taxonomy

The carrot was first officially described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work Species Plantarum . [21] In 2016, an international team sequenced the full genome of Daucus carota. [22]

Subspecies

Cultivated carrot's only parent is Daucus carota. [23]

Both domestic and wild carrot are from the same species, Daucus carota L. There are several subspecies of D. carota that have evolved to different climates and atmospheres. Two examples of these subspecies are specifically from the Netherlands. D. carota subsp. sativus has roots that can be a wide range of colors. It has a thicker root and sweeter taste. The whorl of barbs above the spine on the vallecular ridges of the mericarp of D. carota subsp. sativus mature very well.[ clarification needed ]D. carota subsp. carota has white roots that do not vary in color and, unlike D. carota subsp. sativus, has a thin root, bitter taste and are not edible. The middle umbellet of D. carota subsp. carota is not well developed (unlike in D. carota subsp. sativus) and the color of the flower can vary from red to deep purple. [24]

Subtaxa

The following subtaxa are accepted: [2]

  • Daucus carota var. abyssinicusA.Braun
  • Daucus carota subsp. annuus(Bég.) Mart.Flores, D.M.Spooner & M.B.Crespo
  • Daucus carota subsp. azoricusFranco
  • Daucus carota subsp. cantabricusA.Pujadas
  • Daucus carota subsp. capillifolius(Gilli) Arbizu
  • Daucus carota subsp. caporientalisReduron
  • Daucus carota subsp. carota
  • Daucus carota subsp. commutatus(Paol.) Thell.
  • Daucus carota subsp. corsoccidentalisReduron
  • Daucus carota subsp. drepanensis(Arcang.) Heywood
  • Daucus carota subsp. fontanesiiThell.
  • Daucus carota subsp. gadecaei(Rouy & E.G.Camus) Heywood
  • Daucus carota subsp. gummifer(Syme) Hook.f.
  • Daucus carota subsp. halophilus(Brot.) A.Pujadas
  • Daucus carota subsp. hispanicus(Gouan) Thell.
  • Daucus carota subsp. major(Vis.) Arcang.
  • Daucus carota subsp. majoricusA.Pujadas
  • Daucus carota subsp. maritimus(Lam.) Batt.
  • Daucus carota subsp. maximus(Desf.) Ball
  • Daucus carota var. meriensisReduron
  • Daucus carota subsp. otaportensisReduron
  • Daucus carota subsp. rupestris(Guss.) Heywood
  • Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G.Martens
  • Daucus carota subsp. tenuissimus(A.Chev.) Mart.Flores, D.M.Spooner & M.B.Crespo
  • Daucus carota subsp. valeriaeReduron

Distribution and habitat

Native to temperate regions of Europe [5] and southwest Asia, the plant was spread to North America and Australia.

The plant is commonly found along roadsides and in unused fields. It thrives best in sun to partial shade. [6]

Toxicity

Skin contact with the foliage of Daucus carota, especially wet foliage, can cause skin irritation in some people. [25] [26] It may also have a mild effect on horses. [27]

The compound falcarinol is naturally found in Daucus carota for protection against fungal diseases. Lab tests show the compound to be toxic to mice and the water flea Daphnia magna. [28] Normal consumption of carrots has no toxic effect in humans. [29]

Uses

Like the cultivated carrot, the D. carota root is edible while young, but it quickly becomes too woody to consume.[ citation needed ] The flowers are sometimes battered and fried. The leaves and seeds are also edible. [6]

D. carota bears a close resemblance to poison hemlock, and the leaves of the wild carrot may cause phytophotodermatitis, [30] [26] so caution should also be used when handling the plant. The seeds and flowers have been used as a supposed method of contraception and an abortifacient for centuries, but scientific research has not confirmed any such effects and there is no evidence of safety. [31] If used as a dyestuff, the flowers give a creamy, off-white color.

D. carota, when freshly cut, will draw or change color depending on the color of the water in which it is held. This effect is only visible on the "head" or flower of the plant. Carnations also exhibit this effect. This occurrence is a popular science demonstration in grade school.

Beneficial weed

This beneficial weed can be used as a companion plant to crops. Like most members of the umbellifer family, it attracts wasps to its small flowers in its native land; however, where it has been introduced, it attracts very few wasps. In northeast Wisconsin, when introduced with blueberries it did succeed in attracting butterflies and wasps. [32] This species is also documented to boost tomato plant production when kept nearby, and it can provide a microclimate of cooler, moister air for lettuce, when intercropped with it. [33] However, the states of Iowa, Michigan, and Washington have listed it as a noxious weed, [34] and it is considered a serious pest in pastures. It persists in the soil seed bank for two to five years. [35]

Taste

Several different factors can cause the root of a carrot to have abnormal metabolites (notably 6-methoxymellin) that can cause a bitter taste in the roots. For example, carrots have a bitterer taste when grown in the presence of apples. Also, ethylene can easily produce stress, causing a bitter taste. [36]

Culture

History through artwork

The history of Daucus carota and its cultivation in different parts of the world can be traced back through historical texts and artwork. Paintings from the 16th and 17th century, for example, that are of maids in a market or farmers' most recent crops can provide information on carrots' history. Studying such paintings shows that yellow or red roots were cultivated in Turkey, North Africa, and Spain. Orange roots were cultivated in 17th century Netherlands. [37]

References in poetry

"Queen Anne's Lace" is the title and subject of a poem by William Carlos Williams published in the 1921 collection titled Sour Grapes.

See also

Related Research Articles

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Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium, and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-known, and economically important plants as ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose exact identity is unclear and may be extinct.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parsnip</span> Root vegetable in the flowering plant family Apiaceae

The parsnip is a root vegetable closely related to carrot and parsley, all belonging to the flowering plant family Apiaceae. It is a biennial plant usually grown as an annual. Its long taproot has cream-colored skin and flesh, and, left in the ground to mature, becomes sweeter in flavor after winter frosts. In its first growing season, the plant has a rosette of pinnate, mid-green leaves. If unharvested, it produces a flowering stem topped by an umbel of small yellow flowers in its second growing season, later producing pale brown, flat, winged seeds. By this time, the stem has become woody, and the tap root inedible. Precautions should be taken when handling the stems and foliage, as parsnip sap can cause a skin rash or even blindness if exposed to sunlight after handling.

<i>Aegopodium podagraria</i> Species of flowering plant in the celery family Apiaceae

Aegopodium podagraria, commonly called ground elder, is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae that grows in shady places. The name "ground elder" comes from the superficial similarity of its leaves and flowers to those of elder (Sambucus), which is not closely related. Other common names include herb gerard, bishop's weed, goutweed, gout wort, snow-in-the-mountain, English masterwort and wild masterwort. It is the type species of the genus Aegopodium. It is native to Europe and Asia, but has been introduced around the world as an ornamental plant, where it occasionally poses an ecological threat as an invasive exotic plant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Queen Anne's lace</span> Index of plants with the same common name

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Northern root-knot nematode is a species of vegetable pathogens which produces tiny galls on around 550 crop and weed species. They invade root tissue after birth. Females are able to lay up to 1,000 eggs at a time in a large egg mass. By surviving harsh winters, they can survive in cold climates.

White carrot may refer to:

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<i>Cicuta</i> Genus of plants

Cicuta, commonly known as water hemlock, is a genus of four species of highly poisonous plants in the family Apiaceae. They are perennial herbaceous plants which grow up to 2.5 meters (8 ft) tall, having distinctive small green or white flowers arranged in an umbrella shape (umbel). Plants in this genus may also be referred to as cowbane or poison parsnip. Cicuta is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, mainly North America and Europe, typically growing in wet meadows, along streambanks and other wet and marshy areas. These plants bear a close resemblance to other members in the family Apiaceae and may be confused with a number of edible or poisonous plants. The common name hemlock may also be confused with poison hemlock, or with the Hemlock tree.

<i>Raphanus raphanistrum</i> Species of flowering plant

Raphanus raphanistrum, also known as wild radish, white charlock or jointed charlock, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. The species is native to western Asia, Europe and parts of Northern Africa. It has been introduced into most parts of the world and is regarded as a habitat threatening invasive species in many areas, for example, Australia. It spreads rapidly and is often found growing on roadsides or in other places where the ground has been disturbed. The cultivated radish, widely used as a root vegetable, is sometimes considered to be one of its subspecies as Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus.

<i>Anthriscus sylvestris</i> Species of flowering plant

Anthriscus sylvestris, known as cow parsley, wild chervil, wild beaked parsley, Queen Anne's lace or keck, is a herbaceous biennial or short-lived perennial plant in the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). It is also sometimes called mother-die, a name that is also applied to the common hawthorn. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwestern Africa. It is related to other diverse members of Apiaceae, such as parsley, carrot, hemlock and hogweed. It is often confused with Daucus carota, another member of the Apiaceae also known as "Queen Anne's lace" or "wild carrot".

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<i>Ligusticum porteri</i> Species of flowering plant

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carrot</span> Root vegetable, usually orange in color

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bur</span> Seed or dry fruit or infructescence that has hooks or teeth

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<i>Ammi majus</i> Species of plant

Ammi majus, commonly called bishop's flower, false bishop's weed, laceflower, bullwort, etc., is a member of the carrot family Apiaceae. The plant, which has white lace-like flower clusters, has a large distribution through Southern Europe, North Africa and West and Central Asia, though it is hypothesized to be native to the Nile River Valley.

<i>Conium maculatum</i> Poisonous herbaceous plant in the carrot family

Conium maculatum, known as hemlock, or poison hemlock is a highly poisonous flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, native to Europe and North Africa. It is herbaceous without woody parts and has a biennial lifecycle. A hardy plant capable of living in a variety of environments, hemlock is widely naturalised in locations outside its native range, such as parts of Australia, West Asia, and North and South America, to which it has been introduced. It is capable of spreading and thereby becoming an invasive weed.

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References

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Further reading