List of U.S. executive branch czars

In the United States, the informal term "czar" (or, less often, "tsar") is employed in media and popular usage to refer to high-level executive-branch officials who oversee a particular policy field. There have never been any U.S. government offices with the formal title "czar". The earliest known use of the term for a U.S. government official was in the administration of Franklin Roosevelt (1933–1945), during which eleven unique positions (or twelve if one were to count "economic czar" and "economic czar of World War II" as distinct) were so described.

The list of those identified as "czars" is based on inescapably subjective judgments, as individuals or offices may be referred to with the nickname by some publications or public figures, while not by others. A more limited (though no less subjective) definition of the term would encompass only those officials appointed without Senate confirmation.

By administration

Summary table

President	Party	In office	Number of czar titles	Number of appointees	Appointees not confirmed by Senate
Franklin D. Roosevelt	Democratic	1933–1945	11	19	18
Harry S. Truman		1945–1953	6		5
Dwight D. Eisenhower	Republican	1953–1961	1		0
Lyndon B. Johnson	Democratic	1963–1969	3		1
Richard Nixon	Republican	1969–1974	3	5
Gerald Ford		1974–1977	2
Jimmy Carter	Democratic	1977–1981	2	3	2
Ronald Reagan	Republican	1981–1989	1
George H. W. Bush		1989–1993	2	3	0
Bill Clinton	Democratic	1993–2001	8	11	7
George W. Bush	Republican	2001–2009	33	49	28
Barack Obama	Democratic	2009–2017	38	50	39
Donald Trump	Republican	2017–2021	4	5	4
Joe Biden	Democratic	2021–present	4	7	4

The numbers are based upon the sortable list below, which includes further details and references.

Note that the holders of certain official positions have been referred to as "czars" for only part of the time those positions have existed. For example, there has been an Assistant Secretary of Labor for Mine Safety and Health since the passage of the Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, but the phrase "mine safety czar" has been applied to the position only since the appointment of Richard Stickler to the post in 2006. Similarly, there has been a director of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs since the office was created by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980, but the term "regulatory czar" was not applied to the post until 2001.

List of executive branch czars

The following are executive branch officials who have been described by the media as a czar of some kind.

Czar title	Official title	Office holder	Tenure	Type of appointment	Appointing administration	Senate confirmed
AfPak czar, Afghanistan and Pakistan czar	Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan	Richard Holbrooke [1]	2009–2010	President appointed	Barack Obama
AIDS czar	National AIDS Policy Coordinator, Member of White House Domestic Policy Council	Kristine Gebbie [2]	1993–1994		Bill Clinton
	Director of the Office of National AIDS Policy	Patricia Fleming [3]	1993–1997
	Director of the Office of National AIDS Policy, Presidential Envoy for AIDS Cooperation	Sandra Thurman [4]	1997–2000
	Director of the Office of National AIDS Policy	Scott Evertz [5]	2001–2002		George W. Bush
		Joe O'Neill [6]	2002–2003
		Carol Thompson [7]	2004–2006
		Jeffrey Crowley [8]	2009–2012		Barack Obama
		Grant Colfax [9]	2012–2014
		Douglas Brooks [10]	2014–2016
anti-poverty czar, poverty czar	Director of Office of Economic Opportunity	Sargent Shriver [11]	1965–1969	President nominated, Senate confirmed	Lyndon Johnson	✓
Asian Carp czar	Asian Carp Director, Council on Environmental Quality	John Goss [12]	2010–Unknown	Council on Environmental Quality selected	Barack Obama
auto czar, car czar	Treasury Advisor, Head of the Auto Task Force	Steve Rattner [13]	2009 Feb–Jul	Sec. of Treasury appointed
	Senior Advisor President's Automotive Task Force	Ron Bloom [14]	2009–2011	President appointed
auto recovery czar, autoworker czar	Member Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry, Director of Recovery for Auto Communities and Workers	Edward B. Montgomery [15]	2009–Unknown
bank bailout czar, Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) czar	United States Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability, Senior Advisor to Secretary of the Treasury	Neel Kashkari [16]	2008–2009	(New position), President nominated, Senate confirmed	George W. Bush	✓
bank bailout czar, TARP czar	United States Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability	Herb Allison [17]	2009–2013	President nominated, Senate confirmed	Barack Obama
bioethics czar	Advisor to the President, Chairman of The President's Council on Bioethics	Leon Kass [18]	2001–2005	(New position), Exec order, President appointed	George W. Bush
bird flu czar	Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services, Advisor to the President for Public Health Emergency Preparedness	Stewart Simonson [19]	2004–2006	(New position), President appointed
birth control czar	Deputy Assistant Secretary of Population Affairs, Department of Health and Human Services	Eric Keroack [20]	2006–2007	President appointed
border czar	U.S. attorney and Special Representative for the Southwest Border, Department of Justice	Alan Bersin [21] [22]	1995–1998	President nominated, Senate confirmed as U.S. Attorney, Appointed as Special Representative	Bill Clinton	✓
	Assistant Secretary for International Affairs, Special Representative for Border Affairs, Dept of Homeland Security		2009–2011	Sec of Homeland Security appointed	Barack Obama
	A "border czar" was named, [23] but never formally appointed. [24]	Thomas Homan [23]	2019/2025– [a]	President appointed	Donald Trump
	Special Assistant to the President and Coordinator for the Southern Border	Roberta S. Jacobson [25]	2021	President appointed	Joe Biden
budget czar	Director of the Office of Management and Budget	Mitch Daniels [26]	2001–2003	President nominated, Senate confirmed	George W. Bush	✓
		Josh Bolten [27]	2003–2006
		Rob Portman [28]	2006–2007
car czar	Chief domestic policy advisor and Director of the White House Domestic Policy Council	Bruce Reed [29]	1993–2001	(New position), Exec order, President appointed	Bill Clinton
czar of censorship	Director, Office of Censorship	Byron Price [30]	1941–1945	Exec Order, President appointed	Franklin Roosevelt
cleanup czar	Special Assistant Attorney General (to investigate corruption)	Newbold Morris [31]	1952, fired after 63 days by Atty General for demanding records access; AG then forced to resign by President Truman	Attorney General appointed	Harry Truman
	Assistant Secretary for Environmental Management, Department of Energy (nuclear cleanup)	Jessie Roberson [32]	2001–2004	President nominated, Senate confirmed	George W. Bush	✓
		James Rispoli [33]	2005–2008	Sec. of Energy appointed, Senate confirmed
climate czar	Assistant to the President and Staff Secretary, President's Coordinator for Climate Change, Senior negotiator at Kyoto and Beuenos Aires negotiations	Todd Stern [34]	1997–1999	President appointed	Bill Clinton
	Special Envoy for Climate Change	Todd Stern [35]	2009	Sec. of State appointed	Barack Obama
climate czar, energy czar, global warming czar	Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change	Carol Browner [36]	2009–2011	(New position)
copyright czar	Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator	vacant; position approved but not filled during Bush administration [37]	2008–2009		George W. Bush
		Victoria Espinel [38]	2009–2013	(first at position)	Barack Obama
communications czar	Counselor to the President, Special counselor to the President	Dan Bartlett [39]	2005–2007	President appointed	George W. Bush
compensation czar, Gulf claims czar, pay czar	Special Master for TARP Executive Compensation	Kenneth Feinberg [40]	2009–2011, 2014–2016?	Sec. of Treasury appointed	Barack Obama
consumer czar	Special Advisor for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau	Elizabeth Warren [41]	2010–2011	(New position), President appointed
COVID-19 czar	Counselor to the President of the United States	Jeff Zients	2021–2022	President appointed	Joe Biden
	White House COVID-19 response coordinator	Ashish Jha	2022–present
cruise czar	Fact-Finding Officer for the Federal Maritime Commission	Louis E. Sola [42]	2020–2023	President nominated, Senate confirmed	Donald Trump
cyber security czar, cyber czar	Special Advisor to the President on Cybersecurity, Office of Management and Budget (OMB)	Richard A. Clarke [43]	2001 Oct – 2003 Feb	(New position), President appointed	George W. Bush
	Director, National Cybersecurity Center	Rod Beckstrom [44]	2008–2009	(New position), Presidential directive, President appointed
	Director of the White House Office of Cybersecurity, Cybersecurity Coordinator	Melissa Hathaway [45]	2009 May–July, Acting czar ; resigned [46]	Office created May 31, 2009.	Barack Obama
		Tom Bossert [47]	2017–2018		Donald Trump
		Robert Joyce [48]	2018
democracy czar	Deputy National Security Advisor for Global Democracy Strategy	Elliott Abrams [49]	2005–2008	President appointed	George W. Bush
domestic czar	Special Assistant to the President, domestic policy aide	Joseph Califano [50]	1965–1969		Lyndon Johnson
domestic policy czar	Chief Domestic Policy Coordinator, Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to the President, White House Deputy Chief of Staff	Karl Rove [51]	2004–2006		George W. Bush
domestic violence czar	Advisor to the President and the Vice President on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Issues	Lynn Rosenthal [52]	2009	Vice President appointed	Barack Obama
drug czar	Head of Drug programs, Special Action Office of Drug Abuse Prevention	Jerome Jaffe [53]	1971	President appointed	Richard Nixon
	Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and head of the Narcotics Treatment Administration	Robert DuPont	1973–1978		Gerald Ford
	Director of the White House Drug Abuse Policy (1982), Special Assistant to the President for Drug Abuse (1983), Member of Executive Board of the National Narcotics Border Interdiction System Cabinet Level (1983), Deputy Assistant to the President for Drug Abuse Policy (1985)	Carlton Turner [54]	1982–1988	(New position), Exec order, President appointed	Ronald Reagan
	Director, Office of National Drug Control Policy	William Bennett [55]	1989–1990	(New position) created by Congress, President nominated, Senate confirmed	George H. W. Bush	✓
		Bob Martinez [56]	1991–1993	President nominated, Senate confirmed
	Director, National Drug Control Policy	Lee P. Brown [57]	1993–1995		Bill Clinton
		Barry McCaffrey [58]	1996–2001
		John P. Walters [59]	2001–2009		George W. Bush
	Director, National Drug Control Policy (cabinet rank removed)	Gil Kerlikowske [60]	2009–2014		Barack Obama
	Director, National Drug Control Policy	Michael Botticelli [61]	2015–2017
Ebola czar	Ebola Response Coordinator	Ron Klain	2014–2015	President appointed
e-commerce czar, e-czar	Executive Director, Electronic Commerce Working Group	Elizabeth Echols [62]	1998–2000	Vice President appointed	Bill Clinton	✓
economic czar, economic czar of World War II	Director, Office of Economic Stabilization	James F. Byrnes [63]	1942–1943	(New position), Exec order, President appointed	Franklin Roosevelt
economic czar		Fred M. Vinson [64]	1943–1945	President appointed
		William Hammatt Davis [65]	1945–1946
economic czar, big-picture economic czar	Chairman, Economic Recovery Advisory Board	Paul A. Volcker [66]	2009		Barack Obama
energy czar	Director of the Energy Policy Office	John Arthur Love [67]	1973	(New position), Exec order, President appointed	Richard Nixon
	Federal Energy Office Administrator	William E. Simon [68]	1973–1974	President appointed
	Administrator, Federal Energy Administration	John Sawhill [69]	1974
	Administrator, Federal Energy Administration, Assistant to the President for Energy Affairs, Executive Director of Energy Resources Council	Frank Zarb [70]	1974–1977		Gerald Ford
	Director, Department of Energy (cabinet-level position)	James Schlesinger [71]	1977–1979	(New position), Legislation enacted, President nominated, Senate confirmed	Jimmy Carter	✓
ethics czar, transparency czar	Special Counsel to the President for Ethics and Government Reform	Norm Eisen [72]	2009–2010	(New position), Exec order, President appointed	Barack Obama
	White House Counsel	Robert Bauer [73]	2010–2011	President appointed
faith-based czar, faith czar	Director, White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives	John DiIulio [74]	2001–2002	(New position), Exec order, President appointed	George W. Bush
		Jim Towey [75]	2002–2006	President appointed
		Jay Hein [76]	2006–2008
faith-based czar	Director of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships	Joshua DuBois [77]	2009–2013		Barack Obama
		Melissa Rogers [78]	2013–2014?
food czar	Food Administrator and Secretary of Agriculture	Claude Wickard [79]	1942–1943	Exec order	Franklin Roosevelt
	War Food Administrator	Chester C. Davis [80]	1943
		John Marvin Jones [81]	1943–1945
	Chairman Citizens Food Committee	Charles Luckman [82]	1947 Sep–Nov	President appointed	Harry Truman
food safety czar	Assistant Commissioner for Food Protection	David W. K. Acheson [83]	2007–2008		George W. Bush
foreign aid czar	Administrator of the US Agency for International Development (USAID)	Randall Tobias [84] [85]	2006–2007	President nominated, Senate confirmed		✓
global AIDS czar	Coordinator of U.S. Government Activities to Combat HIV/AIDS Globally with the rank of Ambassador		2003–2006	(New position), President nominated, Senate confirmed
	Coordinator of U.S.Government Activities to Combat HIV/AIDS Globally, with the rank of Ambassador	Mark Dybul [86]	2006–2009	President nominated, Senate confirmed
Great Lakes czar	Senior Advisor to the EPA Administrator	Cameron Davis [87]	2009–2017	(New position)	Barack Obama
green-jobs czar	Special Advisor for Green Jobs, Enterprise, and Innovation at the White House, Member of the White House Council on Environmental Quality	Van Jones [88]	2009 Apr–Sep	President appointed
Guantanamo Base closure czar	US Department of State Special Envoy	Daniel Fried [89]	2009–2013	Sec. of State appointed
health care czar, technology czar, internet czar, e-czar	Senior Advisor for Policy Development	Ira Magaziner [90]	1993–1998	President appointed	Bill Clinton
health czar	Director of the White House Office of Health Reform and Counselor to the President	Nancy-Ann DeParle [91]	2009–2011	Exec Order	Barack Obama
health czar for the World Trade Center (WTC)	Special coordinator to respond to health effects of September 11 attacks, World Trade Center (WTC) Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program, also served as Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health	John Howard [92]	2006–2008	President Appointed	George W. Bush
health IT czar	National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, Department of Health and Human Services	David Brailer [93]	2004–2006	(New position), Exec order, appointed by Sec. of HHS
		David Blumenthal	2009 -	Exec order, appointed by Sec. of HHS	Barack Obama
homeland security czar	Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism	Tom Ridge [94] [95]	2001–2002	(New position), Exec Order, President appointed	George W. Bush
	Secretary, U.S. Department of Homeland Security		2003–2004	(New position), Legislation enacted, President nominated, Senate confirmed		✓
		Michael Chertoff [96]	2005–2009	President nominated, Senate confirmed
homeless czar, homelessness czar	Executive Director, United States Interagency Council on Homelessness	Phil Mangano [97] [98]	2002–2008	President appointed
housing czar	Housing Expediter in the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion	Wilson Wyatt [99]	1945–1946	(New position), President appointed	Harry Truman
human trafficking czar	Special Advisor in the Office of Domestic Policy Council	Heather Fischer [100] [101]	2020		Donald Trump
Gulf Coast reconstruction czar, Hurricane Katrina recovery czar	Federal Coordinator of Hurricane Katrina Recovery Effort	Donald E. Powell [102]	2005–2008	President appointed	George W. Bush
inflation czar, anti-inflation czar	Special Trade Representative, Chief U.S. trade negotiator	Robert S. Strauss [103]	1978		Jimmy Carter
inflation czar	Advisor to the President, Chairman Council on Wage and Price Stability	Alfred E. Kahn [104]	1977–1980
czar of information	Director, Office of War Information	Elmer Davis [105]	1942–1945	Exec Order, President appointed	Franklin Roosevelt
information czar, infotech czar	Chief Information Officer at the White House	Vivek Kundra [106]	2009–2011	(New position), created by statute, President appointed	Barack Obama
		Steven VanRoekel [107]	2011–2014	created by statute, President appointed
intelligence czar	Director of National Intelligence	John Negroponte [108]	2005–2007	(New position), Congress mandated, President nominated, Senate confirmed	George W. Bush	✓
		John Michael McConnell [109]	2007–2009	President nominated, Senate confirmed
		Dennis C. Blair [110]	2009–2010		Barack Obama
		James R. Clapper [111]	2010–2017
Iran czar	Special Advisor for the Persian Gulf and Southwest Asia (which includes Iran)	Dennis Ross [112]	2009–2011	President appointed
czar of Latin American affairs	Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs	Thomas C. Mann [113]	1964–1965	President nominated, Senate confirmed	Lyndon Johnson	✓
manpower czar	Director, War Manpower Commission	Paul V. McNutt [114]	1942–1945	Exec order	Franklin Roosevelt
manufacturing czar	Assistant Secretary for manufacturing and services, U.S. Commerce Department	Albert Frink [115]	2004–2007	(New position), President nominated, Senate confirmed	George W. Bush	✓
	Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Manufacturing and Services	William G. Sutton [116]	2007–2008	President nominated, Senate confirmed
	Senior Counselor for Manufacturing Policy	Ron Bloom [14]	2009–2011	President appointed	Barack Obama
Middle East czar	Special Envoy for Middle East Peace	George J. Mitchell [117]		Sec. of State appointed
mine safety czar	Assistant Secretary of Labor for Mine Safety and Health	Richard Stickler [118]	2006–2008	Recess appointment—2 prior presidential nominations were rejected by the Senate	George W. Bush
missile czar	Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Research and Development	Trevor Gardner [119]	1954–1956	Sec. of Defense appointed, Senate confirmed	Dwight D. Eisenhower	✓
mobilization czar, civilian economy czar	Director, Office of Defense Mobilization	Charles Edward Wilson [120]	1950–1952	(New position), Exec order	Harry Truman
oil czar	Petroleum Coordinator for National Defense, Secretary of the Interior	Harold L. Ickes [121]	1941–1946	President nominated, Senate confirmed as Sec. of Interior	Franklin Roosevelt	✓
patronage czar	Postmaster General Post Office Department, Cabinet-level position	Robert E. Hannegan [122]	1945–1947	President nominated, Senate confirmed	Harry Truman
performance czar	United States Chief Performance Officer and Deputy Director for Management at the Office of Management and Budget	Jeffrey Zients [123]	2009–2013		Barack Obama
policy czar	Assistant to the President for Policy and Strategic Planning	Michael Gerson [124]	2005–2006	President appointed	George W. Bush
price czar	Administrator, Office of Price Administration	Leon Henderson [125]	1941–1942	(New position), Exec order, President appointed	Franklin Roosevelt
		Prentiss M. Brown [126]	1942–1943	President appointed
		Chester Bowles [127]	1943–1946
	Chairman of the Price Commission	Grayson Jackson [128]	1971	(New position), President appointed	Richard Nixon
production czar	Director, War Production Board	Donald M. Nelson [129]	1942–1944	(New position), Exec order, President appointed	Franklin Roosevelt
		Julius A. Krug [130]	1944–1945	President appointed
public diplomacy czar	Special advisor to the President, Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs	Karen Hughes [131]	2005–2007	President nominated, Senate confirmed	George W. Bush	✓
	Undersecretary of State for Public Affairs and Public Diplomacy	James Glassman [132]	2008–2009
reading czar	President's Advisor on Reading First Initiative, Member of the President's Commission on Excellence in Special Education	Reid Lyon [133]	2001–2005	President appointed
reconversion czar	Director of War Mobilization and Reconversion	John W. Snyder [134]	1945–1946		Harry Truman
regulatory czar	Director of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs Office of Management and Budget	John Graham [135]	2001–2006	President nominated, Senate confirmed	George W. Bush	✓
		Susan Dudley [136]	2006–2009	Recess appointment, nominee did not receive a Senate vote
		Cass Sunstein [137]	2009–2012	President nominated, Senate confirmed	Barack Obama	✓
rubber czar	Rubber Director	Bill Jeffers [138]	1942–1943	(New position), Exec order, appointed by Chairman of War Production Board	Franklin Roosevelt
savings & loan czar	Director, Office of Thrift Supervision	Timothy Ryan [139]	1990–1997	President nominated, Senate confirmed	George H. W. Bush	✓
science czar	Science Advisor to the President, Director, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy	John Marburger [140]	2001 Oct – 2009 Jan		George W. Bush
	Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy	John Holdren [141]	2009–2017		Barack Obama
shipping czar	Administrator, War Shipping Administration	Emory S. Land [142]	1942–1946	Exec order	Franklin Roosevelt
stimulus accountability, stimulus oversight	Chairman, Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board	Earl Devaney [143]	2009	(New position), created by statute, President appointed	Barack Obama
technology czar, chief technology czar	Associate Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, Chief Technology Officer (CTO), Assistant to the President	Aneesh Chopra [144]	2009–2012	President nominated, Senate confirmed	Barack Obama	✓
terrorism czar, counter-terrorism czar	National coordinator for security, infrastructure protection and counter-terrorism, member of National Security Council, cabinet-level position	Richard A. Clarke [145] [146]	1998 May – 2001 Jan	President appointed	Bill Clinton
terrorism czar	National coordinator for security, infrastructure protection and counter-terrorism, cabinet level rank removed		2001 Jan–Oct	(Held over from prior administration) President Clinton appointed	George W. Bush
terrorism czar, counterterrorism czar	National Director for Combating Terrorism, Deputy National Security Advisor	Wayne Downing [147]	2001 Nov – 2002 Jun	(New position), President appointed
terrorism czar	Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism	John O. Brennan [148]	2009	President appointed	Barack Obama
trade czar	Senior Policy Advisor in the White House on behalf of the United States Trade Representative.	Mary Ryckman	2012	Appointed by USTR Michael Froman in 2012 [149] She also represents the USTR on the President's Council on Women and Girls. [150]
transportation czar	Director, Office of Defense Transportation	Joseph Bartlett Eastman [151]	1941–1944	(New position), Exec order, President appointed	Franklin Roosevelt
		J. Monroe Johnson [152]	1944–1949	President appointed
urban affairs czar	Director of the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy	Adolfo Carrion [153]	2009–2010	Exec Order, President appointed	Barack Obama
war czar	Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for Iraq and Afghanistan	Douglas Lute [154]	2007–2009	(New position), President nominated, Senate confirmed	George W. Bush	✓
			2009–2010?	(Held over from prior administration) President Bush nominated, Senate confirmed	Barack Obama
weapons czar	Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (AT&L)	Ashton Carter [155]	2009	President nominated, Senate confirmed
weapons of mass destruction czar, nonproliferation czar	Special Assistant to the President and White House Coordinator for Arms Control and Weapons of Mass Destruction, Proliferation, and Terrorism	Gary Samore [156]	2009–2013	President appointed
weatherization czar	Program Manager, Office of Weatherization and Intergovernmental Program, U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)	Gil Sperling [157]	2008–Unknown	Career incumbent, retained from George W. Bush administration
					George W. Bush

See also

• Advice and consent
• Politics of the United States during World War II
• War as metaphor

Notes

1. Trump has appointed Homan as the border czar for his second administration as well.

References

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15. AP."Ed Montgomery, auto recovery czar, asked to help auto suppliers",Cleveland Plain Dealer, May 26, 2009 "Archived by WebCite. "Univ of MD Dean Appointed", Mar 30, 2009. Luhby, Tami."Obama taps czar to help autoworkers",CNN, Mar 30, 2009, "Archived by WebCite".
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19. Lovley, Erika. "Czar (n): An insult; a problem-solver", Politico, Oct 21, 2008, archived by WebCite. Office of Press Secretary "Personnel Announcement ", Apr 8, 2004.
20. Schaeffer, Amanda. "The Family Un-Planner, The Bush administration's crazy new HHS appointment", Slate Magazine , Nov 21, 2006. Lloyd, Carol. "Pharmacy protects women from contraception.", Salon.com, May 31, 2007. Estes, Andrea."Doctor who quit US post was warned by state", Boston Globe, Apr 7, 2007.
21. Ellingwood, Ken. "'Border Czar' Ends a Highly Visible Reign", Los Angeles Times , Jun 28, 1998.
22. "Secretary Napolitano Appoints Alan Bersin", U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Apr 15, 2009. Dibble, Sandra. "Bersin to focus on violence in 2nd tour as border czar", Union-Tribune , Apr 16, 2009. Not a new position, no Senate confirmation required. 2008 Plum Book, p. 79, GPOAccess.gov.
23. Shear, Michael D.; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (June 14, 2019). "Trump Appoints a Loyalist as 'Border Czar' in Latest Immigration Reshuffle". The New York Times. Retrieved July 25, 2024. [Thomas D. Homan will] be a border czar," Mr. Trump said, announcing the appointment during a phone interview on "Fox & Friends." "He'll be very much involved in the border. He'll be reporting directly to me. He'll be probably working out of the White House but spending a lot of time at the border."
24. Kaufman, Ellie (July 12, 2019). "Former ICE official trades heated words with lawmakers at hearing". CNN. Retrieved July 25, 2024. Homan said he had not accepted any position with the administration.
25. Shear, Michael D.; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Rogers, Katie (April 9, 2021). "White House Border Coordinator to Step Down". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved July 25, 2024.
26. Walczak, Lee "Q&A with the OMB's Mitch Daniels Bush's budget czar talks about the $1.35 trillion tax cut plan", Business Week Online Extra, May 21, 2001, Archived by WebCite. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN101-107 Confirmed Jan 23, 2001, PN682-108, resigned Jun 3, 2003
27. Gleckman, Howard. "A Chat with Bush's Budget Czar", BusinessWeek.com, September 6, 2004. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN682-108, confirmed Jun 26, 2003. PN1484-109 successor confirmed May 26, 2006.
28. Platt, Gordon. "Bush's new budget czar pledges to tackle US deficit" Archived 2007-11-21 at the Wayback Machine , Global Finance, May 2006. Abramowitz, Michael. "Bush Names Ex-Rep. Nussle Budget Chief Portman to Leave In August", Washington Post, Jun 20, 2007.
29. Von Drehle, David. "Saying No to a Car Czar: A Smart First Step on Detroit", Time, Feb 17, 2009. DLC biography. "Bruce Reed" Archived 2010-07-08 at the Wayback Machine , "DLC.org", Jul 27, 2009. Marcus, Ruth. "Belatedly, White House Forms Domestic Policy Unit", Washington Post , Aug 19, 1993. American Presidency Project. "Executive Order 12859 - Establishment of the Domestic Policy Council" Aug 16, 1993
30. "FOOD: The Tenth Czar", Time, Apr 5, 1943. American Presidency Project. Exec order establishing the office, Exec order terminating the office.
31. AP. "Truman Announces McGrath's Resignation Few Hours After Attorney General Fires Morris", Ellenburg Daily Record, Apr 3, 1952 Retrieved 2009-09-01.
32. Cary, Annette. DOE cleanup czar to visit Richland, Wash, nuclear reservation, Tri-City Herald, Nov 9, 2004. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN362-107, confirmed Jul 12, 2001. PN521-109, successor confirmed Jul 29, 2005.
33. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN521-109, confirmed Jul 29, 2005. Hot topics."Rispoli Resigning As DOE Cleanup-Czar" Energy Daily, Nov 6, 2008
34. Cushman, John H. "Clinton Hones Sales Pitch On Global Warming Pact", Oct 4, 1997. American Presidency Project. "Press Briefing", Oct 3, 1997. American Presidency Project."Press Briefing by Todd Stern, President's Coordinator for Climate Change", Jun 3, 1999.
35. Franke-Ruta, Garance."Stern Appointed Climate Change Envoy", Washington Post, Jan 26, 2009. Allen, Mike."Secretary Clinton names climate czar", Politico, Jan 26, 2009, Archived by WebCite.
36. American Presidency Project President-Elect Barack Obama Announces Key Members of Energy and Environment Team, December 15, 2008. Dinan, Stephen. Obama climate czar has socialist ties, Washington Times, Jan 12, 2009, archived by WebCite. Romero, Frances. "Energy Czar: Carol Browner", Time, Apr 8, 2009.
37. Albanesius, Chloe President Bush Approves 'Copyright Czar' Bill, October 13, 2008.
38. Albanesius, Chloe President Bush Approves 'Copyright Czar' Bill, October 13, 2008. Kravets, David. Obama Appoints Scholar as New Copyright Czar, PC Magazine, September 25, 2009.
39. Lindlaw, Scott."Congress wants answers on Tillman death", USA Today, Jul 24, 2007. "Former Presidential Counselor Dan Bartlett To Join LBJ School Faculty" Archived 2009-02-13 at the Wayback Machine , Univ of Texas At Austin, Jan 20, 2009.
40. Jaffee, Matthew "Obama's New Special Master: Don't Call Him 'Pay Czar'", Jun 11, 2009. Press release. "Interim Final Rule on TARP Standards for Compensation" Archived 2009-06-10 at the Wayback Machine , Treasury.gov "Gulf claims czar briefing the Hill", July 22, 2010. Politico
41. Cha, Ariana Eunjung "Elizabeth Warren appointed White House 'consumer czar'", September 17, 2010. Washington Post "Consumer Czar Warren Sees Transparency in Banking as Top Priority", Oct. 5, 2010. PBS. David Lazarus "Consumer czar needs to get tough with banks" ^{[ dead link ‍]}, Oct 1, 2010. Los Angeles Times
42. "Commissioner Sola to Lead Fact Finding Focusing on Cruise Line Issues". Federal Maritime Commission. April 30, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
43. "President Bush Announces Ten People to Serve in his Administration", October 19, 2001--"Clarke was recently named Special Advisor to the President for Cyber Space Security and was previously the National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection and Counter-terrorism on the National Security Council". Features."Bush's Cybersecurity Czar?" Archived 2008-12-04 at the Wayback Machine , Digital Government Research OnLine, ISI.edu, Dec 2001. Anderson, Kevin."US names cyber-terrorism czar", BBCNews.com, Oct 10, 2001. AP. "U.S. Cybersecurity Czar to Resign", Wired, Jan 28, 2003.
44. "Senior Leadership The First Five Years: 2003–2008", Dept of Homeland Security, History Office, September 2008,DHS.gov, p. 29. "On January 8, 2008, President George W. Bush issued Homeland Security Presidential Directive 23 (HSPD-23), creating the National Cyber Security Center (NCSC), led by a director... Rod Beckstrom (appointed) March 7, 2008." Shachtman, Noah. "Cyber-Security Czar Quits Amid Fears of NSA Takeover", Mar 6, 2009, archived by WebCite.
45. "Remarks by the President on securing our nation's cyber infrastructure", WhiteHouse.com, May 29, 2009. Obama near choosing cyber security chief, Reuters, Sep 9, 2009.
46. Gorman, Siobhan (August 4, 2009). "Security Cyber Czar Steps Down - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
47. "Trump's Cybersecurity Chief Could Be a 'Voice of Reason'-- FCW". WIRED. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
48. "NSA vet Rob Joyce to lead cyber at White House -- FCW". FCW. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
49. Crowley, Michael. "Elliott Abrams, From Iran-Contra to Bush's democracy czar". Slate Magazine, Feb 17, 2005. Office of Press Secretary. Personnel announcement, Feb 2, 2005. Office of Press Secretary "Deputy Press Secretary Abrams Aboard Air Force One En Route to Jerusalem", May 14, 2008
50. Sidey, Hugh."THE PRESIDENCY: Misusing the White House Machine", Time, Aug 13, 1973."Joseph Califano", Bio."Joseph A. Califano, Jr." Archived 2012-03-22 at the Wayback Machine Citizen's Commission to Protect the Truth, Retrieved 2009-08-30.
51. Meyerson, Harold. "Rove's Blind Spot", Washington Post, Aug 15, 2007 Benen, Steve. "When you wish upon a czar", Washington Monthly, Jul 11, 2009.
52. "Vice President Biden Announces", WhiteHouse.gov, Jun 26, 2009. Works out of the Office of the Vice President Erbe, Bonnie. "Obama's Endless Czar List Now Includes a Domestic Violence Aide", U.S. News blogs, Jun 29, 2009, Archived by WebCite.
53. Frontline Drug Wars. "Interview Dr. Jerome Jaffe", PBS.org. Shuit, Douglas. "Former U.S. Drug Officials Admit Policy Oversights, Los Angeles Times, Sep 2, 1994, Archived by WebCite.
54. American Presidency Project. "Remarks on Signing Executive Order 12368, Concerning Federal Drug Abuse Policy Functions", Jun 24, 1982. "Appointment of Carlton E. Turner", Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Archives, Mar 12, 1985.
55. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN141-101, confirmed Mar 9, 1989. "The Drug Czar's Coherent Legacy - The New York Times", New York Times Nov 11, 1990.
56. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN65-102, confirmed Mar 21, 1991, successor nominated Jun, 1993.
57. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN361-103, confirmed Senate Jun 16, 1993.
58. Ostrow, Ronald. "Swift Approval Seen for Drug Czar", LA Times, Feb 26, 1996. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN840-104, confirmed Feb 29, 1996.
59. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN965-107, confirmed Dec 5, 2001. Kraul, Chris. "U.S. drug czar points finger at Chavez", Los Angeles Times, Jan 21, 2008.
60. Cook, Dave. "New drug czar gets lower rank, promise of higher visibility", The Christian Science Monitor , Mar 11, 2009. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN185-111, confirmed May 7, 2009.
61. "Michael Botticelli". Office of National Drug Control Policy . Retrieved June 5, 2016– via National Archives.
62. "Vice President Names Elizabeth Echols as Executive Director of Electronic Commerce Working Group". U.S. Newswire. August 6, 1998.^{[ dead link ‍]}Shane Thacker (August 25, 1998). "Echols named e-commerce czar; other Internet issues announced". PNN Online.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}Richard S. Dunham (November 3, 1999). "She's Weaving Web Policy from the West Wing". Business Week.
63. "U.S. At War: Trouble Ahead" Time, Feb 15, 1943. "FOOD: The Tenth Czar", Time, Apr 5, 1943. "US At War: Men Around Byrnes", Time, Oct 19, 1942. American Presidency Project. Exec order establishing the office Oct 3, 1942.
64. St. Clair, James and Gugin, Linda. "Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson of Kentucky: a political biography", Univ Press of Kentucky, 2002, p. xii.
65. "FOOD: The Tenth Czar", Time, Apr 5, 1943. "US At War: Men Around Byrnes", Oct 19, 1942. American Presidency Project. Exec order establishing the office, Oct 3, 1942.
66. Hamburger, Tom and Parsons, Christi. "President Obama's czar system concerns some", Los Angeles Times, Mar 5, 2009. Coile, Zachary. "Obama's big task: managing the best, brightest", San Francisco Chronicle, Jan 11, 2009.
67. Lovley, Erika. "Czar (n): An insult; a problem-solver", Politico, Oct 21, 2008. Energy Policy Office Archived 2009-12-16 at the Wayback Machine , Nixon Presidential Library
68. Mufson, Steven and Heath, Thomas. "Wanted: Crisis Manager in Chief, A Key Challenge in Auto Bailout Is Finding 'Czar' to Oversee Change", Washington Post, Dec 10, 2008. "Energy Timeline" Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine , Energy.gov
69. American Presidency Project. Richard "Nixon: Remarks on Signing the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974" May 7, 1974. American Presidency Project. "Gerald R. Ford: News Conference", Oct 24, 1974. "Carter at the Crossroads" , Time, Jul 23, 1979.
70. Quint, Michael." Profile, Frank G. Zarb His Formula", New York Times, Mar 28, 1993. NPR Interview."Frank Zarb CEO of the National Association of Securities Dealers", NPR.com, Jun 13, 2000.
71. "Schlesinger's Czardom Takes Shape", Time, Mar. 07, 1977. "Carter's Great Purge" Jul 30, 1979.
72. "Norm Eisen Gets Ambassador Gig Leaving White House 'Ethics Czar' Post Vacant", The Huffington Post, June 29, 2010 "Timothy P. Carney: Obama closes curtain on transparency" Archived 2010-08-29 at the Wayback Machine , The Examiner, August 12, 2010.
73. "Timothy P. Carney: Obama closes curtain on transparency" Archived 2010-08-29 at the Wayback Machine , The Examiner, August 12, 2010.
74. American Presidency Project. " Remarks on Signing Executive Orders With Respect to Faith-Based and Community Initiatives", Conn, Joseph. "Religious Right, Politics Have Undue Influence At White House, Ex-Faith Czar DiIulio Charges" Archived 2009-09-11 at the Wayback Machine , Church & State, Jan, 2003.
75. Faith Czar Towey blasts 'militant secularism' at Catholic men's event", Church & State, Mar 2005, "Archived by Webcite". "President names Towey as Director of the Faith-Based & Community Initiatives", Feb 1, 2002. Jim Towey Whitehouse Bio.
76. Official biography."OFBCI Director Jay Hein", "George W. Bush White House Archives". Institute for Studies of Religion. "About Hein" Archived 2009-09-06 at the Wayback Machine , Baylor.edu, Retrieved Aug 13, 2009. "Bush taps Indiana activist to be nation's new 'Faith Czar'", Sep 1, 2006.Bush names new faith-based czar Christianity Today, Sep 2006.
77. Boorstein, Michelle; Shear, Michael D. "DuBois, 26, to Head Faith Office", Washington Post, Jan 29, 2009. Goldstein, Laurie. "Leaders Say Obama Has Tapped Pastor for Outreach Office", The New York Times , Jan 28, 2009.Mason, Julie. "Obama focuses more on issue czars, less on Cabinet" ^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}, San Francisco Examiner, Apr 21, 2009.
78. Weiner, Rachel. "Melissa Rogers promises continuity in faith-based office", Washington Post, Mar 22, 2013.
79. American Presidency Project Executive Order 9280 Delegating Authority Over the Food Program to the Secretary of Agriculture, Dec 5, 1942. "FOOD: The Tenth Czar", Time, Apr 5, 1943."U.S. At War: Trouble Ahead" Time, Feb 15, 1943.
80. War Food Administration established by Exec Order 9334 on Apr 19, 1943. American Presidency Project Exec order terminating office "FOOD: The Tenth Czar", Time, Apr 5, 1943. American Presidency Project. "Exec Order on Prices and Wages", Apr 8, 1943. "Letter of Resignation from Chester C. Davis, War Food Administrator", Jun 28, 1943.
81. American Presidency Project.Letter Accepting Resignation of Marvin Jones as War Food Administrator, May 23, 1945. American Presidency Project, Executive Order 9577 - Terminating the War Food Administration, Jun 29, 1945.
82. American Presidency Project. "Letter to the Chairman, Citizens Food Committee", Nov 20, 1947. Pearson, Drew. "Congressmen Unwittingly Dined by Vitriolic Publicity Man" St. Petersburg Times, Dec 3, 1947.
83. Seabrook, Andrea."What's With This 'Czar' Talk?", NPR , May 16, 2007. Benen, Steve. "Wish upon a Czar", American Prospect, May 9. 2007, archived by WebCite. Zaldivar, Ricardo Alonso. "Can new food safety czar mend "broken" system?", The Seattle Times, May 2, 2007
84. "Morality Gets a Message", The Nation, May 10. 2007. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN1330-109, confirmed Mar 29. 2009. PN603-110, resigned May 2007.
85. Epstein, Edward. Retired drug company executive named global AIDS czar, San Francisco Chronicle, Jul 3, 2003, archived by WebCite. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN932-108, confirmed Oct 3, 2003. Enter search PN1815-109, successor nominated Jul 18, 2006.
86. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN1815-109, Confirmed Aug 3, 2006. McNeil, Donald. "Mystery, controversy dog AIDS czar transition", San Francisco Chronicle, Jan 31, 2009
87. Flesher, John, A.P. EPA appoints Great Lakes cleanup czar, Jun 4, 2009. Archived by WebCite.
88. Jesse Lee (March 10, 2009). "Van Jones to CEQ | The White House". whitehouse.gov . Retrieved December 2, 2011– via National Archives.
89. Rosenberg, Carol. "Fried named as Guantanamo Closure Czar" Archived 2009-07-27 at the Wayback Machine , The State , May 13, 2009.
90. Pear, Robert.Washington at Work; An Idealist's New Task: To Revamp Health Care Feb 26, 1993. Solomon, Jolie. "For Magaziner, Reform Is The Road To Paradise", Newsweek, Sep 20, 1993. Maria Seminerio (December 1, 1998). "US Report: US to spur third-world e-commerce". ZDNet. "White House Rejects Call to Can Internet Czar". Wired News. December 29, 1997.Richard S. Dunham (November 3, 1999). "She's Weaving Web Policy from the West Wing". Business Week.
91. Office of Press Secretary. Executive Order, Establishment of the White House Office of Health Reform Archived 2009-05-14 at the Wayback Machine , WhiteHouse.gov, Apr 8, 2009. Brown, Carrie Budoff. Obama taps DeParle as health czar, Politico, Mar 2, 2009.
92. AP."New York lawmakers ask Obama to rehire 9/11 health czar", Feb 23, 2009. AP. "Bush administration to replace health czar for World Trade Center", AJC.com, Jul 4, 2008. "The World Trade Center (WTC)Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program - A Unique NIOSH Funded Program for the Heroes of 9/11",CDC.gov, Pub. 109, 2007.
93. News Release. "Secretary Thompson, Seeking Fastest Possible Results, Names First Health Information Technology Coordinator", May 6, 2004. "David J. Brailer Resigns as Health IT Czar", "ANSI News, Apr 20, 2006.
94. "Defender In Chief"] Time, Nov 5, 2001. Romesh, Ratnesar "Can He Fix It", Time, Jun 17, 2002. American Presidency Project. Swearing-In Ceremony, Oct 8, 2001.
95. Thomas LOC Presidential Nomination: PN1-108, Confirmed, Jan 7, 2003. American Presidency Project. Statement on the Resignation, Nov 30, 2004]
96. Ireland, Doug."Dirty Little Secrets Bush’s Homeland Security czar Mike Chertoff and his days in New Jersey", LAWeekly.com, Jan 13, 2005, archived by WebCite. Michael Chertoff "US Homeland Security Czar", NNDB.com Retrieved Aug 12, 2009. "Bush names new US security chief", BBC.com.
97. "Phil Magano" The Bush administration's homeless czar talks, LA Times, Oct 4, 2007. Appointed in Mar 2002, UniverCity Connections, Phil Magano biography Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine . Participated in 2008 study as Director of ICH, Philip Magano Commencement Address Archived 2009-09-18 at the Wayback Machine , Apr 2009.
98. Swope, Christopler, "PUBLIC OFFICIALS of the YEAR: Philip Mangano,2006 HONOREE, Executive Director, U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness", Governing magazine, 2006
99. Pearson, Drew. "The Daily Washington Merry-Go-Round, Rooking War Veterans", Prescott Evening Courier, Apr 13, 1946. American Presidency Project. "Letter to Wilson Wyatt Appointing Him Housing Expediter", Dec 12, 1945. American Presidency Project. "Letter Accepting Resignation of Wilson Wyatt as Housing Expediter" Dec 4, 1946.
100. Hughes, Clyde (January 31, 2020). "President Donald Trump to create White House office to fight, prosecute human traffickers". UPI.com. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
101. Fram, Alan (June 23, 2020). "Heather Fischer will fight human trafficking for Trump admin | Las Vegas Review-Journal". Reviewjournal.com. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
102. Seabrook, Andrea."What's With This 'Czar' Talk?", NPR , May 16, 2007. Hsu, Spencer."A Bush Loyalist Tackles Katrina Recovery", Washington Post, Nov 20, 2005. Wald, Matthew L. "Bush’s Czar to Rebuild Gulf Coast Is Resigning", New York Times, Mar 1, 2008.
103. Time, Apr 24, 1978. Loeb, Marshall. "What Might Have Been",Time, Nov 6, 1978. Glassman, James K. Close, But No Big Czar, ReasonOnLine.com, Dec 18, 2000.
104. "Inflation Czar Will Take Apart His Title" Archived 2011-10-01 at the Wayback Machine , Cornell Chronicle, Jul 14, 1983.
105. "FOOD: The Tenth Czar", Time, Apr 5, 1943. American Presidency Project.Exec Order establishing the office, Exec Order terminating the office.
106. Thomas LOC. E Government Act, 2002 Archived 2009-01-18 at the Wayback Machine . President Obama Names Vivek Kundra Archived 2009-03-06 at the Wayback Machine ,WhiteHouse.gov, Mar 9, 2009. Carpenter, Amanda. "Hot Button", Washington Times, Jun 15, 2009, archived by WebCite.
107. "White House Picks New Information Chief - The New York Times". The New York Times . August 4, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
108. "Bush Backs Creation of Intelligence Czar", Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN329-109, confirmed Apr 21, 2005. "Negroponte picked for intelligence czar",MSNBC.com, Feb 17, 2005. "White House Counsel Harriet Miers Resigns, Negroponte to Shift Seats" Fox News, Jan 04, 2007.
109. Branigin, William. "Bush Backs Creation of Intelligence Czar", "Intelligence czar reveals details" Virginian Pilot, Aug 23, 2007. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN206-110, confirmed Feb 07, 2007.
110. Eisler, Peter. "Obama's choice of Blair as intelligence czar covers bases", USA Today, Jan 8, 2009. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN65-01-111, confirmed, Jan 28, 2009.
111. Mason, Jeff. "Obama names retired general new intelligence chief", "Reuters", June 5, 2010.
112. Holland, Steve. "Obama fashions a government of many czars", Reuters, May 29, 2009, archived by WebCite.
113. Evans and Novak. "Tour of Latin America To Test LBJ as Campaigner", The Free Lance Star, Jan 22, 1965. Principal Officers. "Assistant Secretaries for Western Hemisphere Affairs",State.gov
114. "U.S. At War: Trouble Ahead" Time, Feb 15, 1943. American Presidency Project. Exec Order establishing the commission Archived 2012-09-18 at the Wayback Machine , "Exec Order assigning functions to the Dept of Labor.
115. Set Aside Alert."President Bush has nominated Albert Frink","AllBusiness.com", Apr 16, 2004. "Senators tell government's new Mfg. czar to concentrate on China and unfair trade", Manufacturing and Technology News Jul 24, 2004. Price, Deb. "The invisible manufacturing czar", The Detroit News, Apr 28, 2006. Klein, Liese. "Manufacturing Czar Steps Down ^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}, Business New Haven, Jan 8, 2007, archived by WebCite.
116. New Manufacturing 'Czar' Will Have a Full Plate of Issues" Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine , MA News, Sep 29, 2007. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN522-110, confirmed Aug 03, 2007.
117. Bureaus reporting directly to the Secretary. "Special Envoy for Middle East Peace", State.gov. Fletcher, Michael A. and Dennis, Brady.Obama's Many Policy 'Czars' Draw Ire From Conservatives, Washington Post, Sep 16, 2009.
118. "Questionable concern about mine safety", San Diego Union Tribune, Aug 23, 2007. "The deeper danger of Crandall Canyon", Los Angeles Times, Aug 23, 2007. "Richard Stickler: Mine Safety Czar Fails To Live Up To His Name ^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}Utah Mining Association Newsletter, Jan 8, 2008. Position is Presidential Appointment, Senate Confirmed per 2008 Plum Book 2008 Plum Book Archived 2009-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
119. "History of Minuteman Missile Sites, National Park Service, 1995, archived by WebCite. "Knowland tells why he backed Gardner delay", LA Times Archives, Aug 20, 1954. "The Administration, Trevor & the Missiles", Time, Feb 20, 1956.
120. "Wilson Gets Blank Check as Czar of Mobilization", The Evening Independent, Dec 16, 1950, page 1. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr. Truman’s Other War:The Battle for the American Homefront, 1950–1953, Organization of American Historians, OAH Magazine of History, Volume 14, No 3, Spring 2000. American Presidency Project/ Resignation Archived 2008-11-29 at the Wayback Machine , Mar 30, 1952.
121. "Tracking the Oil", Time, Sep 8, 1941. "Oil In Search of a Policy", Time, Dec 27, 1943. American Presidency Project. "Appointment of Harold L. Ickes as Petroleum Coordinator for National Defense" Archived 2008-11-01 at the Wayback Machine , May 28, 1941. Text of Secretary Ickes' Letter of Resignation to the President Ending 13 Years in Office, New York Times, Feb 14, 1946.
122. Pearson, Drew. "Drew Pearson on Washington Merry-Go-Round, Sec. Ickes' Last Battle", Virgin Island Daily News, Feb 19, 1946. American Presidency Project. Nominated, Resigned Archived 2012-09-18 at the Wayback Machine
123. Thomas LOC, Presidential Nomination: PN418-111, confirmed June 19, 2009. Goler, Wendell."Obama's Army of Czars Raises Concerns About Executive Power", FoxNews.com, Jul 16, 2009, archived by WebCite
124. Sullivan, Andrew. "Too tired to think: team Bush loses its way", Times On Line, Mar 13, 2006. archived by Webcite. American Presidency Project. "Press Gaggle with Scott McClellan", Feb 8, 2005. Rutenberg, Jim. "Adviser who shaped Bush's speeches is leaving", New York Times, Jun 15, 2006.
125. "Henderson Quits Price Czar Job", St. Petersburg Times, Jan 17, 1943. Exec Order establishing the Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply, Apr 11, 1941. Press Conference, Apr 11, 1941. "Henderson Quits:Capital Expects Brown to Head OPA", New York Times, Dec 17, 1942.
126. "U.S. At War: Enter Grimly", Time, Dec 28, 1942.
127. Appointed 1943 Archived 2009-08-21 at the Wayback Machine . American Presidency Project. "Statement by the President Commending the Office of Price Administration", ended May 1, 1945. Archived 2009-10-31.
128. American Presidency Project. Remarks at a Meeting of the Cost of Living Council, Nov 15, 1971. "The Economy: The Take-Charge Price Czar", Time, Dec 20, 1971.
129. "U.S. At War: Trouble Ahead" Time, Feb 15, 1943. American Presidency Project."Executive Order 9024 Establishing the War Production Board", Jan 16, 1942.
130. American Presidency Project. "Letter Accepting Resignation of J. A. Krug as Chairman of the War Production Board", Oct 5, 1945.
131. Kamen, Al. "Instead of Plum Appointments, Maybe A Lump of Coal", Washington Post, Dec 14, 2007. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN679-109, confirmed Jul 29, 2005.
132. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN1133-110, confirmed Jun 4, 2008. Kamen, Al. "Get Thee to an Airport" Washington Post, Jun 10, 2008.
133. Manzo, Kathleen Kennedy. "National Reading Czar to Leave Public Sector for Teacher Ed. Venture". "Education Week", Jun 8, 2005. "G. Reid Lyon, PhD—Ex-officio Member of the President's Commission on Excellence in Special Education" Archived 2009-05-13 at the Wayback Machine , Archived Information, U.S Department of Education, Dec 13, 2001.
134. Pearson, Drew. "Truman's First 6 Months Good President Needs To Watch Friends", St. Petersburg Times, Oct 12, 1945, p. 6. "Oral History Interviews with John W. Snyder", TrumanLibrary.org
135. "Regulations Czar Prefers New Path",New York Times, Mar 21, 2001. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN213-107 confirmed Jul 19, 2001, PN1875-109, successor nominated, Aug 1, 2006.
136. Hoover, Kent. "Bush appoints regulatory czar, avoids confirmation battle", BizJournals.com, April 16, 2007. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN1875-109, Aug 1, 2006, PN94-110, Jan 9, 2007, PN577-110, Jan 2, 2009, never confirmed. Stayed in office as a recess appointment. Weisman, Jonathan and Bravin, Jess "Obama's Regulatory Czar Likely to Set a New Tone", The Wall Street Journal, Jan 8, 2009.
137. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN323-111, confirmed Sep 9, 2009. Weisman, Jonathan and Bravin Jess. Obama's Regulatory Czar Likely to Set a New Tone, Wall Street Journal, Jan 8, 2009.
138. American Presidency Project. "Executive Order 9246 on Coordination and Control of the Rubber Program" Sep 17, 1942. Jeffers appointed on Sep 17, 1942. Eiler, Keith E. "Mobilizing America: Robert P. Patterson and the war effort, 1940–1945", Cornell Univ Press, 1997, p. 272. "Confident Exit",Time, Sep 13, 1943
139. "People - Ryan in Wings as Savings and Loan Czar", Los Angeles Times, Mar 9, 1990. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations. PN1161-101, confirmed, PN196-105 successor nominated.
140. Special Report Tech. "A Talk with Bush's Science Czar", Mar 16, 2004. About OSTP. "Previous Science Advisors" "OSTP.gov"
141. Goler, Wendell. Questions Raised Over Influence of Obama 'Czars', FoxNews.com, July 13, 2009. Jones, Richard M. Senate Confirms Holdren as new OSTP Director, American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Science and Policy News, Mar 20, 2009. Archived by Webcite
142. "Failure", Time, May 18, 1942. American Presidency Project. Executive Order Establishing the War Shipping Administration, Feb 7, 1942. American Presidency Project. Letter Accepting Resignation of Admiral Land as Administrator, War Shipping Administration, Jan 4, 1946
143. Position created statute: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 HR1, 2009. Halperin, Mark. "Obama to Name Stimulus Oversight Czar", Time, Feb 22, 2009.
144. Thomas LOC Presidential Nominations: PN426, confirmed by Senate as Assoc Dir. of OSTP, May 19, 2009. Weekly Address Archived 2009-11-01 at the Wayback Machine , WhiteHouse.gov, Apr 18, 2009.
145. Position created.Presidential Decision Directive 63 Archived 2010-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , May 1998. "Leung, Rebecca. "Clarke's Take On Terror", CBS News, Mar 21, 2004, archived by WebCite. Borger, Julian. Bush ignored terror threat, claims ex-aide, UK Guardian , Mar 22, 2004, archived by WebCite.
146. Leung, Rebecca."Clarke's Take On Terror", CBS News, Mar 21, 2004, archived by Webcite. Borger, Julian. "Bush ignored terror threat, claims ex-aide", The Guardian, Mar 22, 2004, archived by WebCite.
147. Office of Press Secretary. Personnel Announcement, GeorgeWBushWhitehouse.com, Oct 9, 2001. Bernstein, Adam. "Gen. Wayne Downing, Deputy National Security Adviser", Washington Post, Jul 18, 2007. Calmes, Jackie. "Corporate Crimes Strain Agencies Already Tasked With Antiterrorism", Wall Street Journal, Jun 22, 2002, archived by Webcite.
148. Smith, R. Jeffrey. Obama Taps CIA Veteran As Adviser On Terror, Washington Post, Jan 8, 2009. Carpenter, Amanda. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090618071426/http://washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/15/hot-button-18545829/ "Hot Button", Washington Times, Jun 15, 2009. archived by WebCite.
149. "Summary of the September 13, 2012 Meeting of the Board Of Directors of the Millennium Challenge Corporation, from the MCC.gov website" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
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