List of chatbots

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A chatbot is a software application or web interface that is designed to mimic human conversation through text or voice interactions. [1] [2] [3] Modern chatbots are typically online and use generative artificial intelligence systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in natural language and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use deep learning and natural language processing, but simpler chatbots have existed for decades.

Contents

This list of chatbots is a general overview of notable chatbot applications and web interfaces.

General chatbots

ChatbotDeveloperReleasedPlatformTechnologyLicenseNotes
Alexa Amazon 2014-11-06 Fire OS, iOS, Android, Linux, Windows, Wear OS [ citation needed ]Largely based on a Polish speech synthesizer named Ivona, bought by Amazon in 2013 [4] [5] Proprietary Virtual assistant
Alice Yandex 2017-10-10 Windows, iOS, Android YandexGPT [6]  ? Virtual assistant
AliGenie Alibaba Group 2017-07-05 ? ? ? Virtual assistant
Assistant Google 2016-05-18 Android, ChromeOS, iOS, iPadOS, KaiOS, Linux, Android TV, Wear OS  ? ? Virtual assistant
Bixby Samsung Electronics 2017-04-21 Android, Tizen, Windows, Wear OS  ? Proprietary, except for open-source components Virtual assistant
Braina Brainasoft2014-02-09 or earlier [7] Windows Various Proprietary Virtual assistant [8] [9] and speech-to-text dictation [10] application
CarynAI Caryn Marjorie [11] 2023-05-09 ?BanterAI [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]  ?
Celia Huawei 2020-04-27 Android, EMUI, HarmonyOS  ? ? Virtual assistant designed for the latest HarmonyOS and Android-based EMUI smartphones that lack Google Services and the Google Assistant [17] [18] [19] [20]
ChatGPT OpenAI 2022-11-30 Web app, iOS, Android GPT-3.5, GPT-4 Proprietary
Claude Anthropic 2023-03 Web app Claude 2.1 Proprietary
Cleverbot Rollo Carpenter 2008-10 Web app  ? ?Winner of the 2010 Mechanical Intelligence Competition
Clova Naver Corporation 2017-03-01 iOS, Android  ? ? Virtual assistant
Copilot Microsoft 2023-02-07 Web app, Windows, iOS, Android Microsoft Prometheus, GPT-4 Proprietary Launched as Bing Chat
Ernie Bot Baidu 2023-03-16 ? ? ?
Gemini Google 2023-03-21 Web app, Android, iOS Gemini (language model) Proprietary [21]
GigaChat Sberbank 2023-04 Web app  ? Proprietary
Grok xAI 2023-11-04 Web app  ? Apache-2.0 Currently under beta testing for those with the premium version of X
Jabberwacky Rollo Carpenter 1997 Web app  ? ?Predecessor to Cleverbot
Kuki Steve Worswick2013 or earlier [22] Web app, various social networks Pandorabots AIML  ?Embodied five-time Loebner Prize winner designed to befriend humans in the metaverse [23] [24] [25]
Lenny "Mango" [26] [27] 2011 ? ? Source-available An audio bot designed to annoy telemarketers
Leo Brave Software 2023-11-02 Windows, macOS, Linux LLaMA 2, Claude  ?Included with the Brave desktop browser
MegaHAL Jason Hutchens1995-04-30 Web app, command line  ? Unlicense
SILVIA Cognitive Code2008-01-01 Windows, macOS, iOS, Android  ? Proprietary Core platform technology
SimSimi ISMaker [28] 2002 Web app, iOS, Android  ? ?
Siri Apple Inc. 2011-10-05 iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, macOS, tvOS, audioOS, visionOS [29] [30]  ? ? Virtual assistant
SpookiTalk The Digital Village 1998-04-02 Windows, Classic Mac OS Based on VelociText [31]  ?Language processor used for non-player characters in Starship Titanic [ citation needed ]
Q Amazon 2023-11-28 Web app Amazon Titan, Amazon Bedrock, generative pre-trained transformers  ?Developed for enterprise use
Ultra Hal Robert Medeksza2000-12-04 or earlier [32] Windows GPT-3 [33] [ non-primary source needed ] ?2007 Loebner Prize winner intended to function as a virtual assistant
Xiaowei Tencent 2017-06 (late in the month) ? ? ? Virtual assistant

Historical chatbots

ChatbotDeveloperReleasedDiscontinuedPlatformTechnologyLicenseNotes
Albert One Robby Garner 1995 ?The Internet Based on a multi-faceted approach in natural-language programming  ?1998 and 1999 Loebner Prize winner designed to mimic the way humans make conversations
Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity Richard Wallace 1995-11-23 [34] 2013-10-15 ? AIML Open-source software [35] Three-time Loebner Prize winner
Assistant Speaktoit 2011-03-012016-12-15 Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Windows 8, Windows 10, ChromeOS  ? ?A virtual assistant acquired by Google, unrelated to the Google Assistant
Charlix  ?2006-04-172010-03-03 [36] [ non-primary source needed ] Linux Based on Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity Open-source software Desktop virtual assistant
Cortana Microsoft 2014-04-022023-08-11 Windows, Windows Phone, iOS, Android, Xbox OS  ? Proprietary A virtual assistant succeeded by Microsoft Copilot
Dr. Sbaitso Creative Labs 1991-06 or earlier [37]  ? MS-DOS Speech synthesis  ?Initially released in Singapore
ELIZA Joseph Weizenbaum [38] [39] 19641967 (stopped development) [40]  ? Pattern matching, MAD-SLIP, lisp-like representation [41]  ?Developed at MIT
Eugene Goostman Vladimir Veselov, Eugene Demchenko, Sergey Ulasen [42] [43] 20012014-06-07 ? ? ?2012 Turing 100 and 2014 Royal Society Turing test winner some regard as having passed the Turing test
Evi True Knowledge 2012-102014-01-23 iOS, Android  ? ? Virtual assistant
Fred Robby Garner 1997-12-01 or earlier [44]  ? ? ? ?
GooglyMinotaur ActiveBuddy (under contract by Capitol Records)2001-062002-03-24 AIM  ? ?ActiveBuddy's first offering, [45] [46] specializing in Radiohead-related information [47]
Infobot Kevin Lenzo 1995-06 ? IRC Perl, factoids Artistic License An IRC bot primarily designed to assist with answering FAQs in channels such as #perl [48]
Jeeney AI C.J. Jones2007-02 [49] 2010 ? ? ?2009 Chatterbox Challenge winner [50]
Mark V Shaney Rob Pike, Bruce Ellis, Don P. Mitchell1981 ? Usenet Markov chain techniques ?A synthetic user whose postings in the net.singles newsgroups were generated based on text from other postings
Mycroft Mycroft team2015-11-172023-01-31 Linux  ? Apache License [51] Virtual assistant
PARRY Kenneth Colby 1972 ? ? ? ?An early example of a chatbot
Racter Mindscape (publisher)1984 ? IBM PC compatibles, Apple II, Macintosh, Amiga  ? ?Was able to generate English-language prose at random [52]
SmarterChild ActiveBuddy 2001-062006-10-12 AIM, Windows Live Messenger  ? ?The second bot released by ActiveBuddy [53]
Sparrow Google DeepMind 2022-092023-01-12 Web app Chinchilla Proprietary
Verbot Avaya 19972012 (early in the year) Microsoft Windows, web app  ? ?An artificial intelligence software development kit [54]
Viv Viv Labs, Inc. (subsidiary of Samsung Electronics)2016-05-092017-10-18 iOS, Android Integrated into Bixby 2.0 ? Virtual assistant

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ELIZA</span> Early natural language processing computer program

ELIZA is an early natural language processing computer program developed from 1964 to 1967 at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum. Created to explore communication between humans and machines, ELIZA simulated conversation by using a pattern matching and substitution methodology that gave users an illusion of understanding on the part of the program, but had no representation that could be considered really understanding what was being said by either party. Whereas the ELIZA program itself was written (originally) in MAD-SLIP, the pattern matching directives that contained most of its language capability were provided in separate "scripts", represented in a lisp-like representation. The most famous script, DOCTOR, simulated a psychotherapist of the Rogerian school, and used rules, dictated in the script, to respond with non-directional questions to user inputs. As such, ELIZA was one of the first chatterbots and one of the first programs capable of attempting the Turing test.

In computer science, the ELIZA effect is the tendency to project human traits — such as experience, semantic comprehension or empathy — into computer programs that have a textual interface. The effect is a category mistake that arises when the program's symbolic computations are described through terms such as "think", "know" or "understand."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Weizenbaum</span> German American computer scientist (1923–2008)

Joseph Weizenbaum was a German American computer scientist and a professor at MIT. The Weizenbaum Award and Weizenbaum Institute for the Networked Society – The German Internet Institute are named after him.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chatbot</span> Program that simulates conversation

A chatbot is a software application or web interface that is designed to mimic human conversation through text or voice interactions. Modern chatbots are typically online and use generative artificial intelligence systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in natural language and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use deep learning and natural language processing, but simpler chatbots have existed for decades.

The Loebner Prize was an annual competition in artificial intelligence that awarded prizes to the computer programs considered by the judges to be the most human-like. The format of the competition was that of a standard Turing test. In each round, a human judge simultaneously held textual conversations with a computer program and a human being via computer. Based upon the responses, the judge would attempt to determine which was which.

Jabberwacky is a chatterbot created by British programmer Rollo Carpenter. Its stated aim is to "simulate natural human chat in an interesting, entertaining and humorous manner". It is an early attempt at creating an artificial intelligence through human interaction.

Albert One is an artificial intelligence chatbot created by Robby Garner and designed to mimic the way humans make conversations using a multi-faceted approach in natural language programming.

A.L.I.C.E., also referred to as Alicebot, or simply Alice, is a natural language processing chatterbot—a program that engages in a conversation with a human by applying some heuristical pattern matching rules to the human's input. It was inspired by Joseph Weizenbaum's classical ELIZA program.

The Verbot (Verbal-Robot) was a popular chatbot program and artificial intelligence software development kit (SDK) for Windows and web.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Virtual assistant</span> Software agent

A virtual assistant (VA) is a software agent that can perform a range of tasks or services for a user based on user input such as commands or questions, including verbal ones. Such technologies often incorporate chatbot capabilities to simulate human conversation, such as via online chat, to facilitate interaction with their users. The interaction may be via text, graphical interface, or voice - as some virtual assistants are able to interpret human speech and respond via synthesized voices.

Eugene Goostman is a chatbot that some regard as having passed the Turing test, a test of a computer's ability to communicate indistinguishably from a human. Developed in Saint Petersburg in 2001 by a group of three programmers, the Russian-born Vladimir Veselov, Ukrainian-born Eugene Demchenko, and Russian-born Sergey Ulasen, Goostman is portrayed as a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy—characteristics that are intended to induce forgiveness in those with whom it interacts for its grammatical errors and lack of general knowledge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turing test</span> Test of a machines ability to imitate human intelligence

The Turing test, originally called the imitation game by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. Turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language conversations between a human and a machine designed to generate human-like responses. The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation was a machine, and all participants would be separated from one another. The conversation would be limited to a text-only channel, such as a computer keyboard and screen, so the result would not depend on the machine's ability to render words as speech. If the evaluator could not reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine would be said to have passed the test. The test results would not depend on the machine's ability to give correct answers to questions, only on how closely its answers resembled those a human would give. Since the Turing test is a test of indistinguishability in performance capacity, the verbal version generalizes naturally to all of human performance capacity, verbal as well as nonverbal (robotic).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cleverbot</span> Web application

Cleverbot is a chatterbot web application. It was created by British AI scientist Rollo Carpenter and launched in October 2008. It was preceded by Jabberwacky, a chatbot project that began in 1988 and went online in 1997. In its first decade, Cleverbot held several thousand conversations with Carpenter and his associates. Since launching on the web, the number of conversations held has exceeded 150 million. Besides the web application, Cleverbot is also available as an iOS, Android, and Windows Phone app.

Artificial Solutions is a multinational technology company that develops technology for conversational AI systems.

Kuki is an embodied AI bot designed to befriend humans in the metaverse. Formerly known as Mitsuku, Kuki is a chatbot created from Pandorabots AIML technology by Steve Worswick. It is a five-time winner of a Turing Test competition called the Loebner Prize, for which it holds a world record. Kuki is available to chat via an online portal, and on Facebook Messenger, Twitch group chat, Telegram, Kik Messenger, Discord, and was available on Skype, but was removed by its developer. The AI also has accounts on Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, and Twitter, as well as a game on Roblox.

Pandorabots, Inc. is an artificial intelligence company that runs a web service for building and deploying chatbots. According to its website, as of May 2019, 250,000+ registered developers have accessed the platform to create 300,000+ chatbots, logging over sixty billion conversational interactions with end-usersmonthly. Pandorabots implements and supports development of the AIML open standard and makes portions of its code accessible for free under licenses like the GPL or via open APIs. The Pandorabots Platform is "one of the oldest and largest chatbot hosting services in the world." Clients can create "AI-driven virtual agents" to hold human-like text or voice chats with consumers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haptik</span> Indian enterprise conversational AI platform

Haptik is an Indian enterprise conversational AI platform founded in August 2013, and acquired by Reliance Industries Limited in 2019. The company develops technology to enable enterprises to build conversational AI systems that allow users to converse with applications and electronic devices in free-format, natural language, using speech or text. The company has been accorded numerous accolades including the Frost & Sullivan Award, NASSCOM's Al Game Changer Award, and serves Fortune 500 brands globally in industries such as financial, insurance, healthcare, technology and communications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Celia (virtual assistant)</span> AI virtual assistant developed by Huawei

Celia is an artificially intelligent virtual assistant developed by Huawei for their latest HarmonyOS and Android-based EMUI smartphones that lack Google Services and a Google Assistant. The assistant can perform day-to-day tasks, which include making a phone call, setting a reminder and checking the weather. It was unveiled on 7 April 2020 and got publicly released on 27 April 2020 via an OTA update solely to selected devices that can update their software to EMUI 10.1.

LaMDA is a family of conversational large language models developed by Google. Originally developed and introduced as Meena in 2020, the first-generation LaMDA was announced during the 2021 Google I/O keynote, while the second generation was announced the following year. In June 2022, LaMDA gained widespread attention when Google engineer Blake Lemoine made claims that the chatbot had become sentient. The scientific community has largely rejected Lemoine's claims, though it has led to conversations about the efficacy of the Turing test, which measures whether a computer can pass for a human. In February 2023, Google announced Bard, a conversational artificial intelligence chatbot powered by LaMDA, to counter the rise of OpenAI's ChatGPT.

References

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