Leccinellum lepidum

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Leccinellum lepidum
Leccinellum lepidum 490735.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Boletales
Family:
Boletaceae
Genus:
Leccinellum
Species:
L. lepidum
Binomial name
Leccinellum lepidum
(H.Bouchet ex Essette) Bresinsky & Manfr.Binder (2003)
Synonyms [1]
  • Boletus lepidusH.Bouchet ex Essette (1965)
  • Leccinum lepidum(H.Bouchet ex Essette) Bon & Contu (1990)
  • Krombholziella lepida(H.Bouchet ex Essette) Bon & Contu (1985) nom. inval.
  • Krombholziella lepida(H.Bouchet ex Essette) Alessio (1985)
Leccinellum lepidum
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngPores on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svg Cap is convex
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is olive-brown
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Leccinellum lepidum is a species of bolete in the family Boletaceae. Originally described as Boletus lepidus in 1965, the fungus has gone through controversial taxonomic treatments over the years and was subsequently transferred to genus Krombholziella in 1985, to genus Leccinum in 1990, and to genus Leccinellum in 2003. It is the sister-species of Leccinellum corsicum , with which it had been erroneously synonymised by some authors in the past.

Contents

Like other species of Boletaceae, it has tubes and pores instead of gills in its hymenial (fertile) surface and produces large, fleshy fruit bodies up to 20 cm across. Fruit bodies have the tendency to stain orange, violaceous grey and eventually blackish brown when handled or when the flesh is exposed to the air.

Native to southern Europe, L. lepidum is abundantly present throughout the Mediterranean, growing in mycorrhizal symbiosis with various species of oak ( Quercus ), particularly evergreen members of the "Ilex" group. Despite its southern distribution, the fungus is notable for its late fruiting and tolerance to low temperatures, and is often the only bolete fruiting during the cold winter months.

It is an edible mushroom, though not as highly regarded as sought-after boletes of the genus Boletus .

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Originally described as Boletus lepidus by H. Essette in 1965, [2] Leccinellum lepidum has been controversially treated by various authors, who placed it in different genera or at times synonymised it with other taxa. In 1985, the species was invalidly recombined into genus Leccinum by mycologists Marcel Bon and Marco Contu, but later in the same year Italian mycologist Carlo Alessio transferred it to Krombholziella, [3] a genus that later became a synonym of Leccinum . Bon recombined it as a variety of Leccinum crocipodium in 1989, [4] only to recombine it again with M. Contu as Leccinum lepidum, in 1990. [5] Heinz Engel and colleagues, [6] on the other hand, rejected all previous names and considered the taxon to be a synonym of Leccinum corsicum , a closely related species associated with Cistaceae shrubs.

In 2003, the species was transferred to the newly segregated genus Leccinellum by mycologists Andreas Bresinsky and Manfred Binder, together with other yellow-pored taxa formerly placed in Leccinum . [7] Subsequent phylogenetic and chemotaxonomical analyses by Binder & Besl [8] and Den Bakker & Noordeloos, [9] questioned the segregation of Leccinellum, but suggested that L. lepidum, L. corsicum and L. crocipodium are probably distinct species. However, the three taxa were initially represented by very few sequences and the inclusive "corsicum/lepidum" clade received high support in preliminary phylogenetic analyses. In a 2014 paper, Bertolini [10] controversially abandoned Leccinellum and placed L. lepidum in synonymy with L. corsicum once again, only for the genus to be reinstated in the same year by Wu and colleagues, in a major contribution delineating 22 generic clades in the family Boletaceae. [11] The confusion was finally clarified in 2019, when several collections from Corsica, Croatia, Cyprus, France and Greece were analysed in an elaborate phylogenetic, biogeographical and ecological treatment by M. Loizides and colleagues. [12] In this study, Leccinellum was phylogenetically validated, while L. lepidum, L. corsicum and L. crocipodium formed well-supported lineages within the genus, and were confirmed as distinct species.

Etymology

The Latin epithet lèpidus, meaning "pleasant" or "charming", likely refers to the appearance or culinary qualities of the fungus.

Description

Morphology

Leccinellum lepidum produces large, fleshy fruit bodies. The cap is at first hemispherical, gradually becoming convex or convex-flat as the fungus expands, reaching a diameter of 6 to 20 cm (2.5 to 8 in). The cap cuticle is smooth to somewhat lobed and often with a "hammered" appearance, moderately to strongly viscid in wet weather, ranging in colour from ochraceous yellow to ochraceous brown, chestnut-brown, or in very old specimens blackish brown. [13] [14]

Young fruit body of Leccinellum lepidum. Leccinellum lepidum 399110.jpg
Young fruit body of Leccinellum lepidum.

The tubes are more or less free from the stem, 1 to 2 cm (0.5 to 1 in) long and pale yellow to ochraceous yellow. The pores are small and rounded, concolorous with the tubes, slowly staining rusty-brown and finally greyish brown when handled or with age. [15] [16]

The stem is 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) long by 2 to 6 cm (1 to 2.5 in) wide, usually stout and short-ventricose at first, but gradually becoming longer and clavate to cylindrical, ranging in colour from ochraceous yellow to pale yellow, straw-coloured, or dirty white. Its surface is covered in tiny pustules (scabrosities), concolorous with the stem surface at first, but often staining rusty-brown or grey-brown with age and sometimes coalescing to form an incomplete pseudoreticulum (false net). [17] [18]

The flesh is thick and dull yellow to straw-coloured. When cut or exposed to the air it very slowly discoloures orange or violaceous-grey in parts, and after a few hours darkens to greyish-brown or grey-black. The smell is weakly fungoid in young specimens, becoming stronger in old specimens, while the taste is mild to somewhat astringent. The spores are tobacco-brown in mass. [18] [19]

Under the microscope, the spores appear narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform (spinde-shaped) and measure 13.5–22 × 5–6 μm. The cap cuticle is a trichodermium of septate cylindrical hyphae, often finely incrusted. [20] [14]

Mycorrhiza

The ectomycorrhiza formed by L. lepidum with the holm oak has been described in detail. It is characterised by a Hartig net devoid of haustoria, a plectenchymatous outer mantle of warty hyphae arranged in a ring-like formation, highly differentiated rhizomorphs which are rounded in cross-section and connected to the mantle, and a negative reaction to FeSO4, KOH or guaiac. [21]

Similar species

Ecology, phenology and distribution

The holm oak is a common host of L. lepidum. Quercus ilex g3.jpg
The holm oak is a common host of L. lepidum.

The species is widespread in the Mediterranean region, where it forms ectomycorrhizal associations with various species of oak. It is most commonly associated with evergreen members of the "Ilex" group, particularly the holm oak ( Quercus ilex ), [23] [18] [24] [25] but also the golden oak ( Quercus alnifolia ), [26] [12] the kermes oak ( Q. coccifera ) [27] [28] and the Palestine oak ( Q. calliprinos ). [29] [12] In the western parts of the Mediterranean basin, it is frequently found under the cork oak ( Q. suber ), while collections under the semi-deciduous Portuguese oak ( Q. faginea ) have also been reported. [14] [30] It is indifferent to the substrate and occurs abundantly on both calcareous and acidic soil.

Although a southern species, the fungus is notable for its late fruiting season and tolerance to low temperatures. In a 10-year study from the island of Cyprus, L. lepidum was the most frequently recorded bolete, accounting for over half (61%) of all Boletaceae collections found during the winter months (December–February). [12]

Edibility

Leccinellum lepidum is edible, though opinions on its culinary value vary. It is generally regarded gastronomically inferior to other popular boletes (such as Boletus edulis or B. aereus ), while the tendency of its fruit bodies to stain black makes the mushroom unappealing to some people.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boletales</span> Order of fungi

The Boletales are an order of Agaricomycetes containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of fruiting body types. The boletes are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes. The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of agarics, puffballs, and other fruiting-body types.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boletaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Boletaceae are a family of mushroom-forming fungi, primarily characterised by small pores on the spore-bearing hymenial surface, instead of gills as are found in most agarics. Nearly as widely distributed as the agarics, the family is renowned for hosting some prime edible species highly sought after by mushroom hunters worldwide, such as the cep or king bolete . A number of rare or threatened species are also present in the family, that have become the focus of increasing conservation concerns. As a whole, the typical members of the family are commonly known as boletes.

<i>Rubroboletus satanas</i> Species of fungus

Rubroboletus satanas, commonly known as Satan's bolete or the Devil's bolete, is a basidiomycete fungus of the bolete family (Boletaceae) and one of its most infamous members. It was known as Boletus satanas before its transfer to the new genus Rubroboletus in 2014, based on molecular phylogenetic data. Found in broad-leaved and mixed woodland in the warmer regions of Europe, it is classified as a poisonous mushroom, known to cause gastrointestinal symptoms of diarrhea and violent vomiting. However, reports of poisoning are rare, due to its striking appearance and at times putrid smell, which discourage casual experimentation.

<i>Boletus aereus</i> Edible species of fungus

Boletus aereus, the dark cep or bronze bolete, is a highly prized and much sought-after edible mushroom in the family Boletaceae. The bolete is widely consumed in Spain, France, Italy, Greece, and generally throughout the Mediterranean. Described in 1789 by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard, it is closely related to several other European boletes, including B. reticulatus, B. pinophilus, and the popular B. edulis. Some populations in North Africa have in the past been classified as a separate species, B. mamorensis, but have been shown to be phylogenetically conspecific to B. aereus and this taxon is now regarded as a synonym.

<i>Chalciporus piperatus</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in mixed woodland in Europe and North America

Chalciporus piperatus, commonly known as the peppery bolete, is a small pored mushroom of the family Boletaceae found in mixed woodland in Europe and North America. It has been recorded under introduced trees in Brazil, and has become naturalised in Tasmania and spread under native Nothofagus cunninghamii trees. A small bolete, the fruit body has a 1.6–9 cm orange-fawn cap with cinnamon to brown pores underneath, and a 4–9.5 cm high by 0.6–1.2 cm thick stipe. The flesh has a very peppery taste. The rare variety hypochryseus, found only in Europe, has yellow pores and tubes.

<i>Suillellus luridus</i> Species of edible fungus of the bolete family, found in Asia, Europe, and eastern North America

Suillellus luridus, commonly known as the lurid bolete, is a fungus of the family Boletaceae, found in calcareous broadleaved woodlands in Europe. Fruit bodies appear in summer and autumn and may be locally abundant. It is a firm bolete with an olive-brown cap up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter, with small orange or red pores on the underside. The stout ochre stem reaches 8–14 cm (3–6 in) high and 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) wide, and is patterned with a red network. Like several other red-pored boletes, it stains blue when bruised or cut.

<i>Xerocomus subtomentosus</i> Species of fungus

Xerocomus subtomentosus, commonly known as suede bolete, brown and yellow bolete , boring brown bolete or yellow-cracked bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The fungus was initially described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and known for many years as Boletus subtomentosus. It is edible, though not as highly regarded as other bolete mushrooms.

<i>Exsudoporus frostii</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in North America

Exsudoporus frostii, commonly known as Frost's bolete or the apple bolete, is a bolete fungus first described scientifically in 1874. A member of the family Boletaceae, the mushrooms produced by the fungus have tubes and pores instead of gills on the underside of their caps. Exsudoporus frostii is distributed in the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia, and in the southwest from Arizona extending south to Mexico and Costa Rica. A mycorrhizal species, its fruit bodies are typically found growing near hardwood trees, especially oak.

<i>Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus</i> Species of fungus

Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus is a species of bolete in the family Boletaceae, native to Europe. Previously known as Boletus rhodoxanthus, it was transferred in 2014 to the newly erected genus Rubroboletus, based on DNA data.

<i>Imperator torosus</i> Species of fungus

Imperator torosus, commonly known as the brawny bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is native to southern Europe east to the Caucasus and Israel. It is generally associated with deciduous trees such as hornbeam, oak and beech in warm, dry locales. Although generally rare in Europe, it appears to be relatively common in Hungary. Appearing in summer and autumn on chalky soils, the stocky fruit bodies have an ochre cap up to 20 cm (8 in) across, yellow pores on the cap underside, and a wine-red to brown or blackish stipe up to 6–15 cm (2.4–5.9 in) long by 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) wide. The pale yellow flesh changes to different colours when broken or bruised depending on age; younger mushrooms become reddish, and older ones additionally take on bluish tones.

<i>Imperator luteocupreus</i> Species of fungus

Imperator luteocupreus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is native to southern Europe, where it is found under chestnut (Castanea) and oak (Quercus). Although it was originally described in genus Boletus, it was placed in the new genus Imperator in 2015, based on phylogenetic inferences.

<i>Rubroboletus dupainii</i> Species of fungus

Rubroboletus dupainii, commonly known as Dupain's bolete, is a bolete fungus of the genus Rubroboletus. It is native to Europe, where it is threatened, and red listed in six countries. It also occurs in North America, although it is rare there. It was first recorded from North Carolina, and then from Iowa in 2009. It was reported from Belize in 2007, growing under Quercus peduncularis and other oaks.

<i>Leccinellum albellum</i> Species of fungus

Leccinellum albellum is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Originally described by Charles Horton Peck as a species of Boletus, and, after 1945, usually considered a species of Leccinum, it was transferred to the newly created genus Leccinellum in 2003. The bolete was reported from a Mexican beech forest in Hidalgo, Mexico in 2010.

<i>Leccinellum crocipodium</i> Species of fungus

Leccinellum crocipodium is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Fruitbodies contain a benzotropolone pigment called crocipodin.

<i>Harrya chromapes</i> Species of fungus

Harrya chromapes, commonly known as the yellowfoot bolete or the chrome-footed bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The bolete is found in eastern North America, Costa Rica, and eastern Asia, where it grows on the ground, in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous and coniferous trees. Fruit bodies have smooth, rose-pink caps that are initially convex before flattening out. The pores on the cap undersurface are white, aging to a pale pink as the spores mature. The thick stipe has fine pink or reddish dots (scabers), and is white to pinkish but with a bright yellow base. The mushrooms are edible but are popular with insects, and so they are often infested with maggots.

<i>Leccinellum rugosiceps</i> Species of fungus

Leccinellum rugosiceps, commonly known as the wrinkled Leccinum, is a species of bolete fungus. It is found in Asia, North America, Central America, and South America, where it grows in an ectomycorrhizal association with oak. Fruitbodies have convex, yellowish caps up to 15 cm (5.9 in) in diameter. In age, the cap surface becomes wrinkled, often revealing white cracks. The stipe is up to 10 cm (3.9 in) long and 3 cm (1.2 in) wide, with brown scabers on an underlying yellowish surface. It has firm flesh that stains initially pinkish to reddish and then to grayish or blackish when injured. The pore surface on the cap underside is yellowish. Fruitbodies are edible, although opinions vary as to their desirability.

<i>Leccinellum corsicum</i> Species of fungus

Leccinellum corsicum is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It grows in mycorrhizal symbiosis exclusively with rockroses in Mediterranean Europe and North Africa. The fungus was originally described as new to science in 1896 by French mycologist Léon Louis Rolland as a species of Boletus. Andreas Bresinsky and Manfred Binder transferred it to the newly circumscribed genus Leccinellum in 2003.

Rubroboletus pulchrotinctus is a rare bolete fungus in the genus Rubroboletus, native to central and southern Europe. It was originally described in genus Boletus by Italian mycologist Carlo Luciano Alessio in 1985, but subsequently transferred to genus Rubroboletus by Zhao and colleagues (2015), on the basis of molecular evidence. Phylogenetically, R. pulchrotinctus is the sister-species of the better known Rubroboletus satanas, with which it shares several morphological features.

<i>Sutorius eximius</i> Species of fungus

Sutorius eximius, commonly known as the lilac-brown bolete, is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. This bolete produces fruit bodies that are dark purple to chocolate brown in color with a smooth cap, a finely scaly stipe, and a reddish-brown spore print. The tiny pores on the cap underside are chocolate to violet brown. It is widely distributed, having been recorded on North America, South America, and Asia, where it grows in a mycorrhizal relationship with both coniferous and deciduous trees.

<i>Hemileccinum impolitum</i> Species of fungus

Hemileccinum impolitum is a basidiomycete fungus of the family Boletaceae, native to Europe. It is commonly referred to as the iodine bolete, because its fruit bodies tend to emit an iodine odour when cut, more detectable in the stem base or overripe specimens.

References

  1. ↑ "GSD Species Synonymy: Leccinellum lepidum (H. Bouchet ex Essette) Bresinsky & Manfr. Binder". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2016-01-26.
  2. ↑ Essette (1965). Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr.: pl. 147
  3. ↑ Alessio CL. (1985). Boletus Dill. ex L. (sensu lato): 1-712
  4. ↑ Bon M. (1989). Novitates - Nouveaux taxons. Documents Mycologiques. 19(75): 55–58.
  5. ↑ Quadraccia L, Rossi W. (1984). Novitates - Combinaisons et taxons nouveaux. Documents Mycologiques. 14(56): 27-32.
  6. ↑ Engel H, Kriegelsteiner GJ, Dermek A, Watling R (1983). Dickröhrlinge: Die Gattung Boletus in Europa. Weidhausen, Germany: Heinz Engel, Weidhausen bei Coburg.
  7. ↑ Bresinsky A, Besl H. (2003). "Beiträge zu einer Mykoflora Deutschlands – Schlüssel zur Gattungsbestimmung der Blätter-, Leisten- und Röhrenpilze mit Literaturhinweisen zur Artbestimmung". Regensburger Mykologische Schriften (in German). 11: 233.
  8. ↑ Binder M, Besl H (2000). "28S rDNA Sequence Data and Chemotaxonomical Analyses on the Generic Concept of Leccinum (Boletales)". Mycologia: 71–82.
  9. ↑ Den Bakker HC, Noordeloos ME (2005). "A revision of European species of Leccinum Gray and notes on extralimital species". Persoonia. 18 (4): 511–587.
  10. ↑ Bertolini V (2014). "Taxa interessanti della flora micologica toscana". Rivista di Micologia. 57 (2): 99–126.
  11. ↑ Wu G, Feng B, Xu J, Zhu XT, Li YC, Zeng NK, Hosen MI, Yang ZL (2014). "Molecular phylogenetic analyses redefine seven major clades and reveal 22 new generic clades in the fungal family Boletaceae". Fungal Diversity. 69 (1): 93–115. doi:10.1007/s13225-014-0283-8. S2CID   15652037.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Loizides M, Bellanger JM, Assyov B, Moreau PA, Richard F (2019). "Present status and future of boletoid fungi (Boletaceae) on the island of Cyprus: cryptic and threatened diversity unraveled by 10-year study". Fungal Ecology. 41 (13): 65–81. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2019.03.008. S2CID   181958289.
  13. ↑ Lannoy G, Estadès A (1995). Monographie des Leccinum d'Europe (in French). Fédération Mycologique Dauphiné-Savoie. pp. 1–229.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Muñoz JA. (2005). Fungi Europaei 2: Boletus s.l. Italy: Edizioni Candusso. ISBN   978-88-901057-6-0.
  15. ↑ Courtecuisse R, Duhem B (1995). Mushrooms & Toadstools of Britain & Europe. London, UK: Harper-Collins.
  16. ↑ Loizides M, Kyriakou T, Tziakouris A (2011). Edible & toxic fungi of Cyprus (in Greek and English). Published by the authors. pp. 196–197. ISBN   978-9963-7380-0-7.
  17. 1 2 Muñoz Sánchez JA (1996). "Algunas consideraciones sobre Leccinum lepidum (Bouchet) Quadraccia, L. crocipodium (Letellier) Watling y L. corsicum (Rolland) Singer". Belarra. 13: 11–18.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Galli R. (2007). I Boleti. Atlante pratico-monographico per la determinazione dei boleti (in Italian) (3rd ed.). Milano, Italy: Dalla Natura.
  19. ↑ Konstantinidis G. (2009). Μανιτάρια – φωτογραφικός οδηγός μανιταροσυλλέκτη[Mushrooms, a Photographic Guide for Collectors] (in Greek). Athens, Greece: Published by the author. p. 329. ISBN   978-960-93-1450-3.
  20. 1 2 Lannoy G, Estadès A (2001). Flore mycologique d'Europe. Documents Mycologiques Mémoire Hors série no. 6 (in French). Association d’Écologie et de Mycologie, Lille. pp. 1–163.
  21. ↑ Montecchio L, Rossi SR, Causin R, Grendene A (2006). "Leccinum lepidum (H. Bouchet ex Essette) Bon & Contu + Quercus ilex L.". Descriptions of Ectomycorrhozae. 9/10: 53–58.
  22. ↑ Rolland L. (1896). Aliquot fungi novi vel critici Galliae praecipue meridionalis. Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 12: 1–10.
  23. ↑ Richard F, Millot S, Gardes M, Selosse MA (2005). "Diversity and specificity of ectomycorrhizal fungi retrieved from an old-growth Mediterranean forest dominated by Quercus ilex". The New Phytologist. 166 (3): 1011–1023. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01382.x. PMID   15869659. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  24. ↑ Zotti M, Pautasso M (2013). "Macrofungi in Mediterranean Quercus ilex woodlands: relations to vegetation structure, ecological gradients and higher-taxon approach". Czech Mycol. 65 (2): 193–218. doi:10.33585/cmy.65205.
  25. ↑ Sarrionandia E, Salcedo I (2018). "Macrofungal diversity of holm-oak forests at the northern limit of their distribution range in the Iberian Peninsula". Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. 33 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1080/02827581.2017.1335430. S2CID   90451640.
  26. ↑ Loizides M. (2011). "Quercus alnifolia: The indigenous golden oak of Cyprus and its fungi". Field Mycology. 12 (3): 81–88. doi: 10.1016/j.fldmyc.2011.06.004 .
  27. ↑ Polemis E, Dimou DM, Tzanoudakis D, Zervakis GI (2012). "Annotated checklist of Basidiomycota (subclass Agaricomycetidae) from the islands of Naxos and Amorgos (Cyclades, Greece)". Ann Bot Fenn. 49 (3): 145–161. doi:10.5735/085.049.0301. S2CID   86840326.
  28. ↑ Polemis E, Dimou DM, Tzanoudakis D, Zervakis GI (2012). "Diversity of Basidiomycota (subclass Agaricomycetidae) in the island of Andros (Cyclades, Greece)". Nova Hedwigia. 95 (1–2): 25–58. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2012/0035.
  29. ↑ Lewinsohn D (2008). מדריך כרטא לפטריות מאכל ורעל בישראל (A Carta Guide, Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of Israel) (in Hebrew). Carta. pp. 1–324.
  30. ↑ Ortega AC, Lorite J, Salazar C. (2010). Mycorrhizal macrofungi diversity (Agaricomycetes) from Mediterranean Quercus forests; a compilation for the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Nova Hedwigia 91(1–2): 1 –31.
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