Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron

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Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron
Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron subs canaliculatum flower.JPG
Grey snakestem pincushion in the Koeberg Nature Reserve
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Leucospermum
Species:
L. hypophyllocarpodendron
Binomial name
Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron
Subspecies
  • subsp. hypo­phyllo­carpo­dendron
  • subsp. canaliculatum
Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron
  Green snakestem pincushion (L. hypophyllocarpodendron subsp. hypophyllocarpodendron)
  Grey snakestem pincushion (L. hypophyllocarpodendron subsp. canaliculatum)
Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron distribution.svg
Distribution of subsp. hypophyllocarpodendron in black and canaliculatum in blue.
Synonyms [2]
  • Leucadendron hypo­phyllo­carpo­dendron, Protea hypo­phyllo­carpo­dendron, P. hypophylla, Leucadendrum hypophyllum, Leucospermum hypophyllum

Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron is a creeping, mat-forming shrub with heads of yellow flowers and leathery, upright narrow leaves with some red-tipped teeth at their tips, from the family Proteaceae. It has long thin branches that originate from an underground rootstock and grows on poor, sandy soils in southwestern South Africa. The rose-scented flower heads can be found for August to January and are visited by different monkey beetles, bees and flies. It has two subspecies, one with greyish leaves U-shaped in cross section called grey snakestem pincushion in English and gruisslangbossie in Afrikaans, the other with green leaves that are flat in cross-section called green snakestem pincushion and groenslangbossie. [3] [4] [5]

Contents

Description

Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron is a prostrate shrub (rarely rising up) of no more than 20 cm (7.9 in) high, with branches that spread out over the ground and form mats of ½–1½ m (1⅔–5 ft) in diameter. The branches originate from an underground rootstock. When the branches flower, they are 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) in diameter and initially covered in fine grey crisped hairs, which wear off with age. Its leaves are upright, linear and U-shaped in cross section in one subspecies, narrowly lance-shaped with a narrow wedge-shaped foot in the other, 4–13 cm (1.6–5.1 in) long and up to 1½ cm (0.6 in) wide, and mostly with two to four thickened teeth that are tinged red, in one subspecies initially with soft, grey, crisped hairs, which may partially wear off when aging, or almost hairless and bright green from the start in the other. [2]

The flower heads occur in groups of up to four together mostly at a right angle to the branch, each on a 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) long stalk, are somewhat flattened globular in shape, and 3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in) in diameter, arising in groups of up to 4, generally upright. The common base of the flowers in the same head is cone-shaped with a pointy tip, 1½ cm (0.6 in) high and ¾–1 cm (0.3–0.4 in) wide. The bracts are very broad oval in shape with a pointy tip 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) wide, with or without some soft hairs, rubbery, overlapping and pressed against the underside of the flower head. The bracts that support each flower individually (called bracteoles) is rubbery, thickly woolly at the base and hairy higher up, wraps around the base of the flower, is oval with a pointy tip, about 7 mm (0.28 in) long and 5 mm (0.20 in) mm wide. The bright yellow perianth is 20–22 mm (0.79–0.87 in) long, tube-shaped, in the bud slightly bent towards the center of the flower head. The fused tube at the base is about 1 cm (0.39 in) long with very fine soft hair but hairless facing the center of the flower head. The three perianth lobes facing the center of the head together form a hairless sheath while the lobe facing the rim of the head is free, the sheath and free lobe strongly rolled when the flower has opened. The yellow style is slim, straight or a little bit bent towards the center of the head and 20–26 mm (0.79–1.02 in) long. The thickened part at the tip called pollen presenter is slightly split in two at the top, 1½–2 mm (0.06–0.08 in) long, with the grove that functions as the stigma at the very tip. The ovary is subtended by four narrow awl-shaped scales of 1 mm (0.039 in) long, or may be absent. [2] The flowers of Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron are sweetly scented. [6]

The subtribe Proteinae, to which the genus Leucospermum has been assigned, consistently has a basic chromosome number of twelve (2n=24). [7]

Subspecies

The snakestem pincushion has two subspecies.

ImageSubspeciesCommon NameDescription
Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron subsp. hypohyllocarpodendron 1DS-II 1-C4947.jpg L. hypophyllocarpodendron subsp. hypophyllocarpodendrongreen snakestem pincushionThe typical subspecies, characterised by flat narrowly lance-shaped leaves with a green appearance that are more or less hairless from the beginning.
Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron subs canaliculatum flower2.JPG L. hypophyllocarpodendron subsp. canaliculatumgrey snakestem pincushionlinear to narrowly lance-shaped leaves that are U-shaped in cross-section that are initially grey because of a dense covering of fine, soft, crisped hair, some of which may wear off when aging, particularly where exposed. [2] [8]

Differences with other species

Although L. hypophyllocarpodendron is not closely related, it can easily be mistaken for L. prostratum that is also a trailing shrub with upright leaves and small yellow flower heads, but that species has entire, flat, lance-shaped leaves, and all four perianth lobes are free and roll back on themselves. L. hypophyllocarpodendron differs from its relatives of the section Leucospermum because it is the only one with a prostrate habit with trailing branches, with up-right leaves, sometimes U-shaped in cross-section, and broad involucral bracts. [2]

Taxonomy

The snakestem pincushion was described several times before the start of binomial nomenclature. In 1696, Leonard Plukenet, an early English botanist and gardener to Queen Mary, described it as: Leucadendros Africana sive Scolymocephalus, angustiori folio, apicibus tridentatis (African white tree with artichoke heads, narrow leaves with three teeth at the tip). Other early authors are John Ray (1704), Herman Boerhaave (1720), George Clifford III (1737), Adriaan van Royen (1740) and Johann Anton Weinmann (1745). The species was first validly described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work Species Plantarum , as Leucadendron hypophyllocarpodendron, one of the longest names in that work. Linnaeus transferred the species to Protea in his Mantissa Plantarum . In 1781, Carl Peter Thunberg simplified Linnaeus' name and combined it to Protea hypophylla, which is a so-called superfluous name. Joseph Knight published a book in 1809 titled On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae , that contained an extensive revision of the Proteaceae attributed to Richard Anthony Salisbury. Salisbury assigned the snakestem pincushion species Leucadendrum, accepting the simplified species name, creating Leucadendrum hypophyllum. [9] When he erected the segregate genus Leucospermum in 1810, Robert Brown called the species Leucospermum hypophyllum; [9] this is the type species of the genus Leucospermum. [10] Under the current rules of plant nomenclature, the oldest specific epithet must be used; George Claridge Druce rectified this situation when he published the new combination Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron alongside dozens of similar cases in 1913. [11]

In 1843, Heinrich Wilhelm Buek created the name Leucospermum canaliculatum without a proper description, but that was corrected by Carl Meissner in 1856, who regarded it as a variety of L. hypophyllum. Meisner also described Leucospermum hypophyllum var. stenophyllum in the same book by De Candolle in 1856. Johann Friedrich Klotzsch, a German pharmacist and botanist, in 1845 named a new variety Leucospermum hypophyllum var. angustifolium, also without a proper description. John Patrick Rourke considered in 1970 all of these grey-leaved forms with U-shaped cross-sections synonymous and created the new combination and subspecies L. hypophyllocarpodendron subsp. canaliculatum. [2]

L. hypophyllocarpodendron is both the type species of the genus Leucospermum and the section Leucospermum . [12] The species name hypophyllocarpodendron means "under-leaf fruit tree". [13]

Distribution, habitat and ecology

Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron subsp. hypophyllocarpodendron can be found in three isolated areas, that were probably at one time connected when the sea-level was lower than today. The first area is along the coast between Brandfontein (near Cape Agulhas) and Franskraalstrand. Another area where the subspecies grows is near Faure, Stellenbosch and around the Berg River Dam. Lastly, it occurs on the southern half of the Cape Peninsula. It also used to occur on the flat lands between Retreat and Cape Town, but is now extinct because of the city's expansion. The plants live in fynbos and strandveld on sandy flats below 150 m (500 ft) elevation, but sometimes grow on weathered Table Mountain Sandstone up to 300 m (1000 ft). Adult plants almost always survive the wildfires that occur every decade or two because they grow new branches from the woody underground rootstock. [2]

Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron subsp. canaliculatum has its natural distribution along the west coast of the Western Cape, ranging from Milnerton in the south, to Darling in the west and Piketberg in the north, except for an isolated location near the Brandvlei Dam. It grows always on white sands in areas with an average annual rainfall of 38–50 cm (15–20 in), most of which falls during the winter. This subspecies is also very resistant against fire. [2]

Related Research Articles

<i>Leucospermum</i> Genus of shrubs in the family Proteaceae

Leucospermum is a genus of evergreen upright, sometimes creeping shrubs that is assigned to the Proteaceae, with currently forty-eight known species.

<i>Leucospermum cordifolium</i> Ornamental pincushion is a shrub in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape of South Africa

Leucospermum cordifolium is an upright, evergreen shrub of up to 1½ m (5 ft) high from the Proteaceae. The flower heads are globe-shape with a flattened top, 10–12 cm (3.9–4.7 in) in diameter, and are carried individually or with two or three together mostly at a right angle to its branch. The perianth is 3–3½ cm long, yellow, orange or crimson in color. From each flower emerges a 4½–6 cm (1.8–2.4 in) long style sticking out horizontally but curving upwards near the obliquely, shell-shaped, thicker pollen presenter. This gives each head the appearance of a pincushion. Its common name is ornamental pincushion in English and bobbejaanklou in Afrikaans. It flowers between the middle of July and the end of November. It naturally occurs near the south coast of the Western Cape province of South Africa. Varieties and hybrids of this species are used as cut flower and garden plant.

<i>Leucospermum conocarpodendron</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape of South Africa

Leucospermum conocarpodendron is the largest species of the genus Leucospermum, reaching almost tree-like proportions of 5–6 m (16–20 ft) high with a firm trunk that is covered in a thick layer of cork that protects it from most fires. It has greyish or green narrow or broad inverted egg-shaped leaves with three to ten teeth near the tip and large yellow flowerheads, with firm, bent, yellow styles that stick far beyond the rest of the flower and give the impression of a pincushion. It is commonly known as the tree pincushion in English or goudsboom in Afrikaans. They naturally occur near Cape Town, South Africa.

<i>Leucospermum prostratum</i> Trailing shrub in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape of South Africa

Leucospermum prostratum is a trailing shrub of up to 4 m (13 ft) in diameter from the Proteaceae. It has alternately set, about 3 cm (1.2 in) long, lance-shaped, olive-colored, upright leaves, and produces sweetly scented, compact, hemispherical flower heads, with long styles sticking out far from the perianth tube, which jointly give the flower head the appearance of a pincushion. The fragrant flowers found between July and December are initially yellow but turn orange when older. It is an endemic species restricted to the south coast of the Western Cape province of South Africa. Its common name is yellow-trailing pincushion.

<i>Leucospermum cuneiforme</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae from the southern mountains of South Africa

Leucospermum cuneiforme is an upright evergreen shrub with many pustules growing on the lower branches, wedge-shaped leaves, and oval, initially yellow flower heads that later turn orange, with long styles sticking far beyond the perianths, jointly giving the impression of a pincushion. It is called wart-stemmed pincushion in English and luisiesbos (lice-bush) in Afrikaans. The species is common in the southern mountains of South Africa.

<i>Leucospermum saxosum</i> Species of evergreen shrub

Leucospermum saxosum is an upright evergreen shrub of up to 2 m (6.6 ft) high, that is assigned to the family Proteaceae. It has lance-shaped, leathery leaves and egg-shaped flower heads of about 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter, with initially yellow-orange flowers, later turning crimson, from which long styles stick out, giving the flower head the appearance of a pincushion. It is called escarpment pincushion in English. It grows on quartzite soils in the mountains on the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border and in eastern Transvaal.

<i>Leucospermum gerrardii</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae from eastern South Africa and Eswatini

Leucospermum gerrardii is an evergreen, mat-forming shrub of mostly about 30 cm (12 in) high and up to 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter, with branches originating from an underground rootstock. It has narrow leaves, sometimes with three or four teeth near the tip, and prominent, raised, netted to parallel veins. The flower heads are egg-shaped about 5 cm (2 in) in diameter and consist of at first yellow, later orange or scarlet perianths, and long styles reaching far beyond the perianth and together giving the impression of a pincushion. It is assigned to the family Proteaceae. It can be found in South Africa and Eswatini. It mostly flowers between September and November. The species is called dwarf pincushion or soapstone pincushion in English.

<i>Leucospermum hamatum</i> Prostrate shrublet in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape of South Africa

Leucospermum hamatum is mat-forming, evergreen shrublet of only about 10 cm (3.9 in) high, from the Proteaceae. It is usually 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) in diameter, has long trailing stems and upright, inverted lance-shaped, entire leaves but for one to five shallow reddish bony teeth near the tip. Its small flower heads of 1½–2 cm (0.6–0.8 in) in diameter, consist of four to seven drab carmine-colored flowers that strongly curve back to the centre of the head. It mainly flowers from July till November and is pollinated by mice. It has been given the common name Ruitersbos pincushion.

<i>Leucospermum muirii</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape of South Africa

Leucospermum muirii is a rounded, upright, evergreen shrub of about 1+1⁄2 m (4.9 ft) high, with a single trunk at its base, that is assigned to the Proteaceae. The flowering branches are 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) thick and are initially grey due to a covering of fine crinkly hairs, which are soon lost. The very narrow spade-shaped leaves of about 5 cm (2.0 in) long and 3⁄4 cm (0.30 in) wide carry three to seven teeth, and also quickly lose their soft layer of hairs. Its smallish globe-shaped flower heads of 2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) in diameter occur with one to four together, each on a stalk of 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) long. It has pale to greenish yellow flowers, becoming orange with age, with some long hairs near their tips, from which straight styles stick out. This gives the flower head the likeness of a pincushion. It flowers from July till October and is pollinated by birds. It is called Albertinia pincushion in English and bloukoolhout in Afrikaans. It is an endemic species that can only be found near Albertinia in the very south of the Western Cape province of South Africa.

<i>Leucospermum tomentosum</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape of South Africa

Leucospermum tomentosum is an evergreen, mostly spreading shrublet of approximately 75 cm (3 ft) high and up to 3 m (10 ft) in diameter, with alternately set, linear or narrowly spade-shaped, grey felty leaves, with one to three teeth near the tip. It has round, seated flower heads of 3–3½ cm (1.2–1.4 in) in diameter, occurring in groups of one to four, and consisting of deep yellow, very sweet scented flowers. It can survive the occasional wildfire because it regenerates from the underground rootstock. It is an endemic species that is restricted to a narrow strip along the Atlantic coast of the Western Cape province of South Africa. The species flowers between June and November. It is called Saldanha pincushion in English.

<i>Leucospermum heterophyllum</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape of South Africa

Leucospermum heterophyllum is a low, trailing evergreen shrublet of up to 15 cm (6 in) high, and up to several m in diameter, which is assigned to the family Proteaceae. It has narrow leaves of about 2½ cm (1 in) long and ½ cm (0.2 in) wide, mostly with three teeth near its tip. It has small, globe-shaped, whitish flower heads. It is called trident pincushion in English and rankluisie in Afrikaans. It naturally occurs in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The plant flowers between August and January.

<i>Leucospermum parile</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape of South Africa

Leucospermum parile is a rounded shrub, of up to 1½ m (6 ft) high that is assigned to the family Proteaceae. It has narrow, grey felty leaves of about 2 cm (2 in) long and 7 mm (0.28 in) wide, with rich yellow, globular, well-scented flower heads of about 3 cm (1.2 in) across. It grows in pure white sand in the sandveld of a very small area in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is called Malmesbury pincushion in English and Malmesburyluisie in Afrikaans. It flowers from July till November.

<i>Leucospermum patersonii</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape of South Africa

Leucospermum patersonii is a large evergreen, upright shrub of up to 4 m (13 ft) high that is assigned to the family Proteaceae. It has large, roundish hairless leaves with three to eight teeths and egg- to globe-shaped, orange flower heads of 8–9 cm (3.1–3.5 in) across. From the center of each flower emerges a long orange style with a thickened tip that is bent to the center of the head, giving the entire head the appearance of a pincushion. It is called silveredge pincushion in English. Flowers can be found between August and December. It is an endemic species limited to the south coast of the Western Cape province of South Africa.

<i>Leucospermum innovans</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae from the Eastern Cape and Kwazulu-Natal in South Africa

Leucospermum innovans is an upright evergreen shrub with many pustules growing on the lower branches, wedge-shaped leaves, and oval, flower heads that are yellow on the outside, but with scarlet stripes on the inside of the perianth claws, with long styles sticking far beyond the perianths, jointly giving the impression of a pincushion. It is called Pondoland pincushion or Transkei pincushion in English. Flowers occur on and off between July and December, but flowering peaks in September and October.

<i>Leucospermum vestitum</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape of South Africa

Leucospermum vestitum is an evergreen, upright to more or less spreading shrub of up to 2½ m (9 ft) high and wide from the family Proteaceae. It has greyish, seated, oblong, 2–3 inch long leaves with two to four teeth near the tip and large, showy two-toned flower heads that are bright orange at first by and age to brilliant crimson. From the center of the perianth emerge long styles, higher up bending towards the center of the head, that jointly give the impression of a pincushion. It is called silky-haired pincushion in English and bergluisie in Afrikaans. It can be found in the Western Cape province of South Africa, and flowers from July until January, peaking October and November.

Leucospermum profugum, the Piketberg pincushion, is a species of evergreen shrub in the family Proteaceae. It is an endangered species, only known from three close locations in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It has hairless and leathery inverted lance-shaped to oblong leaves tipped with mostly three or four teeth and flattened egg-shaped flowerheads of 9–12 cm (3.5–4.7 in) in diameter, that consist of initially yellowish-orange flowers that later change to salmon pink. From the center of the flowers emerge almost straight styles that jointly give the impression of a pincushion. Flower heads can be found between late September and December.

<i>Leucospermum arenarium</i> Species of srub in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape province of South Africa

Leucospermum arenarium is a lax, evergreen shrub, with arching and drooping branches, that has been assigned to the family Proteaceae. It has loosely spaced, upright, greyish, narrowly egg-shaped to line-shaped leaves, mostly without teeth and flattened globe-shaped flower heads of 5–7 cm across, consisting of mostly creamy, seldom yellow flowers, that curve in the bud to the center of the head. From the center of the flowers emerge curved styles that jointly give the impression of a pincushion. The common name in English is Redelinghuys pincushion. It only occurs in a very small area in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It flowers between July and October. Unlike in related species the flowers are pollinated by hairy-footed gerbils and striped field mice.

<i>Leucospermum secundifolium</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape of South Africa

Leucospermum secundifolium is a low, evergreen shrub that grows along the ground, the tip of the branches slightly rising, which has been assigned to the family Proteaceae. It has narrowly elliptic leaves with a distinct leafstalk, and few-flowered and very small heads of 1–1½ cm (0.4–0.6 in) across. It is called stalked pincushion in English. The sweetly scented flower heads may be found around early December. It is an endemic species that only grows in a small area of the Western Cape province of South-Africa.

<i>Leucospermum mundii</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape of South Africa

Leucospermum mundii is an evergreen, upright, rounded and richly branching shrub of ½–1 m (1½–3 ft) high that is assigned to the family Proteaceae. It has greyish, felty hairy, or hairless leaves that are broadly wedge-shaped to very broadly inverted egg-shaped, 5–8½ cm long and 2–6½ cm wide and whorl-shaped flower heads that have shades of pale yellow to crimson, of 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) long and 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) wide that grow in clusters of three to ten. Their long styles that emerge from the head jointly give the impression of a pincushion, with the pins upright. It is called Langeberg pincushion in English. Flowering heads can be found between July and November. It naturally occurs in fynbos in the Western Cape province of South Africa.

<i>Leucospermum gracile</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae from the Western Cape of South Africa

Leucospermum gracile is a low spreading shrub of 30–40 cm high and forms open mats of 1½ m (5 ft) in diameter, from the family Proteaceae. It has reddish flowering stems, oblong to linear leaves of 2–4½ cm (0.8–1.8 in) long and 2–5 mm (0.08–0.20 in) wide, with one or three teeth. The initially yellow, later orange flower heads of 2½–3 cm (1.0–1.2 in) in diameter are flat-topped. The flower heads occur from July to October. From the flowers occur long styles with a slightly thicker tip, which together give the impression of a pincushion. It is called Hermanus pincushion in English. It naturally occurs in fynbos in the southern mountains of the Western Cape province of South Africa.

References

  1. ↑ Rebelo, A.G.; Raimondo, D.; von Staden, L. (2020). "Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T113171764A185575949. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113171764A185575949.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rourke, John Patrick (1970). Taxonomic Studies on Leucospermum R.Br. (PDF). pp. 152–158.
  3. ↑ "Grey Snakestem Pincushion". Protea Atlas Project.
  4. ↑ John Manning (2010). Field guide to wild flowers of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Struik. p. 184. ISBN   9781770077584.
  5. ↑ "Leucospermum R.Br." (PDF). Protea Atlas Project.
  6. ↑ "Fragrant and aromatic plant list" (PDF). SANBI.
  7. ↑ Johnson, L.A.S.; Briggs, Barbara G. (1975). "On the Proteaceae—the evolution and classification of a southern family". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 70 (2): 106. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x.[ permanent dead link ]
  8. ↑ "Green-snakestem Pincushion". SANBI Redlist.
  9. 1 2 Robert Brown (1809). "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London . X: 15–226. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1810.tb00013.x.
  10. ↑ W. H. Camp, H. W. Rickett & C. A. Weatherby (1947). "Appendix III: Nomina Generica Conservanda, [Section 10]". Brittonia . 6 (1): 47–93. doi:10.2307/2804665. JSTOR   2804665.
  11. ↑ G. Claridge Druce (1913). "Notes on nomenclature: notes on some of the trivials used in the early works of Linnaeus" (PDF). Report of the Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles. 3 (5): 405–426.
  12. ↑ "Identifying Pincushions". Protea Atlas Project.
  13. ↑ Criley, Richard A. (2010). "2". In Jules Janick (ed.). Leucospermum: Botany and Horticulture. Horticultural Reviews. Vol. 61. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   9780470650721.
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